Sa¥nchez, J. L., A. Castro, R. Fraile, and J. L. d. l. Madrid, 1991: Some characteristics of the severe storms in Leo¥ n and Zamora (Spain). Proc. Second Int. Meeting on Agriculture and Weather Modification, Zamora, Spain.

Sa¥nchez, J. L., A. Castro, J. L. Marcos, M. T. d. l. Fuente, and R. Fraile, 1994: Criteria for a remote ground generator network in Leo¥ n (Spain). J. Wea. Mod., 26, 83-88.

Saari, J. M. and R. W. Shorthill, 1967: Isothermal and isophotic atlas of the moon-Contours through a lunation. NASA Contractor Rep. NASA CR-855, 186.

Saastamoinen, J., 1972: Atmospheric correction for the troposphere and stratosphere in radio ranging of satellites. The Use of Artificial Satellites for Geodesy, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 15. Amer. Geophys. Union, 247-251.

Sabburg, J. and J. Wong, 2000: Evaluation of a sky/cloud formula for estimating UV-B irradiance under cloudy skies. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29685.

Sabin, T. E. and M. D. Shulman, 1985: A statistical evaluation of the efficiency of the climatic normal as a predictor. J. Climatol., 5, 63-77.

Sabre, M., K. Hodges, and F. Desalmand, 2000: Simulation of Monsoon Disturbances in the LMD GCM. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3752.

Sabutis, J. L., 1997: The Short-Term Transport of Zonal Mean Ozone Using a Residual Mean Circulation Calculated from Observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1094-1106.

Sachidananda, M. and and, 1987: Rain rate estimated from differential polarization measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 588-598.

Sachidananda, M. and and, 1989: Efficient procession of alternately polarized radar signals. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 6, 1310-1318.

Sachidananda, M. and D. S. Zrnic¥, 1986: Differential propagation phase shift and rainfall rate estimation. Radio Sci., 21, 907-922.

Sackinger, P. A., D. D. Reible, and F. H. Shair, 1982: Uncertainties associated with the estimation of mass balances and Gaussian parameters from atmospheric tracer studies. J. Air Pollut. control Assoc., 32, 720-724.

Sadani, L. K. and J. R. Kulkarni, 2001: A Study of Coherent Structures in the Atmospheric Surface Layer over Short and Tall Grass. Bound. Lay. Meteor., 99, 317.

Saderra-Mas¤, M., 1915: Historia del Observatorio de Manila. E. C. McCullough. 210.

Sadiki, W., C. Fischer, and J.-F. Geleyn, 2000: Mesoscale Background Error Covariances: Recent Results Obtained with the Limited-Area Model ALADIN over Morocco. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3927.

Sadler, J. and B. J. Kilonsky, 1985: Deriving surface winds from satellite observations of low-level cloud motions. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 758-769.

Sadourny, R., 1972: Conservative finite-difference approximations of the primitive equations on quasi-uniform spherical grids. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 136-144.

Sadourny, R., 1975: The dynamics of finite difference models of the shallow-water equations. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 680-689.

Sadourny, R. and C. Basdevant, 1985: Parameterization of subgrid-scale barotropic and baroclinic eddies in quasigeostrophic models: Anticipated potential vorticity method. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1353-1363.

Saeki, S., H. Madarame, and K. Okamoto, 2001: Self-induced sloshing excited by a horizontally injected plane jet. J. Fluid Mech., 448, 81-114.

Saekinger, P. A., D. D. Reible, and F. H. Shair, 1982: Uneertainties associated with the estimation of mass balances and gaussian parameters from atmospheric tracer studies. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 32, 720-724.

Saetre, R. and A. J. d. Silva, 1984: The circulation of the Mozambique channel. Deep-Sea Res. 31, 485-508.

Saetre, R. and A. J. d. Silva, 1984: The circulation of the Mozam-bique channel. Deep-Sea Res., 31, 485-508.

Saffman, P. G., 1962: The effect of wind shear on horizontal spread from an instantaneous ground source. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 88, 382-393.

Saffman, P. G. and J. S. Turner, 1956: On the collision of drops in turbulent clouds. J. Fluid Mech., 1, 16-30.

Safouhi, H., 2000: The HD and H--overD Methods for Accelerating the Convergence of Three-Center Nuclear Attraction and Four-Center Two-Electron Coulomb Integrals over B Functions and Their Convergence Properties. J. Comp. Phys., 165, 473.

Safouhi, H., 2002: Efficient and Rapid Numerical Evaluation of the Two-Electron, Four-Center Coulomb Integrals Using Nonlinear Transformations and Useful Properties of Sine and Bessel Functions. J. Compu. Phy., 176, 1-19.

Sagan, C. and J. B. Pollack, 1967: Anisotropic nonconservative scattering and the clouds of Venus. J. Geophys. Res., 72, 469-477.

Sagdeev, R. Z. and Coauthors, 1986: Overview of VEGA Venus balloon in situ meteorological measurements. Science, 231, 1411-1414.

Sagendorf, J. F. and C. R. Dickson, 1974: Diffusion under low wind-speed inversion conditions. NOAA Technical Memo. ERL-ARL52, 89.

Saha, S., 1992: Response of the NMC MRF model to systematic error correction within integration. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 345-360.

Saha, S. and M. Chelliah, 1993: Automatic monitoring system for the atmospheric reanalysis project at NMC. Proc. 18th Annual Climate Diagnostics Workshop, Boulder, CO, U.S. Dept. of Commerce.

Saha, S. and H. M. v. d. Dool, 1988: A measure of the practical limit of predictability. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2522-2526.

Saha, S., M. Kanamitsu, M. Chelliah, and C. Ropelewski, 1994: Surface precipitation over the U.S. from the NMC/NCAR reanalysis. Proc. 19th Annual Climate Diagnostics Workshop, College Park, MD.

Sahashi, K., 1981: Numerieal experiment of land and sea breeze circulation with undulating orography. Part I: Model. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 59, 361-372.

Saint-Guily, B., 1957: Les me¥andres des veines de courant dans les oce¥ans. Bull. Inst. Oce¥anogr., 1108, 1-11.

Saito, K., J. Cohen, and D. Entekhabi, 2001: Evolution of Atmospheric Response to Early-Season Eurasian Snow Cover Anomalies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2746-2760.

Saito, K., T. Keenan, and K. Puri, 2001: Numerical Simulation of the Diurnal Evolution of Tropical Island Convection over the Maritime Continent. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 378.

Saito, T., 1961: Empirical formula of the atmospheric radiation. J. Meteor. Res., 13, 206-215.

Saito, T., 1981: The relationship etween the increased rate of downward long-wave radiation by atmospheric pollution and the visibility. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 59, 254-261.

Saito, T., 2002: Numerical Analysis of Dusty-Gas Flows. J. Compu. Phy., 176, 129-144.

Saitoh, T., T. Shimada, and H. Hoshi, 1996: Recent aspects of the urban heat island in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Atmos. Environ., in press.

Sajjadi, S. G., 2002: Vorticity generated by pure capillary waves. J. Fluid Mech., 459, 277-288.

Sakai, R. K., D. R. Fitzjarrald, and K. E. Moore, 2001: Importance of Low-Frequency Contributions to Eddy Fluxes Observed over Rough Surfaces. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 2178-2192.

Sakai, T., M. Koseki, and Y. Iwagaki, 1983: Irregular wave refraction due to current. J. Fluid Mech., 109, 1203-1215.

Sakakibara, J., K. Hishida, and W. R. C. Phillips, 2001: On the vortical structure in a plane impinging jet. J. Fluid Mech., 434, 273-300.

Sakonoue, T., 1969: Studies of hail damage at Chikugo district, Fu-kuoka Prefecture. J. Agric. Meteor., 25, 19-30.

Sakskibara, H., 1981: Heavy rainfall from very shallow convective clouds. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 59, 387-394.

Sakuma, F. and S. Hattori, 1982: A practical-type fixed point black-body furnace. Temp. Its Meas. Control Sci. Ind., 5, 535-539.

Sakuma, F., M. Kobayashi, and A. Ono, 1994: ASTER round-robin radiometers for the preflight crosscalibration of EOS AM-1 instruments. Proc. IGARSS'94, Pasadena, CA.

Sakuma, F. and A. Ono, 1991: Prelaunch calibration system for Optical Sensors of Japanese Earth Resources Satellite. Proc. SPIE, 1493, 37-47.

Salathe, E. P., D. Chesters, and Y. C. Sud, 1995: Evaluation of the upper-tropospheric moisture climatology in a GCM using TOVS radiance observations. J. Climate, 8, 2404-2414.

Salathe¥, E. P., Jr., and D. Chesters, 1995: Variability of moisture in the upper troposphere as inferred from TOVS satellite observation and ECMWF model analyses in 1989. J. Climate, 8, 120-132.

Salati, E. and C. A. Nobre, 1991: Possible climatic impacts of tropical deforestation. Clim. Change, 19, 177-196.

Salati, E. and P. B. Vose, 1984: Amazon Basin: A system in equilibrium. Science, 225, 129-137.

Salby, M., P. Callaghan, S. Solomon, and R. R. Garcia, 1990: Chemical fluctuations associated with vertically propagating equatorial Kelvin waves. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 20491-20505.

Salby, M., D. Hartmann, P. Bailey, and J. Gille, 1984: Evidence for equatorial Kelvin modes in Nimbus-7 LIMBS. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 220-235.

Salby, M. and F. Sassi, 2001: Synoptic Mapping of Convective Structure from Undersampled Satellite Observations. J. Climate, 14, 2281-2295.

Salby, M. L., 1981: Rossby normal modes in nonuniform background configuration. Part I: Simple fields. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1803-1826.

Salby, M. L., 1981: Rossby normal modes in nonuniform background configuration. Part II: Equinox and solstice conditions. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1827-1840.

Salby, M. L., 1981: The 2-day wave in the middle atmosphere: Observations and theory. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9661-9664.

Salby, M. L., 1982: Sampling theory for asynoptic satellite observations. Part I: Space-time spectra, resolution, and aliasing. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2577-2600.

Salby, M. L., 1984: Survey of planetary-scale waves: The state of theory and observations. Rev. Geophys., 22, 209-236.

Salby, M. L., 1989: Climate monitoring from space: Asynoptic sampling considerations. J. Climate, 2, 1091-1105.

Salby, M. L., 1992: The influence of planetary-wave transience on horizontal air motions in the stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 405-421.

Salby, M. L., R. Garcia, and H. H. Hendon, 1994: Planetary circulations in the presence of climatological and wave-induced heating. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2344-2367.

Salby, M. L. and R. R. Garcia, 1987: Transient response to localized episodic heating in the Tropics. Part I: Excitation and short-time near-field behavior. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 458-498.

Salby, M. L., R. R. Garcia, D. O'Sullivan, and J. Tribbia, 1990: Global transport calculations with an equivalent barotropic system. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 188-214.

Salby, M. L. and H. H. Hendon, 1994: Intraseasonal behavior of clouds winds and temperature in the Tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2207-2224.

Salby, M. L., H. H. Hendon, K. Woodberry, and K. Tanaka, 1991: Analysis of global cloud imagery from multiple satellites. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 467-475.

Salem, T. L. and P. R. Bannon, 1993: Boundary layer effects on the potential vorticity distribution in frontal zones. Preprints, Ninth Conf. on Atmospheric and Oceanic Waves and Stability, San Antonio, TX.

Salisbury, G., and coauthors, 2001: Production of peroxy radicals at night via reactions of ozone and the nitrate radical in the marine boundary layer (Paper 2000JD900754). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,669-12,688.

Salisbury, J. W. and D. M. D'Aria, 1992: Emissivity of terrestrial material in the 8-14 mm atmospheric window. Remote Sens. Environ., 42, 83-106.

Salisbury, J. W., D. M. D'Aria, and F. F. S. Jr., 1993: Thermal infrared remote sensing of crude oil slicks. Remote Sens. Environ., 45, 225-231.

Salisbury, J. W., D. M. D'Aria, and A. Wald, 1994: Measurements of thermal infrared spectral reflectance of frost, snow, and ice. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24235-24240.

Salivia, L. A., 1972: Historia de los Temporales de Puerto Rico y las Antillas (1492-1970). Editorial Edil. Inc., 325.

Salmon, E. M. and P. J. Smith, 1980: A synoptic analysis of the 2526 January 1978 blizzard cyclone in the central United States. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 61, 453-460.

Salmon, R., 1978: Two-layer quasi-geostrophic turbulence in a simple special case. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 10, 25-52.

Salmon, R., 1980: Baroclinic instability and geostrophic turbulence. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 15, 167-211.

Salmon, R., 1992: A two-layer Gulf Stream over a continental slope. J. Mar. Res., 50, 341-365.

Salmon, R. and M. C. Hendershott, 1976: Large-scale air-sea interactions with a simplified general circulation model. Tellus, 28, 228-242.

Salmon, R., G. Holloway, and M. C. Hendershott, 1976: The equilibrium statistical mechanics of simple quasigeostrophic models. J. Fluid Mech., 75( Part 4), 691-703.

Salmun, H., P. D. Killworth, and J. R. Blundell, 1991: A two-dimensional model of boundary mixing. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 18447-18474.

Salomonson, V. V., W. L. Barnes, P. W. Maymon, H. E. Montgom-ery, and H. Ostrow, 1989: MODIS: Advanced facility instrument for studies of the earth as a system. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 27, 145-153.

Salstein, D., 1993: Temporal and spatial resolution impact on some climate analysis diagnostics. Proc. 17th Annual Climate Diagnostics Workshop, Norman, OK.

Salstein, D. A., D. M. Kann, A. J. Miller, and R. D. Rosen, 1993: The Sub-Bureau for Atmospheric Angular Momentum of the International Earth Rotation Service: A meteorological data center with geodetic applications. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 67-80.

Saltzman, B., 1962: Finite amplitude-free convection as an initial value problem. I. J. Atmos. Sci., 19, 329-341.

Saltzman, B., 1970: Large-scale atmospheric energetics in the wave-number domain. Rev. Geophys., 19, 195-204.

Saltzman, B. and R. E. Moritz, 1980: A time-dependent climatic feedback system involving sea-ice extent, ocean temperature, and CO2. Tellus, 32, 93-118.

Salustri, G. and P. H. Stone, 1983: A diagnostic study of the forcing of the Ferrel cell by eddies, with latent heat effects included. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1101-1109.

Salvayre, L., 1993: Etude de la POI6 de PYREX. Rapport de Stage de DEA. Universite¥ Paul Sabatier, 60.

Samadani, A., L. Mahadevan, and A. Kudrolli, 2002: Shocks in sand flowing in a silo. J. Fluid Mech., 452, 293-302.

Samelson, R. M., 1992: Supercritical marine-layer flow along a smoothly varying coastline. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1571-1584.

Samelson, R. M., 1992: Fluid exchange across a meandering jet. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 431-440.

Samelson, R. M., 1999: The Vertical Structure of Linear Coastal-Trapped Disturbances*. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 201-213.

Samir, U., P. Israelevich, K. H. Wright, and N. H. Stone, 2001: Ion temperature enhancement in the wakes of ionospheric spacecraft (Paper 2000JA000198). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,963-12,968.

Sampath, R. and N. Zabaras, 2001: Numerical Study of Convection in the Directional Solidification of a Binary Alloy Driven by the Combined Action of Buoyancy, Surface Tension, and Electromagnetic Forces. J. Comp. Phys., 168, 384.

sampling rate. Alaka, M. A. and R. C. Elvander, 1972: Optimum interpolation from observations of mixed quality. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 612-624.

Samuelsson, P. and M. Tjernstrom, 2001: Mesoscale flow modification induced by land-lake surface temperature and roughness differences (Paper 2001JD900057). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,419-12,436.

San Diego, C. A.-A., L., J. Vida, and J. I. Jime¥nez, 1988: Effects of solar radiation on the performance of pyrgeometers with silicon domes. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 666-670.

Sanchez, J., F. Marques, and J. M. Lopez, 2002: A Continuation and Bifurcation Technique for Navier-Stokes Flows. J. Comp. Phy., 180, 78-98.

Sanchezgomez, E., W. Cabosnarvaez, and M. J. Ortizbevia, 2002: Sea ice concentration anomalies as long range predictors of anomalous conditions in the North Atlantic basin. Tellus, 54, 245-259.

SanchezGoni, M. F., I. Cacho, J. L. Turon, J. Guiot, F. J. Sierro, J. P. Peypouquet, J. O. Grimalt, and N. J. Shackleton, 2002: Synchroneity between marine and terrestrial responses to millennial scale climatic variability during the last glacial period in the Mediterranean region. Climate Dynamics, 19, 95-105.

Sand, W. R., W. A. Cooper, M. K. Politovich, and D. L. Veal, 1984: Icing conditions encountered by a research aircraft. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 1427-1440.

Sandage, A. R. and R. L. Wildey, 1967: The anomalous color-mag-nitude diagram of the remote globular cluster NGC700b. Astrophys. J., 150, 469-482.

Sanders, F., 1955: An investigation of the structure and dynamics of an intense surface frontal zone. J. Meteor., 122, 542-552.

Sanders, F., 1963: On subjective probability forecasting. J. Appl. Meteor., 2, 191-201.

Sanders, F., 1971: Analytic solutions of the nonlinear omega and vorticity equations for a structurally simple model of disturbances in the baroclinic westerlies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 99, 393-408.

Sanders, F., 1986: Explosive cyclogenesis in the west central North Atlantic Ocean 1981-1984. Part I: Composite structure and mean behavior. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1781-1794.

Sanders, F., 1986: Explosive cyclogenesis in the west-central North Atlantic Ocean, 1981-1984. Part I: Composite structure and mean behavior. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1781-1794.

Sanders, F., 1986: Frontogenesis and symmetric stability in a major New England snowstorm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1847-1862.

Sanders, F., 1986: Trends in skill of Boston forecasts made at MIT, 1966-84. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 67, 170-176.

Sanders, F., 1987: A study of 500-mb vorticity maxima crossing the east coast of North America and associated surface cyclogenesis. Wea. Forecasting. 2, 70-83.

Sanders, F., 1987: A study of 500-mb vorticity maxima crossing the east coast of North America and associated surface cyclogenesis. Wea. Forecasting, 2, 70-83.

Sanders, F., 1988: Life histories of mobile troughs in the upper westerlies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2629-2648.

Sanders, F., 1989: Surface analyses during ERICA.

Sanders, F., 1990: Surface analysis over the oceans-Searching for sea truth. Wea. Forecasting, 5, 596-612.

Sanders, F., 1999: A Proposed Method of Surface Map Analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 945-955.

Sanders, F., 1999: A Short-Lived Cold Front in the Southwestern United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2395-2403.

Sanders, F., 2000: Frontal Focusing of a Flooding Rainstorm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 4155.

Sanders, F. and D. O. Blanchard, 1993: The origin of a severe thunderstorm in Kansas on 10 May 1985. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 133-149.

Sanders, F. and L. F. Bosart, 1985: Mesoscale structure in the megalopolitan snowstorm of 11-12 February 1983. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1052-1061.

Sanders, F. and L. F. Bosart, 1985: Mesoscale structure in the megalopol-itan snowstorm of 11-12 February 1983. Part I: Frontogenetical forcing and symmetric instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1050-1061.

Sanders, F. and C. A. Davis, 1988: Patterns of thickness anomaly for explosive cyclogenesis over the west-central North Atlantic Ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2725-2730.

Sanders, F. and C. A. Doswell, 1995: A case for detailed surface analysis. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 505-521.

Sanders, F. and K. A. Emanuel, 1977: The momentum budget and temporal evolution of a mesoscaJe convective system. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 322-330.

Sanders, F. and J. Gyakum, 1980: Synopticdynamic climatology of the ''bomb.''. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1589-1606.

Sanders, F. and J. R. Gyakum, 1980: Synoptic-dynamic climatology of the ''bomb.'' Mon. Wea. Rev. 108, 1589-1606.

Sanders, F. and E. G. Hoffman, 2002: A Climatology of Surface Baroclinic Zones. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 774-782.

Sanders, F. and R. J. Paine, 1975: The structure and thermodynamics of an intense mesoscale convective storm in Oklahoma. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1563- 1579.

Sanders, J. W., W. J. d. Voogt, and J. Bruinsma, 1981: Fysisch gol-fonderzoek noordzee. Sei. Rep. MLTP-2, Raad Overleg Fys.

Sanderson, B. and G. Brassington, 2002: Fourth- and Fifth-Order Finite-Difference Methods Applied to a Control-Volume Ocean Model. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 19, 1424-1441.

Sanderson, B. G. and D. A. Booth, 1991: The fractal dimension of drifter trajectories and estimates of horizontal eddy-diffusivity. Tellus, 43, 334-349.

Sanderson, B. G., A. Okubo, I. T. Webster, S. Kioroglou, and R. Appeldoorn, 1995: Observations and idealized models of dispersion on the southwestern Puerto Rican insular shelf. Math. Comput. Modelling, 2, 39-63.

Sandgathe, S. E., 1987: Opportunities for tropical cyclone motion research in the northwest Pacific region. Naval Postgraduate School Paper NPS-63-87-006. Department of Meteorology, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey.

Sandham, N. D., Q. Li, and H. C. Yee, 2002: Entropy Splitting for High-Order Numerical Simulation of Compressible Turbulence. J. Comp. Phy., 178, 307-322.

Sandholm, S., J. D. Bradshaw, K. S. Dorris, M. O. Rogers, and D. D. Davis, 1990: An airborne compatible photofragmentation two-photon laser-induced fluorescence instrument for measuring background tropospheric levels of NO, NOx and NO2. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 10155-10161.

Sandler, B. R., 1993: Women as mentors: Myths and commandments. Chron. Higher Educ., 39, B-3.

Sands, R. G., L. A. Parson, and J. Duane, 1991: Faculty mentoring faculty in a public university. J. Higher Educ., 62, 174-194.

Sandstrom, H., 1976: On topographic generation and coupling of internal waves. Geophys. Fluid Dyn., 7, 231-270.

Sandstrom, H. and J. A. Elliot, 1984: Internal tide and solitons on the Scotian Shelf: A nutrient pump at work. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 6415-6426.

Sandstrom, H. and N. S. Oakey, 1995: Dissipation in internal tides and solitary waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 604-614.

Sandu, A., 2001: Positive Numerical Integration Methods for Chemical Kinetic Systems. J. Comp. Phy., 170, 589-602.

Sandvik, A. D., 1998: Implementation and Validation of a Condensation Scheme in a Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1882-1905.

Sandvik, A. D. and B. R. Furevik, 2002: Case Study of a Coastal Jet at Spitsbergen-Comparison of SAR- and Model-Estimated Wind. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1040-1051.

Sanford, L. P. and W. D. Grant, 1987: Dissipation of internal wave energy in the bottom boundary layer on the continental shelf. J. Geophys. Res., 92(C2), 1828-1844.

Sanford, T., P. Black, J. Haustein, J. Feeney, G. Forristal, and J. F. Price, 1987: Ocean response to a hurricane. Part I: Observations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 2065-2083.

Sanford, T. S., R. G. Drever, and J. H. Dunlap, 1978: A velocity profiler based on the principles of geomagnetic induction. Deep-Sea Res., 25, 183-210.

Sangster, W. E., 1960: A method of representing the horizontal pressure force without reduction of pressures to sea level. J. Meteor., 17, 166-176.

Sangster, W. E., 1967: Diurnal surface wind variations over the Great Plains. Proc. Fifth Conf. on Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, MO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 146-153.

Sanjay, J., P. Mukhopadhyay, and S. S. Singh, 2002: Impact of nonlocal boundary-layer diffusion scheme on forecacts over Indian region. Meteor. Atmos. Phy., 80, 207-216.

Sankaranarayanan, K., X. Shan, I. G. Kevrekidis, and S. Sundaresan, 2002: Analysis of drag and virtual mass forces in bubbly suspensions using an implicit formulation of the lattice Boltzmann method. J. Fluid Mech., 452, 61-96.

Sansom, J. and W. R. Gray, 2002: The Optimization and Calibration of a Rain Intensity Gauge. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 3-20.

Sansom, J., C. S. Thompson, and W. R. Gray, 2001: Extraction of breakpoints from radar-estimated rainfall fields. Meteor. Appl., 8, 137-152.

Sanson, J., 1989: Antarctic surface temperature time series. J. Climate, 2, 1164-1172.

Santa Barbara. Weickmann, K. M., 1983: Intraseasonal circulation and outgoing longwave radiation modes during Northern Hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1838-1858.

Santangelo, P., R. Benzi, and B. Legras, 1989: The generation of vortices in high-resolution, two-dimensional decaying turbulence and the influence of initial conditions on the breaking of selfsimilarity. Phys. Fluids, A1, 1027-1034.

Santee, M. and and, 1995: Diagnostic calculations of the circulation in the Martian atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 5465-5484.

Santee, M. and D. Crisp, 1993: Thermal structure and dust loading of the Martian atmosphere during late southern summer: Mari-ner 9 revisited. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 3093-3123.

Santee, M. L. and and, 1995: Diagnostic calculations of the circulation in the martian atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 5465-5485. Sassen.

Santee, M. L. and D. Crisp, 1993: Thermal structure and dust loading of the martian atmosphere during late southern summer: Mariner 9 revisited. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 3261-3279.

Santer, B. D. and Coauthors, 1996: A search for human influences on the thermal structure in the atmosphere. Nature, 382, 39-46.

Santer, B. D., W. B. ggemann, U. Cubasch, K. Hasselmann, H. H. ck, E. Maier-Reimer, and U. Mikolajewicz, 1994: Signal-to-noise analysis of time-dependent greenhouse warming experiments. Climate Dyn., 9, 267-285.

Santer, B. D., U. Mikolajewicz, W. B. ggemann, U. Cubasch, K. Hasselmann, H. H. ck, E. Maier-Reimer, and T. M. L. Wigley, 1995: Ocean variability and its influence on the detectability of green-house warming signals. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 10693-10725.

Santer, B. D., K. E. Taylor, J. E. Penner, T. M. L. Wigley, U. Cubasch, and P. D. Jones, 1995: Towards the detection and attribution of an anthropogenic effect on climate. Climate Dyn., 12, 77-100.

Santer, B. D., K. E. Taylor, T. M. L. Wigley, J. E. Penner, P. D. Jones, and U. Cubasch, 1995: Towards the detection and attribution of an anthropogenic effect on climate. Climate Dyn., in press.

Santer, B. D. and T. M. L. Wigley, 1990: Regional validation of means, variances, and spatial patterns in general circulation model control runs. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 829-850.

Santer, B. D., T. M. L. Wigley, and and, 1993: Correlation methods in fingerprint de-tection studies. Climate Dyn., 8, 265-276.

Santolik, O., F. Lefeuvre, M. Parrot, and J. L. Rauch, 2001: Complete wave-vector directions of electromagnetic emissions: Application to INTERBALL-2 measurements in the nightside auroral zone (Paper 2000JA000275). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 13,191-13,202.

Santurette, P. and A. Joly, 2002: ANASYG/PRESYG Meteo-France's new graphical summary of the synoptic situation. Meteor. App., 9, 129-154.

Saraber, M. J. M. and L. C. Heijboer, 1994: A modern teaching tool for cyclone development and structure. Met. Apps., 1, 135-139.

Sarachik, E. S., 1974: The tropical mixed layer and cumulus parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 2225-2230.

Sarachik, E. S., 1978: Tropical sea surface temperature: An interactive one-dimensional atmosphere-ocean model. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 2, 455-469.

Sarafopoulos, D. V., N. F. Sidiropoulos, E. T. Sarris, V. Lutsenko, and K. Kudela, 2001: The dawn-dusk plasma sheet asymmetry of energetic particles: An Interball perspective (Paper 2000JA900157). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 13,053-13,066.

Sarafopoulos, D. V., K. Takahashi, and R. W. McEntire, 2001: Periodic variations of magnetosheath energetic electron flux associated with global Pc5 pulsations (Paper 2001JA900009). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 13,037-13,052.

Sarasola, S., 1928: Los Hurac·nes en las Antillas. Imprenta Cl·sica EspaÒola. 254.

Saravanan, R. and J. C. McWilliams, 1995: Multiple equilibria, nat-ural variability, and climate transitions in an idealized oceanatmosphere model. J. Climate, 8, 6993-7004.

Sardeshmukh, P. D., 1993: The baroclinic x problem and its appli-cation to the diagnosis of atmospheric heating rates. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1099-1112.

Sardeshmukh, P. D., 1993: The baroclinic x problem and its application to the diagnosis of atmospheric heating rates. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1099-1112.

Sardeshmukh, P. D. and and, 1988: The generation of global nondivergent flow by steady idealized tropical divergence. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1228-1251.

Sardeshmukh, P. D., G. P. Compo, and C. Penland, 2000: Changes of Probability Associated with El Nino. J. Climate, 13, 4268.

Sardeshmukh, P. D. and I. M. Held, 1984: The vorticity balance in the tropical upper troposphere of a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 768-778.

Sardeshmukh, P. D. and B. J. Hoskins, 1984: Spatial smoothing on the sphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 2524-2529.

Sardeshmukh, P. D. and B. J. Hoskins, 1985: Vorticity balances in the tropics during the 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation event. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 261-278.

Sardeshmukh, P. D. and B. J. Hoskins, 1987: On the derivation of the irrotational flow from the nondivergent flow: The x problem. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 339-360.

Sardeshmukh, P. D. and B. J. Hoskins, 1988: The generation of global nondivergent flow by steady idealized tropical divergence. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1228-1251.

Sardeshmukh, P. D. and B. Liebmann, 1993: An assessment of low-frequency vari-ability in the Tropics as indicated by some proxies of tropical convection. J. Climate, 6, 569-575.

Sardeshmukh, P. D. and B. Liebmann, 1993: An assessment of low-frequency variability in the Tropics as indicated by some proxies of tropical convection. J. Climate, 6, 569-575.

Sardeshmukh, P. D., M. Newman, and M. D. Borges, 1997: Free Barotropic Rossby Wave Dynamics of the Wintertime Low-Frequency Flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 5-23.

Sardie, J. M. and T. T. Warner, 1983: On the mechanism for the development of polar laws. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 869-881.

Sardie, J. M. and T. T. Warner, 1985: A numerical study of the development mechanisms of polar lows. Tellus, 37A, 460-477.

Sargent, G. P., 1980: Computation of vapor pressure, dew point and relative humidity from dryand wet-bulb temperatures. Meteor. Mag., 109, 238-246.

Sarkar, K. and W. R. Schowalter, 2001: Deformation of a two-dimensional drop at non-zero Reynolds number in time-periodic extensional flows: numerical simulation. J. Fluid Mech., 436, 177-206.

Sarkar, K. and W. R. Schowalter, 2001: Deformation of a two-dimensional viscous drop in time-periodic extensional flows: analytical treatment. J. Fluid Mech., 436, 207-230.

Sarkar, T. K., E. Arvas, and S. M. Rao, 1986: Application of FFT and the conjugate gradient method for the solution of electro-magnetic radiation from electrically large and small conducting bodies. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 34, 634-640.

Sarkar, T. K. and S. M. Rao, 1984: The application of the conjugate gradient method for the solution of electromagnetic scattering from arbitrarily oriented wire antennas. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., AP-32, 398-403.

Sarkisyan, A. S. and V. F. Ivanov, 1971: Joint effect of baroclinicity and bottom relief as an important factor in the dynamics of sea currents. Izv. Acad. Sci., USSR Atmos. Oceanic Phys. (Engl. transl.), 7, 173-178.

Sarmiento, J. L., 1983: A tritium box model of the North Atlantic thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1269-1274.

Sarmiento, J. L., 1986: On the North and Tropical Atlantic heat balance. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 11677-11689.

Sarmiento, J. L. and K. Bryan, 1982: An ocean transport model for the North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 394-408.

Sarmiento, J. L., C. G. H. Rooth, and W. Roether, 1982: The North Atlantic tritium distribution in 1972. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8047-8056.

Sarpkaya, T., 2002: Experiments on the stability of sinusoidal flow over a circular cylinder. J. Fluid Mech., 457, 157-180.

Sarrazin, R., J. Mailhot, B. Bilodeau, N. Brunet, A. Methot, and G. Pellerin, 1994: The Canadian regional forecast system: An evaluation of the new 50-km version. Preprints, 10th Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 420-422.

Sasaki, K., H. Kurita, G. R. Carmichael, Y.-S. Chang, K. Murano, and H. Ueda, 1988: Behavior of sulfate nitrate, and other pollutants in the long-range transport of air pollution. Atmos. Environ., 22, 1301-1308.

Sasaki, Y., 1955: Barotropic forecasting for the displacement of a typhoon. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 32, 1-8.

Sasaki, Y., 1958: An objective analysis based on the variational method. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 36, 1-88.

Sasaki, Y., 1958: An objective analysis based upon the variational method. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 36, 77-88.

Sasaki, Y., 1969: Proposed inclusion of time variation terms, observational and theoretical. in numerical variational objective analysis. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 47, 115-124.

Sasaki, Y., 1970: Numerical variational analysis formulated under the constraints as determined by longwave equations and a low pass filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98, 884-898.

Sasaki, Y., 1970: Some basic formalisms in numerical variational analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98, 875-883.

Sasaki, Y., 1970: Numerical variational analysis with weak constraint and application to surface analysis of a severe gust front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98, 899-910.

Sasaki, Y., 1970: Influences of thermal boundary layer on atmospheric cellular convection. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 48, 492-502.

Sasaki, Y., 1970: Numerical variational analysis with weak constraint and application to surface analysis of severe storm gust. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98, 899-910.

Sasaki, Y., 1971: VI. Computational problems, low-pass and bandpass filters in numerical variational optimization. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 49, 766-774.

Sasaki, Y. and J. M. Lewis, 1970: Numerical variational objective analysis of the planetary boundary layer in conjunction with squall line formation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 48, 381-393.

Sasaki, Y. K., 1970: Some basic formalisms in numerical variational analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98, 875-883.

Sasamori, T., 1968: Radiative cooling calculation for application to general circulation experiments. J. Appl. Met., 7, 721-729.

Sasamori, T., 1970: A numerical study of atmospheric and soil boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 1122-1137.

Sasamori, T., 1972: A linear harmonic analysis of atmospheric motion with radiative dissipation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 50, 505-517.

Sasamori, T., 1975: A statistical model for stationary atmospheric cloudiness, liquid water content, and rate of precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 1037-1049.

Saseendran, S. A., S. V. Singh, L. S. Rathore, and S. Das, 2002: Characterization of Weekly Cumulative Rainfall Forecasts over Meteorological Subdivisions of India Using a GCM. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 832-844.

Sashegyi, K. D., D. E. Harms, R. V. Madala, and S. Raman, 1993: Application of the Bratseth scheme for the analysis of GALE data using a mesoscale model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2331-2350.

Sashegyi, K. D., D. E. Harms, R. V. Madala, and S. Raman, 1993: Application of Bratseth scheme for the analysis of GALE data using a mesoscale model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2331-2350.

Sashegyi, K. D. and R. V. Madala, 1993: Application of vertical mode initialization to a limited area model in flux form. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 207-220.

Sashegyi, K. D., R. V. Madala, D. E. Harms, and S. Raman, 1994: A numerical weather prediction system for regional and mesoscale Forecasting on a high performance workstation. Preprints, 10th Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 363-365.

Sass, B. H., 1992: A numerical model for prediction of road temperature and ice. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 1499-1506.

Sassen, K., 1979: Iridescence in an aircraft contrail. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 69, 1080-1083.

Sassen, K., 1980: Remote sensing of planar ice crystal fall attitudes. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 58(5), 422-429.

Sassen, K., 1984: Deep orographic cloud structure and composition derived from comprehensive remote sensing measurements. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 568-583.

Sassen, K., 1987: Ice cloud content from radar reflectivity. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 1050-1053.

Sassen, K., 1991: The polarization lidar technique for cloud research: A review and current assessment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 1848-1866.

Sassen, K. and Coauthors, 1995: The 5-6 December 1991 FIRE IFO jet stream cirrus case study. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 97-123.

Sassen, K. and G. C. Dodd, 1989: Haze particle nucleation simulations in cirrus clouds and applications for numerical and lidar studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3005-3014.

Sassen, K., C. J. Grund, J. D. Spinhirne, M. Hardesty, and J. M. Alvarez, 1990: The 27-28 October 1986 FIRE IFO cirrus case study: A five lidar overview of cloud structure and evolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2288-2305.

Sassen, K., C. J. Grund, J. D. Spinhirne, M. M. Hardesty, and J. M. Alvarez, 1990: The 27-28 October 1986 FIRE IFO cirrus case study: A five lidar overview of cloud structure and evolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2288-2311.

Sassen, K., A. J. Heymsfield, and D. O. C. Starr, 1990: Is there a cirrus small particle radiative anomaly. Seventh Conf. on Atmospheric Radiation, San Francisco, CA. Amer. Meteor. Soc., J91-J9-5.

Sassen, K., A. W. Huggins, A. B. Long, J. B. Snider, and R. J. Meitin, 1990: Investigations of a winter mountain storm in Utah. Part II: Mesoscale structure, supercooled liquid water development, and precipitation processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1323-1350.

Sassen, K., N. C. Knight, Y. Takano, and A. J. Heymsfiel, 1994: Effects of ice-crystal structure on halo formation: Cirrus cloud experimental and raytracing modeling studies. Appl. Opt., 33, 4590-4601.

Sassen, K., N. C. Knight, Y. Takano, and A. J. Heymsfield, 1994: Effects of ice crystal structure on halo formation: Cirrus cloud experimental and raytracing modeling studies. Appl. Opt., 33, 4590-4601.

Sassen, K. and K. N. Liou, 1979: Scattering of polarized laser light by water droplets, mixed-phase and ice clouds. Part I: Angular scattering patterns. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 838-851.

Sassen, K., G. G. Mace, Z. Wang, M. R. Poellot, S. M. Sekelsky, and R. E. McIntosh, 1999: Continental Stratus Clouds: A Case Study Using Coordinated Remote Sensing and Aircraft Measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2345-2358.

Sassen, K., D. O. C. Starr, and T. Uttal, 1989: Mesoscale and microscale structure of cirrus clouds: Three case studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 371-396.

Sassen, K., Z. Wang, V. I. Khvorostyanov, G. L. Stephens, and A. Bennedetti, 2002: Cirrus Cloud Ice Water Content Radar Algorithm Evaluation Using an Explicit Cloud Microphysical Model. J. App. Meteor., 41, 620-628.

Sassen, K. and H. Zhao, 1993: Supercooled liquid water clouds in Utah winter mountain storms: Cloud-seeding implications of a remote sensing dataset. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 1548-1558.

Sassen, K., H. Zhao, and D. C. Dodd, 1992: Simulated polarization diversity lidar returns from water and precipitating mixed phase clouds. Appl. Opt., 31, 2914-2923.

Sasyo, Y. and T. Matsuo, 1980: On the statistical investigation of fall velocity of snowflakes. Pap. Meteor. Geophys., 31, 61-79.

Sathye, A., G. Bassett, K. Droegemeier, and M. Xue, 1995: Towards operational severe weather prediction using massively parallel processing. High Performance Computing, Tata McGraw Hill.

Sathye, A., G. Bassett, K. Droegemeier, M. Xue, and K. Brewster, 1996: Experiences using high performance computing for operational storm scale weather prediction. Concurrency: Practice and Experience, special issue on Commercial and industrial Applications on High Performance Computing, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 731-740.

Sathye, A., G. Racherla, and A. Das, 1996: Performance of the ARPS model on Parallel Machines. International High Performance Computing Conference, Trivandrum, India.

Sathye, A., M. Xue, G. Bassett, and K. K. Droegemeier, 1997: Parallel weather modeling with the Advanced Regional Prediction System. Parallel Computing, 23, 2243-2256.

Sathyendranath, S. and T. Platt, 1988: The spectral irradiance field at the surface and in the interior of the ocean: A model for applications in oceanography and remote sensing. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 9270-9280.

Sato, J., 1981: Some aspects of diurnal variation and profile of vertical turbulent diffusivity in the atmospheric boundary layer. Pap. Meteor. Geophys., 32, 247-256.

Sato, K., 1990: Vertical wind disturbances in the troposphere and lower stratosphere observed by the MU radar. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2803-2817.

Sato, K., F. Hasegawa, and I. Hirota, 1994: Shortperiod disturbances in the equatorial lower stratosphere. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 72, 859-872.

Sato, K., T. Kumakura, and M. Takahashi, 1999: Gravity Waves Appearing in a High-Resolution GCM Simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1005-1018.

Sato, K., K. Yamada, and I. Hirota, 2000: Global Characteristics of Medium-Scale Tropopausal Waves Observed in ECMWF Operational Data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3808.

Sato, N., K. Kikuchi, S. C. Barnard, and A. W. Hogan, 1981: Some characteristic properties of ice crystal precipitation in summer season at South Pole Station. Antarctica. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 59, 772-680.

Sato, N., P. J. Sellers, D. A. Randall, E. K. Schneider, J. K. III, J. Shukla, Y.-T. Hou, and E. Albertazzi, 1989: Effects of implementing the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB) in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2757Ò27-82.

Sato, N., P. J. Sellers, D. A. Randall, E. K. Schneider, J. L. K. III, Y.-T. Hou, and E. Albertazzi, 1989: Effect of implementing the simple biosphere model (SiB) in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2757-2782.

Sato, N., P. J. Sellers, D. A. Randall, E. K. Schneider, J. Shukla, J. L. K. III, Y.-T. Hou, and E. Albertazzi, 1989: Effects of implementing the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB) in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2657-2782.

Sato, N., P. J. Sellers, D. A. Randall, E. K. Schneider, J. Shukla, J. L. K. III, Y.-T. Hou, and E. Albertazzi, 1989: Implementing the simple biosphere model (SiB) in a general circulation model: Methodologies and results. NASA Contractor Rep. 185509. 76.

Sato, T., H. Doji, H. Iwai, I. Kimura, S. Fukao, M. Yamamoto, T. Tsuda, and S. Kato, 1990: Computer processing for deriving drop-size distributions and vertical air velocities from VHF Doppler radar spectra. Radio Sci., 25, 961-973.

Sato, T. and J. Kondo, 1988: A simple model of drainage flow in the valley. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 45, 355-369.

Sato, T. and R. F. Woodman, 1982: Fine altitude resolution observations of stratospheric turbulent layers by the Arecibo 430 MHz radar. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2546-2552.

Satoh, M., 1994: Hadley circulation in radiative-convective equilibrium in an axially symmetric atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1947-1968.

Satoh, M., 2002: Conservative Scheme for the Compressible Nonhydrostatic Models with the Horizontally Explicit and Vertically Implicit Time Integration Scheme. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1227-1245.

Satoh, M. and Y.-Y. Hayashi, 1992: Simple cumulus models in one-dimensional radiative convective equilibrium problems. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1202-1220.

Satomura, T. and P. Bougeault, 1994: Numerical simulation of lee wave events over the Pyrenees. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 72, 173-195.

Satomura, T. and K. Sato, 1999: Secondary Generation of Gravity Waves Associated with the Breaking of Mountain Waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3847-3858.

Satterlund, D. R., 1979: Improved equation for estimating long-wave radiation from the atmosphere. Water Resour. Res., 15, 1649-1650.

Sattler, K. and X. Y. Huang, 2002: Structure function characteristics for 2 metre temperature and relative humidity in different horizontal resolutions. Tellus, 54, 14-33.

Satyamurty, P., 1983: Generation of subsynoptic-scale unstable baroclinic waves by surface friction. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2075-2019.

Satyamurty, P., 2002: An early freeze in southern Brazil in April 1999 and its NWP guidance. Meteor. App., 9, 113-128.

Sauberer, F. and and, 1956: Weitere Untersuchungen u®ber die kaltluftan-sammlungen in der Doline Gstettner-Alm bei Lunz in Niede-ro ® sterreich (Further studies of the collection of cold air in the Gstettner-Alm sinkhole near Lunz in lower Austria). Wetter Le-ben. 8, 187-196.

Sauberer, F. and I. Dirmhirn, 1954: U ® ber die Entstehung der extre-men Temperaturminima in der Doline Gstettner-Alm. (On the occurrence of extreme temperature minimums in the Gstettneralm sinkhole). Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklimatol. Ser. B, 5, 307-326.

Saucier, A., M. R. Duncan, and G. L. Austin, 1991: Mean flux estimation and cospectra of airborne carbon dioxide and water va-pour eddy flux measurements in the planetary surface layer. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 55, 227-254.

Saucier, W. J., 1955: Principles of Meteorological Analysis. University of Chicago Press, 438 pp.

Sauer, T. J., J. M. Norman, C. B. Tanner, and T. B. Wilson, 1995: Measurement of heat and vapor transfer coefficients at the soil surface beneath a maize canopy using source plates. Agric. For. Meteor., 75, 161-189.

Saulo, A. C., M. Nicolini, and S. C. Chou, 2000: Model characterization of the South American low-level flow during the 1997-1998 spring-summer season. Climate dynamics, 16, 867.

Saulo, A. C., M. Seluchi, C. Campetella, and L. Ferreira, 2001: Error Evaluation of NCEP and LAHM Regional Model Daily Forecasts over Southern South America. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 697-712.

Saunders, C., W. Keith, and R. Mitzeva, 1991: The effect of liquid water on thunderstorm charging. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 11,007-11,017.

Saunders, C. P. R., 1993: A review of thunderstorm electrification processes. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 642-655.

Saunders, C. P. R., 1994: Thunderstorm electrification laboratory experiments and charging mechanisms. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10773-10779.

Saunders, C. P. R., W. D. Keith, and R. P. Mitzeva, 1991: The effect of liquid water on thunderstorm charging. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 11007-11017.

Saunders, P. M., 1957: The thermodynamics of saturated air: A contribution to the classical theory. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 83, 342-350.

Saunders, P. M., 1967: Aerial measurements of sea surface temperature in the infrared. J. Geophys. Res., 72, 4109-4117.

Saunders, P. M., 1968: Radiance of sea and sky in the infrared window 800-1200 cm0 1. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 58, 645-652.

Saunders, P. M., 1971: Anticyclonic eddies formed from shoreward meanders of the Gulf Stream. Deep-Sea Res., 18, 1201-1219.

Saunders, P. M., 1973: The instability of a baroclinic vortex. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 3, 61-65.

Saunders, P. M., 1981: Circulation in the eastern North Atlantic. J. Mar. Res., 40, 641-657.

Saunders, P. M., 1983: Benthic observations on the Madeira Abyssal Plain: Currents and dispersion. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1416-1429.

Saunders, P. M., 1986: The accuracy of measurement of salinity, oxygen and temperature in the deep oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 189-195.

Saunders, P. M., 1990: Cold outflow from the Faeroe Bank Channel. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 29-43.

Saunders, P. M., 1994: The flux of overflow water through the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12343-12355.

Saunders, P. M. and Coauthors, 1993: Discovery Cruise 199, 22 Dec 1992-01 Feb 1993, WOCE A11 in the South Atlantic. IOSDL, Cruise Rep. 234. 69.

Saunders, R. W., 1986: An automated scheme for the removal of cloud contamination from AVHRR radiances over western Europe. Int. J. Remote Sens., 7, 867-886.

Saunders, R. W. and and, 1988: Errata: An improved method for detecting clear sky and cloudy radiances from AVHRR data. Int. J. Remote Sens., 9, 1393-1394.

Saunders, R. W., G. Brogniez, J. C. Buriez, R. M. tter, and P. Wendling, 1992: A comparison of measured and modeled broadband fluxes from aircraft data during the ICE'89 field experiment. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 9, 391-406.

Saunders, R. W. and K. T. Kriebel, 1988: An improved method for detecting clear sky and cloudy radiances from AVHRR data. Int. J. Remote Sens., 9, 123-150.

Saurel, R. and O. LeMetayer, 2001: A multiphase model for compressible flows with interfaces, shocks, detonation waves and cavitation. J. Fluid Mech., 239.

Saurez, M. J. and D. G. Duffy, 1992: Terrestrial superrotation: A bifurcation of the general circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1541-1554.

Sausen, R., K. Barthel, and K. Hasselmann, 1988: Coupled ocean-Atmosphere models with flux correction. Climate Dyn., 2, 145-163.

Sausen, R., K. Barthel, and K. Hasselmann, 1988: Coupled oceanatmosphere models with flux correction. Climate Dyn., 2, 145- 1-63.

Sausen, R., K. Barthels, and K. Hasselmann, 1988: Coupled oceanatmosphere models with flux correction. Climate Dyn., 2, 154-163. Smith.

Sausen, R. and F. Lunkeit, 1990: Some remarks of the cause of climate drift of the coupled ocean-atmosphere models. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 63, 141-146.

Sausen, R. K., K. Barthel, and K. Hasselmann, 1988: Coupled oceanatmosphere models with flux correction. Climate Dyn., 2, 154-163.

Sauvage, L., P. H. Flamant, H. Chepfer, G. Brogniez, V. Trouillet, J. Pelon, and F. Albers, 1999: Remote Sensing of Cirrus Radiative Parameters during EUCREX'94. Case Study of 17 April 1994. Part I: Observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 486-503.

Sauvageot, H., 1992: Radar Meteorology. Artech House. 366.

Sauvageot, H., 1994: Rainfall measurement by radar: A review. Atmos. Res., 35, 27-54.

Sauvageot, H., K. Kouadio, and C. A. Etty, 1986: The influence of temperature and supersaturation on the polarization of radar signals. Proc. 23rd Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Snowmass, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Sauvageot, H. and J.-P. Lacaux, 1995: The shape of averaged drop size distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1070-1083.

Sauvageot, H., G. Lafon, and M. Oruba, 1982: Air motion measurements in and around thermal plumes using radar and chaff. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 656-665.

Sauvageot, H., F. Mesnard, and R. S. Tenório, 1998: The Relation between the Area-Average Rain Rate and the Rain Cell Size Distribution Parameters. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 57-70.

Sauvageot, H. and J. Omar, 1987: Radar reflectivity of cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 264-272.

Savarino, J., C. C. W. Lee, and M. H. Thiemens, 2000: Laboratory oxygen isotopic study of sulfur (IV) oxidation: Origin of the mass-independent oxygen isotopic anomaly in atmospheric sulfates and sulfate mineral deposits on Earth. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29079.

Savelyev, S. A. and P. A. Taylor, 2001: Notes on an Internal Boundary-Layer Height Formula. Bound. Layer Meteor., 101, 293-301.

Savijarvi, H., 1990: Fast radiation parameterization schemes for mesoscale and short-range forecast models. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 437-447.

Savijarvi, H., 1991: The United States Great Plains diurnal ABL variation and the nocturnal low-level jet. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 833-840.

Savijarvi, H., 1995: Water mass forcing. Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 68, 75- 84.

Savijarvi, H., 1995: Water mass forcing. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 68, 75-84.

Savijarvi, H. and J. Liya, 2001: Local Winds in a Valley City. Bound. Layer Meteor., 100, 301-319.

Savijarvi, H. and T. Siili, 1993: The Martian slope winds and the nocturnal PBL jet. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 77-88.

Savoini, P. and B. Lembege, 2001: Two-dimensional simulations of a curved shock: Self-consistent formation of the electron foreshock (Paper 2001JA900007). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,975-12,992.

Savov, P. B., T. S. Skakalova, I. N. Kolev, and F. L. Ludwig, 2002: Lidar Investigation of the Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Atmospheric Aerosols in Mountain Valleys. J. App. Meteor., 41, 528-541.

Sawada, R. and A. Matsushima, 1964: Thermally driven annual atmospheric oscillations as a cause of dynamic heating of the winter polar upper mesosphere. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 42, 97-108.

Sawai, T., 1978: Formation of the urban air mass and the associated local circulations. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 56, 159-173.

Sawford, B. L., 1985: Lagrangian statistical simulation of concentration mean and fluctuation fields. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 1152-1166.

Sawford, B. L. and J. S. Frederiksen, 1983: Mountain torque and angular momentum in barotropic planetary flows: Equilibrium solutions. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 109, 309-324.

Sawyer, J. S., 1946: Cooling by rain as a cause of the pressure rise in convective squalls. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 72, 168.

Sawyer, J. S., 1952: Dynamical aspects of some simple frontal models. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 78, 170-178.

Sawyer, J. S., 1956: The vertical circulation at meteorological fronts and its relation to frontogenesis. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A234, 346-362.

Sawyer, J. S., 1959: The introduction of the effects of topography into methods of numerical forecasting. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 85, 31-43.

Sawyer, J. S., 1960: Numerical calculation of the displacement of a stratified airstream crossing a ridge of small height. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 86, 326-345.

Sawyer, R. A., 1960: The flow due to a two-dimensional jet issuing parallel to a flat plate. J. Fluid Mech., 9, 543-560.

Saxen, T. R. and S. A. Rutledge, 1998: Surface Fluxes and Boundary Layer Recovery in TOGA COARE: Sensitivity to Convective Organization. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2763-2781.

Saxen, T. R. and S. A. Rutledge, 2000: Surface Rainfall-Cold Cloud Fractional Coverage Relationship in TOGA COARE: A Function of Vertical Wind Shear. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 407-415.

Saxena, V. K., R. E. Stogner, A. H. Hendler, T. P. DeFelice, R. J.-Y. Yeh, and N.-H. Lin, 1989: Monitoring the chemical climate of the Mt. Mitchell State Park for evaluation of its impact on forest decline. Tellus, 41B, 92-109.

Saxton, K. E., W. J. Rawls, J. S. Romberger, and R. J. Papendick, 1986: Estimating generalized soil-water characteristics from texture. Soil. Sci. Soc. Amer. J., 50, 1031-1036.

Saylor, J. H., J. C. K. Huang, and R. O. Reid, 1980: Votex modes in southern Lake Michigan. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 1814-1823.

Scaife, A. A., J. Austin, and I. N. James, 2000: Seasonal and interannual variability of the stratosphere diagnosed from UKMO TOVS analyses. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2585.

Scarchilli, G., E. Gorgucci, V. Chandrasekar, and T. A. Seliga, 1993: Rainfall estimation using polarimetric techniques at C-band frequencies. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 1150-1160.

Scarchilli, G., E. Gorgucci, D. Giuli, L. Facheris, A. Freni, and G. Vezzani, 1991: Arno project: Radar system and objectives. Preprints, 25th Radar Meteorology Conf., Paris, France.

Scarchilli, G., E. Gorgucci, and R. Leonardi, 1986: Theory and op-timization of the excess bias measurement. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 3, 217-229.

Scardovelli, R. and S. Zaleski, 2000: Analytical Relations Connecting Linear Interfaces and Volume Fractions in Rectangular Grids. J. Comp. Phys., 164, 228.

Scha®dler, G., N. Kalthoff, and F. Fiedler, 1990: Validation of a model for heat, mass, and momentum exchange over vegetated surfaces using LOTREX 10E/ HIBE88 data. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 63, 85-100.

Schaab, G., R. Steinbrecher, and R. Lenz, 2000: Assessment of long-term vegetation changes on potential isoprenoid emission for a Mediterranean-type ecosystem in France. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 28863.

Schaack, T. K., and, and M.-Y. Wei, 1990: The three-dimensional distribution of atmospheric heating during the GWE. Tellus, 42A, 305-327.

Schaack, T. K. and D. R. Johnson, 1994: January and July global distributions of atmospheric heating for 1986, 1987, and 1988. J. Climate, 7, 1270-1285.

Schaake, J. C. and M. J. Coughlan, 1991: GEWEX Continental Scale International Project implementation strategy. Proc. 1991 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Fran-cisco, CA.

Schaal, L. A. and R. F. Dale, 1977: Time of observation temperature bias and ''climate change.''. J. Appl. Meteor., 16, 215-222.

Schacher, G. E., K. L. Davidson, T. Houlihan, and C. W. Fairall, 1981: Measurements of the rate of dissipation of turbulent ki-netic energy, e, over the ocean. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 20, 321-330.

Schade, G. W. and A. H. Goldstein, 2001: Fluxes of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from a ponderosa pine plantation. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3111.

Schade, L. R. and K. A. Emanuel, 1999: The Ocean's Effect on the Intensity of Tropical Cyclones: Results from a Simple Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 642-651.

Schaefer, G. W., 1979: An airborne radar technique for the investigation and control of migrating pest insects. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B, 287, 459-465.

Schaefer, J. T., 1974: The life cycle of the dryline. J. Appl. Meteor., 13, 444-450.

Schaefer, J. T., 1975: Nonlinear biconstituent diffusion: A possible trigger of convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 2278-2284.

Schaefer, J. T., 1986: The dryline. Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting, Ray, P., Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 549-570.

Schaefer, J. T., 1986: Severe thunderstorm forecasting: A historical perspective. Wea. Forecasting, 1, 164-189.

Schaefer, J. T., 1990: The critical success index as an indicator of warning skill. Wea. Forecasting, 5, 570-575.

Schaefer, J. T., L. R. Hoxit, and C. F. Chappell, 1985: Thunderstorms and their mesoscale environment. Thunderstorm Morphology and Dynamics, Kessler, E., Ed., University of Oklahoma Press, 113-130.

Schaefer, J. T. and C. A. D. III, 1979: On the interpolation of a vector field. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 458-476.

Schaefer, V. J., 1946: The production of ice crystals in a cloud of supercooled water droplets. Science, 104, 457-459.

Schaefer, V. J., 1949: The formation of ice crystals in the laboratory and the atmosphere. Chem. Rev., 44, 2-91.

Schaefer, V. J., 1954: The concentration of ice nuclei in air passing the summit of Mt. Washington. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 35, 310-314.

Schaefer, V. J., 1975: Project Sunshine. J. Wea. Mod., 7, 1-3.

Schaefer, V. J., 1990: Time for a change. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1-52.

Schaefer, V. J. and J. A. Day, 1981: A Field Guide to the Atmosphere. Houghton Mifflin, 359 pp.

Schaeffer, J. T., 1974: A simulative model of dry ne motion. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 956-964.

Schafer, R., S. Avery, P. May, D. Rajopadhyaya, and C. Williams, 2002: Estimation of Rainfall Drop Size Distributions from Dual-Frequency Wind Profiler Spectra Using Deconvolution and a Nonlinear Least Squares Fitting Technique. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 19, 864-874.

Schaffner, M. R., R. Carbone, and E. Gorgucci, 1983: Information from bias measurements. Preprints, 20th Conf. on Radar Meteor., Edmonton, AB.

Schaffner, M. R., R. Rinehart, and R. Leonardi, 1980: Detection of nonuniformities within the radar measurement cell. Preprints, 19th Conf. on Radar Meteor., Miami, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 256-263.

Schaller, E., 1977: Time and height variability of the sensible heat flux in the surface layer. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 11, 329-354.

Schaller, G., 1993: Tibet's remote Chang Tang. Nationalgeographic, 184, 62-87.

Schallert, W. L., 1962: An investigation of Colorado cyclones. Sci. Rep. 7, Contract No. AF 19(604)-7230, 68.

Schär, C. and and, 1993: Shallow-water flow past isolated topography. Part II: Transition to vortex shedding. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1401-1412.

Schär, C. and H. C. Davies, 1990: An instability of mature cold fronts. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 929-950.

Schär, C. and D. R. Durran, 1997: Vortex formation and vortex shedding in continuously stratified flows past isolated topography. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 534-554.

Schar, C., D. Leuenberger, O. Fuhrer, D. Luthi, and C. Girard, 2002: A New Terrain-Following Vertical Coordinate Formulation for Atmospheric Prediction Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2459-2480.

Schär, C. and R. Smith, 1993: Shallow-water flow past isolated topography. Part I: Vorticity production and wave formation. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1373-1400.

Schär, C. J., 1989: Dynamische Aspekte der aussertropischen Zyklogenese. Theorie und numerische Simulation in Limit der balancierten Stromungssysteme, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule, 241 pp, Zurich.

Schär, C. J. and H. Wernli, 1993: Structure and evolution of an isolated semigeostrophic cyclone. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 119, 57-90.

Schayes, G., 1982: Direct determination of diffusivity profiles from synoptic reports. Atmos. Environ., 16, 1407-1413.

Schayes, G., J. Smitz, P. Thunis, and L. Lesage, 1990: The Sevex project. an integrated dispersion and contamination calculation for complex terrain and accidental releases. Air Pollution Modelling and its Applications, Vol. VIII, Plenum Press.

Schayes, G., P. Thunis, and R. Bornstein, 1995: Development of the topographic vorticity mode mesoscale (TVM) model. Part I:.

Schayes, G., P. Thunis, and R. Bornstein, 1996: Topographic vorticity-.

Scheele, M. P. and P. C. Siegmund, 2001: Estimating Errors in Trajectory Forecasts Using Ensemble Predictions. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1223-1232.

Scheffe, R. D. and R. E. Morris, 1993: A review of the development and application of the urban airshed model. Atmos. Environ., 27B, 23-39.

Scheffe¥, H., 1970: Practical solutions of the Behrens-Fisher problem. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc., 65, 1501-1508.

Scheibel, H. G. and J. P. rfer, 1983: Generation of monodisperse Ag-aerosol and NaCl-aerosol with particle diameters between 2-nm and 300-nm. J. Aerosol Sci., 14, 113-126.

Schemenauer, R. S., 1986: Acidic deposition to forests: The 1985 Chemistry of High Elevation Fog (CHEF) project. Atmos.Ocean, 24, 303-328.

Schemenauer, R. S. and and, 1992: The use of fog for groundwater recharge in arid regions. Proc. Int. Seminar on Groundwater and the Environment in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Beijing, China.

Schemenauer, R. S. and and, 1994: A proposed standard fog collector for use in high-elevation regions. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 1313-1322.

Schemenauer, R. S., C. M. Banic, and N. Urquizo, 1995: High elevation fog and precipitation chemistry in southern Quebec, Canada. Atmos. Environ., 29, 2235-2252.

Schemenauer, R. S. and P. Cereceda, 1992: The quality of fog water collected for domestic and agricultural use in Chile. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 275-290.

Schemenauer, R. S. and P. Joe, 1989: The collection efficiency of a massive fog collector. Atmos. Res., 24, 53-69.

Schemm, C. E. and F. B. Lipps, 1976: Some results from a simplified three-dimensional numerical model of atmospheric turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1021-1041.

Schemtz, J. C. G., K. Holmlund, and L. V. d. Berg, 1994: Wind fields and upper tropospheric humidity from the METEOSAT water vapor channel. Seventh Conf. on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, Monterey, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Schere, K. L., 1988: Modeling ozone concentrations. Environ. Sci. Technol., 22, 488-495.

Schere, K. L. and C. J. Coats, 1992: A stohastic methodology for regional wind-field modeling. J. Appl. Meteor. 31, 1407-1425.

Schermerhorn, V. P., 1967: Relations between topography and annual precipitation in western Oregon and Washington. Water Resour. Res., 3, 707-711.

Schertzer, D. and S. Lovejoy, 1987: Physical modeling and analysis of rain and clouds by anisotropic scaling multifractal processes. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 9693-9714.

Schickedanz, P. T. and W. L. Decker, 1969: A Monte Carlo technique for designing cloud seeding experiments. J. Appl. Meteor., 8, 220-228.

Schiff, H. I., D. R. Hastie, G. I. Mackay, T. Iguchi, and B. A. Ridley, 1983: Tunable diode laser systems for measuring trace gases in tropospheric air. Environ. Sci. Technol., 17, 352A-364A.

Schiff, H. I., D. R. Karecki, G. W. Harris, D. R. Hastie, and G. I. Mackay, 1990: A tunable diode laser system for aircraft measurements of trace gases. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 10147-10153.

Schiff, H. I., G. I. Mackay, C. Castledine, G. W. Harris, and Q. Tran, 1986: Atmospheric measurements of nitrogen dioxide with a sensitive luminol instrument. Water Air Soil Pollut., 30, 105-114.

Schiffer, R. A. and W. Rossow, 1985: ISSCP global radiance dataset: A new resource for climate research. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 66, 1498-1505.

Schiffer, R. A. and W. B. Rossow, 1983: The International Satellite Cloud Climate Project (ISCCP) : The first project of the World Climate Research Programme. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 64, 779-784.

Schiffer, R. A. and W. B. Rossow, 1985: ISCCP Global Radiance Data Set. A new resource for climate research. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 66, 1498Ò15-05.

Schimel, D. S., 1995: Terrestrial biogeochemical cycles: Global estimates with remote sensing. Remote Sens. Environ., 51, 49Ò5-6.

Schimel, D. S., T. G. F. Kittel, A. K. Knapp, T. R. Seastedt, W. J. Parton, and V. B. Brown, 1991: Physiological interactions along resource gradients in a tall grass prairie. Ecology, 72, 672-684.

Schlatter, T. W., 1975: Some experiments with a multivariate statistical objective analysis scheme. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 246-257.

Schlatter, T. W. and F. S. Zbar, 1994: Wind profiler assessment report and recommendations for future use 1987-1994, 141 pp.

Schlax, M. G. and D. B. Chelton, 1994: Detecting aliased tidal errors in altimeter height measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12603-12612.

Schlax, M. G. and D. B. Chelton, 2002: Filter Transfer Functions for the Method of Successive Corrections. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 372-385.

Schlax, M. G., D. B. Chelton, and M. H. Freilich, 2001: Sampling Errors in Wind Fields Constructed from Single and Tandem Scatterometer Datasets. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 1014-1036.

Schlesinger, M. and J. Mitchell, 1985: The Potential Climatic Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide. U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/ER-0237, 81-148.

Schlesinger, M. and Z. Zhao, 1989: Seasonal climatic changes induced by doubled CO2 as simulated by the OSU atmospheric GCM/mixed layer ocean model. J. Climate, 2, 459-495.

Schlesinger, M. E. and and, 1995: Is the recently reported 65-70 year surface-temperature oscillation the result of climatic noise? J. Geophys. Res., 100(D7), 13767-13774.

Schlesinger, M. E. and X. Jiang, 1991: Revised projection of future greenhouse warming. Nature, 350, 219-221.

Schlesinger, M. E. and Y. Mintz, 1979: Numerical simulation of ozone production, transport and distribution with a global atmospheric general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1325-1361.

Schlesinger, M. E. and J. F. B. Mitchell, 1987: Climate model simulations of the equilibrium climate response to increased carbon dioxide. Rev. Geophys., 25, 760-798.

Schlesinger, M. E. and J.-H. Oh, 1993: A cloud-evaporation parameterization for general circulation models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1239-1248.

Schlesinger, M. E. and N. Ramankutty, 1994: An oscillation in the global climate system of period 65-70 years. Nature, 367, 723-726.

Schlesinger, R. E., 1973: A numerical model of deep moist convection. Part I. Comparative expriments for variable ambient moisture and wind shear. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 835-856.

Schlesinger, R. E., 1975: A three-dimensional numerical model of an isolated deep convective cloud: Preliminary results. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 934-957.

Schlesinger, R. E., 1978: A three-dimensional numerical model of an isolated thunderstorm. Part I: Comparative experiments for variable ambient windshear. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 690-713.

Schlesinger, R. E., 1980: A three-dimensional numerical model of an isolated thunderstorm. Part II: Dynamics of updraft splitting and mesovortex couplet evolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 395-420.

Schlesinger, R. E., 1980: A three-dimensional numerical model of an isolated deep thunderstorm. Part II: Dynamics of updraft splitting and mesovortex couplet evolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 395-420.

Schlesinger, R. E., 1984: Effects of the pressure perturbation field in numerical models of unidirectionally sheared thunderstorm convection: Two versus three dimensions. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1571-1587.

Schlesinger, R. E., 1999: "Heat, Moisture, and Momentum Budgets of Isolated Deep Midlatitude and Tropical Convective Clouds as Diagnosed from Three-Dimensional Model Output. Part II: Sensitivity to Ice Phase and Small Changes in Ambient Shear Strength and Low-Level Moisture Supply". J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3520-3543.

Schlosser, C. A., A. Robock, K. Y. Vinnikov, N. A. Speranskaya, and Y. Xue, 1997: 18-Year Land-Surface Hydrology Model Simulations for a Midlatitude Grassland Catchment in Valdai, Russia. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 3279-3296.

Schlosser, C. A., A. G. Slater, A. Robock, A. J. Pitman, K. Y. Vinnikov, A. Henderson-Sellers, N. A. Speranskaya, K. Mitchell, and T. P. D. Contributors, 2000: Simulations of a Boreal Grassland Hydrology at Valdai, Russia: PILPS Phase 2(d). Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 301-321.

Schlosser, E., 1988: Optical studies of Antarctic sea ice. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 15, 289-293.

Schlosser, P., R. Bayer, A. Foldvik, T. Gammelsrod, G. Rohardt, and K. O. Munnich, 1990: Oxygen 18 and helium as tracers of ice shelf water and water/ice interaction in the Weddell Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3253-3264.

Schlosser, P., G. Bonisch, M. Rhein, and R. Bayer, 1991: Reduction of deep water formation in the Greenland Sea during the 1980s-Evidence from tracer data. Science, 251, 1054-1056.

Schlosser, P., G. B. nisch, M. Rhein, and R. Bayer, 1991: Reduction of deepwater formation in the Greenland Sea during the 1980s: Evidence from tracer data. Science, 251, 1054-1058.

Schlu® ssel, P., W. J. Emery, H. Grassl, and T. Mammen, 1990: On the bulk-skin temperature difference and its impact on satellite remote sensing of sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 13341-13356.

Schlu® ssel, P., H.-Y. Shin, W. J. Emery, and H. Grassl, 1987: Comparison of satellitederived sea surface temperatures with in situ measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 2859-2874.

Schluessel, P. and W. J. Emery, 1990: Atmospheric water vapour over oceans from SSM/I measurements. Int. J. Remote Sens., 11, 753-766.

Schluessel, P. and H. Luthardt, 1991: Surface wind speeds over the North Sea from Special Sensor Microwave/ Imager observations. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 4845-4853.

Schmalweiser, A. W. and G. Schauberger, 2001: Operational Nowcasting of the Sun Protection Factor for the Urban Area of Vienna. J. App. Meteor., 40, 836.

Schmalwieser, A. W. and G. Schauberger, 2000: Validation of the Austrian forecast model for solar, biologically effective UV radiation; UV index for Vienna. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26661.

Schmetz, J., 1984: On the parameterization of the radiative properties of broken clouds. Tellus, 36A, 417-432.

Schmetz, J., 1986: An atmospheric correction scheme for operational application to Meteosat infrared measurements. ESA J., 10, 145-159.

Schmetz, J. and L. v. d. Berg, 1994: Upper tropospheric humidity observations from Meteosat compared with shortterm forecast fields. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 573-576.

Schmetz, J., K. Holmlund, J. Hoffman, B. Strauss, B. Mason, V. Gaertner, A. Koch, and L. V. d. Berg, 1993: Operational cloud-motion winds from Meteosat infrared images. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 1206-1225.

Schmetz, J., W. P. Menzel, C. Velden, X. Wu, L. v. d. Berg, S. Nieman, C. Hayden, K. Holmlund, and C. Geijo, 1995: Monthly mean large-scale analyses of upper-troposphere humidity and wind field divergence derived from threegeostationary satellites. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 1578-1584.

Schmetz, J. and O. M. Turpeinen, 1988: Estimation of the upper tropospheric relative humidity field from METEOSAT water vapor image data. J. Appl. Meteor., 27, 889-899.

Schmid, P. J. and D. S. Henningson, 2002: On the stability of a falling liquid curtain. J. Fluid Mech., 463, 163-172.

Schmid, P. J. and H. K. Kytomaa, 1994: Transient and asymptotic stability of granular shear flow. J. Fluid Mech., 264, 255-275.

Schmid, W., H.-H. Schiesser, M. Furger, and M. Jenni, 2000: The Origin of Severe Winds in a Tornadic Bow-Echo Storm over Northern Switzerland. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 192-207.

Schmidli, J., C. Frei, and C. Schar, 2001: Reconstruction of Mesoscale Precipitation Fields from Sparse Observations in Complex Terrain. J. Climate, 14, 3289-3306.

Schmidlin, T. W., 1993: Impacts of severe winter weather during December 1989 in the Lake Erie snowbelt. J. Climate, 6, 759-767.

Schmidlin, T. W., D. J. Edgell, and M. A. Delaney, 1992: Design ground snow loads for Ohio. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 622-627.

Schmidlin, T. W., D. S. Wilks, M. McKay, and R. P. Cember, 1995: Automated quality control procedure for the ''water equivalent of snow on the ground'' measurement. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 143-151.

Schmidt, D. P. and C. J. Rutland, 2000: A New Droplet Collision Algorithm. J. Comp. Phys., 164, 62.

Schmidt, F., T. Friese, and D. Yevick, 2001: Transparent Boundary Conditions for Split-Step Pade Approximations of the One-Way Helmholtz Equation. J. Comp. Phy., 170, 696-719.

Schmidt, F. H., 1947: An elementary theory of the land-and sea-breeze circulation. J. Meteor., 4, 9-15.

Schmidt, H. and U. Schuman, 1989: Coherent structure of the convective boundary layer derived from large-eddy simulations. J. Fluid Mech., 200, 511-562.

Schmidt, J., 1929: The Danish ''Dana'' Expeditions 1920-22. Vol. 1. Bianco Luno. Copenhagen, 87.

Schmidt, J. M. and W. R. Cotton, 1989: A High Plains squall line associated with severe surface winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 281302.

Schmidt, J. M. and W. R. Cotton, 1990: Interactions between upper and lower tropospheric gravity waves on squall line structure and maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1205-1222.

Schmidt, M., H. Glatzel-Mattheier, and I. Levin, 2001: Western European N2O emissions: A top-down approach based on atmospheric observations. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5507.

Schmidt, M., D. Uhrlandt, and R. Winkler, 2001: Self-Consistent Description of Radial Space-Charge Confinement in DC Column Plasmas. J. Comp. Phys., 168, 26.

Schmidt, N., E. K. Lipp, and M. E. Luther, 2001: ENSO Influences on Seasonal Rainfall and River Discharge in Florida. J. Climate, 14, 615.

Schmidt, W., 1913: Die Gestalt fallender Regentropfen. Meteor. Z., 30, 456-457.

Schmit, T. J., W. F. Feltz, W. P. Menzel, J. Jung, A. P. Noel, J. N. Heil, J. P. Nelson, and G. S. Wade, 2002: Validation and Use of GOES Sounder Moisture Information. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 139-154.

Schmitt, F., D. Lavalle¥e, D. Schertzer, and S. Lovejoy, 1992: Empirical determination of universal multifractal exponent in turbulent velocity fields. Phys. Rev. Lett., 68, 305-308.

Schmitt, K. F., C. A. Friehe, and C. H. Gibson, 1978: Sea surface stress measurements. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 15, 215-228.

Schmitt, K. F., C. A. Friehe, and C. H. Gibson, 1979: Structure of marine surface layer turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 602-618.

Schmitt, R., P. Bogden, and C. Dorman, 1989: Evaporation minus precipitation and density fluxes for the North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1208-1221.

Schmitt, R. W., 1979: The growth rate of supercritical salt fingers. Deep-Sea Res., 26A, 23-40.

Schmitt, R. W., 1981: Form of the temperature-salinity relationship in the Central Water: Evidence for double-diffusive mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1015-1026.

Schmitt, R. W., 1990: On the density ratio balance in the Central Water. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 900-906.

Schmitt, R. W., 1994: Double diffusion in oceanography. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 26, 255-285.

Schmitt, R. W., 1994: The ocean freshwater cycle. JSC Ocean Observing system Development Panel. Texas A,M University, College Station, TX. 40.

Schmitt, R. W., P. S. Bogden, and C. E. Dorman, 1989: Evaporation minus precipitation and density fluxes for the North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1208-1220.

Schmitt, R. W. and D. L. Evans, 1978: An estimate of the vertical mixing due to salt fingers based on observations in the North Atlantic central water. J. Geophys. Res., 83(C6), 2913-2919.

Schmitt, R. W., J. M. Toole, R. L. Koehler, E. C. Mellinger, and K. W. Doherty, 1988: The development of a fineand micro-structure profiler. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 484-500.

Schmittner, A. and T. F. Stocker, 2001: A Seasonally Forced-Atmosphere Model for Paleoclimate Studies. J. Climate, 14, 1055.

Schmitz, W. and P. L. Richardson, 1991: On the sources of the Florida Current. Deep-Sea Res., 38, 5379-5409.

Schmitz, W., J. D. Thompson, and J. R. Luyten, 1992: The Sverdrup circulation for the Atlantic along 247N. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7251-7256.

Schmitz, W. J., 1980: Weakly-depth-dependent segments of the North Atlantic circulation. J. Mar. Res., 38, 111-133.

Schmitz, W. J., 1984: Abyssal eddy kinetic energy in the North Atlantic. J. Mar. Res., 42, 509-536.

Schmitz, W. J. and and, 1986: Observed and modeled mesoscale variability near the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio extension. J. Geophys. Res., 91(C8), 9624-9638.

Schmitz, W. J. and W. R. Holland, 1982: A preliminary comparison of selected numerical eddy-resolving general circulation experiments with observations. J. Mar. Res., 40, 75-117.

Schmitz, W. J. and Jr., 1995: On the interbasinscale thermohaline circulation. Rev. Geophys., 33, 151-173.

Schmitz, W. J. and Jr., 1996: On the eddy field in the Agulhas Retro-flection, with global considerations. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

Schmitz, W. J., Jr., and W. R. Holland, 1986: Observed and modeled mesoscale variability near the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Extension. J. Geophys. Res., 91(C8), 9624-9638.

Schmitz, W. J., Jr., and M. S. McCartney, 1993: On the North Atlantic Circulation. Rev. Geophys., 13(1), 29-49.

Schmitz, W. J., Jr., and P. L. Richardson, 1992: On the sources of the Florida Current. Deep-Sea Res., 38(Suppl.), S379-S4-09.

Schmitz, W. J., Jr., and W. S. Richardson, 1991: On the sources of the Florida Current. Deep-Sea Res., 38, 379-409.

Schmitz, W. J., J. R. Luyten, and R. W. Schmitt, 1993: On the Florida Current T/ S envelope. Bull. Mar. Sci., 53, 1048-1065.

Schmitz, W. J. and M. S. McCartney, 1993: On the North Atlantic Circulation. Rev. Geophys., 31, 29-49.

Schmitz, W. J. and W. S. Richardson, 1968: On the transport of the Florida Current. Deep-Sea Res., 15, 679-693.

Schmitz, W. J., J. D. Thompson, and J. R. Luyten, 1992: The Sverdrup circulation for the Atlantic along 247N. J. Geophys. Res., 97(C5), 7251-7256.

Schmucki, D., S. Voigt, and C. Wehrli, 2001: Effective albedo derived from UV measurements in the Swiss Alps. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5369.

Schmugge, T. J. and G. M. Schmidt, 1988: Surface temperature observations from AVHRR in FIFE. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1239-1246.

Schmugge, T. J. and G. M. Schmidt, 1998: Surface Temperature Observations from AVHRR in FIFE. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1239-1246.

Schnadt, C., M. Dameris, M. Ponater, R. Hein, V. Grewe, and B. Steil, 2002: Interaction of atmospheric chemistry and climate and its impact on stratospheric ozone. Climate Dynamics, 18, 501-518.

Schneeberger, C., O. Albrecht, H. Blatter, M. Wild, and R. Hock, 2001: Modelling the response of glaciers to a doubling in atmospheric CO2: a case study of Storglaciaren, northern Sweden. Climate Dynamics, 17, 825-834.

Schneider, E. D., B. Huang, and J. Shukla, 1995: Ocean wave dynamics and El Ninòo. J. Climate, 8, 2415-2439.

Schneider, E. K., 1977: Axially symmetric steady-state models of the basic state for instability and climate studies. Part II: Nonlinear calculations. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 280-296.

Schneider, E. K., 1983: Martian great dust storms: Interpretative axially symmetric models. Icarus, 55, 302-331.

Schneider, E. K., 1984: Response of the annual and zonal mean winds and temperature to variations in the heat and momentum sources. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1093-1115.

Schneider, E. K., 1989: A method for direct solution of a steady linearized spectral general circulation model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 2137-2141.

Schneider, E. K., 1990: Linear diagnosis of stationary waves in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2925-2952.

Schneider, E. K., 2002: Understanding Differences between the Equatorial Pacific as Simulated by Two Coupled GCMs. J. Climate, 15, 449-469.

Schneider, E. K., B. Huang, and J. Shukla, 1995: Ocean wave dynamics and El Ninòo. J. Climate, 8, 2415-2439.

Schneider, E. K., B. Huang, Z. Zhu, D. G. DeWitt, J. L. K. III, B. P. Kirtman, and J. Shukla, 1999: Ocean Data Assimilation, Initialization, and Predictions of ENSO with a Coupled GCM. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1187-1207.

Schneider, E. K. and J. L. K. III, 1994: An examination of internally generated variability in long climate simulations. Climate Dyn., 10, 181-204.

Schneider, E. K., B. P. Kirtman, and R. S. Lindzen, 1999: Tropospheric Water Vapor and Climate Sensitivity. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1649-1658.

Schneider, E. K. and R. S. Lindzen, 1976: A discussion of the parameterization of momentum exchange by cumulus convection. J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3158-3160.

Schneider, E. K. and R. S. Lindzen, 1976: The influence of stable stratification on the thermally driven tropical boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1301-1307.

Schneider, E. K. and R. S. Lindzen, 1977: Axially symmetric steady-state models of the basic state for instability and climate studies. Part I: Linear calculations. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 263-279.

Schneider, E. K., R. S. Lindzen, and B. P. Kirtman, 1997: A Tropical Influence on Global Climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1349-1358.

Schneider, E. K., Z. Zhu, B. S. Giese, B. Huang, B. P. Kirtman, J. Shukla, and J. A. Carton, 1997: Annual Cycle and ENSO in a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 680-702.

Schneider, H. R., 1984: A numerical transport scheme that avoids negative mixing ratios. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1206-1217.

Schneider, J. M. and D. K. Lilly, 1999: "An Observational and Numerical Study of a Sheared, Convective Boundary Layer. Part I: Phoenix II Observations, Statistical Description, and Visualization". J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3059-3078.

Schneider, J. S., D. Straus, A. Vernerkar, Y. Xue, and J. Zhou, 1994: The simulated Indian monsoon: A GCM sensitivity study. J. Climate, 7, 33-43.

Schneider, N. and T. Barnett, 1995: The competition of fresh water and radiation in forcing the ocean during El Ninòo. J. Climate, 8, 980-992.

Schneider, N. and A. J. Miller, 2001: Predicting Western North Pacific Ocean Climate. J. Clim., 14, 3997-4002.

Schneider, N., A. J. Miller, and D. W. Pierce, 2002: Anatomy of North Pacific Decadal Variability. J. Climate, 15, 586-605.

Schneider, R. S., 1990: Large-amplitude mesoscale wave disturbances within the intense Midwest extratropical cyclone of 15 December 1987. Wea. Forecasting, 5, 533-558.

Schneider, S. H., 1975: On the carbon dioxide-climate confusion. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 2060-2066.

Schneider, S. H., 1994: Detecting climatic change signals: Are there any ''fingerprints''? Science, 263, 341-346.

Schneider, S. H. and C. Mass, 1975: Volcanic dust, sunspots, and temperature trends. Science, 190, 741-746.

Schneider, T. L. and G. L. Stephens, 1994: Backscattering by nonspherical ice particles at millimeter wavelengths: Eighth Conf. on Atmospheric Radiation. Amer. Meteor. Soc., Nashville, TN.

Schneider, U. and C.-D. S. nwiese, 1989: Statistical characteristics of El Ninò o/ Southern Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation indices. Atmosfera, 22, 34-47.

Schnell, R. C., R. G. Barry, M. W. Miles, E. L. Andreas, L. F. Radke, C. A. Brock, M. P. McCormick, and J. L. Moore, 1989: Lidar detection of leads in Arctic sea ice. Nature, 339, 530-532.

Schnur, R., G. Schmitz, N. Grieger, and H. v. Storch, 1993: Normal modes of the atmosphere as estimated by principal oscillation patterns and derived from quasigeostrophic theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2386-2400.

Schoeberl, M. R., 1978: Stratospheric warmings: Observation and theory. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 16, 521-538.

Schoeberl, M. R. and Coauthors, 1989: Reconstruction of the constituent distribution and trends in the Antarctic polar vortex from ER-2 flight observations. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16815-16845.

Schoeberl, M. R. and M. A. Geller, 1977: A calculation of the structure of stationary planetary waves in winter. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1235-1255.

Schoeberl, M. R., L. R. Lait, P. A. Newman, and J. E. Rosenfiel, 1992: The structure of the polar vortex. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7859-7882.

Schoenberg, F., R. Berk, R. Fovell, C. Li, R. Lu, and R. Weiss, 2001: Approximation and Inversion of a Complex Meteorological System via Local Linear Filters. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 446-458.

Schoenberg, F., R. Berk, and R. Weiss, 2001: Approximation and Investigation of a Complex Meteorological System via Local Linear Filters. J. App. Meteor., 40, 446.

Schoenstadt, A. L., 1980: A transfer function analysis of numerical schemes used to simulate geostrophic adjustment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1248-1259.

Schols, J. L. J. and L. Wartena, 1986: A dynamical description of turbulent structures in the near neutral atmospheric surface layer: The role of static pressure fluctuations. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 34, 1-15.

Schopf, K. R. S., M. Latif, and F.-F. Jin, 1994: Dynamics of coupled oceanatmosphere models: The tropical problem. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 26, 617-659.

Schopf, K. R. S., T. Tokioka, J. Tribbia, and S. E. Zebiak, 1992: Tropical air-sea interaction in general circulation models. Climate Dyn., 7, 73-104.

Schopf, M. J. and M. J. Suarez, 1988: Vacillations in a coupled ocean-atmosphere system. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3283-3287.

Schopf, P. S., 1983: On equatorial waves and El Ninò o. II: Effects of air-sea thermal coupling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1878-1893.

Schopf, P. S. and and, 1990: Ocean wave dynamics and the time scale of ENSO. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 629-645.

Schopf, P. S. and M. A. Cane, 1983: On equatorial dynamics, mixed layer physics, and sea surface temperature. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 917-935.

Schopf, P. S. and M. J. Suarez, 1988: Vacillations in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 549-566.

Schopf, T. S., M. J. Suarez, L. Terray, O. Thual, and J. J. Tribbia, 1995: The seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific in coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2825-2838.

Schoppa, W. and F. Hussain, 2002: Coherent structure generation in near-wall turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 453, 57-108.

Schott, F., 1977: On the energetics of baroclinic tides in the North Atlantic. Ann. Geophys., 33, 41-61.

Schott, F., 1983: Monsoon response of the Somali Current and associated upwelling. Progr. Oceanogr., 12, 357-381.

Schott, F., 1986: Seasonal variation of cross-equatorial flow in the Somali Current. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 10581-10584.

Schott, F., 1992: Flows connections with the southern hemisphere and Bay of Bengal. WOCE Report 96/ 92. WOCE International Project Office, Wormley, Appendix -5.

Schott, F., M. Fieux, J. Kindle, J. C. Swallow, and R. Zantopp, 1988: The boundary currents east and north of Madagascar. Part 2: Direct measurements and model comparisons. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 4963-4974.

Schott, F. and K. D. Leaman, 1991: Observations with moored acoustic doppler current profilers in the convection regime in the Golfe du Lion. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 558-574.

Schott, F., T. N. Lee, and R. Zantopp, 1988: Variability of structure and transport of the Florida Current in the period range of days to seasonal. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1209-1230.

Schott, F., J. C. Swallow, and and, 1990: The Somali Current at the equator: Annual cycle of currents and transports in the upper 1000 m and connection to neighboring latitudes. Deep-Sea Res., 37, 1825-1848.

Schott, F., J. C. Swallow, and M. Fieux, 1989: Deep currents underneath the equatorial Somali Current. Deep-Sea Res., 36, 1191-1199.

Schott, F., M. Visbeck, and J. Fischer, 1993: Observations of vertical currents and convection in the central Greenland Sea during the winter of 1988-1989. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 14401-14421.

Schott, F. A., T. N. Lee, and R. Zantopp, 1988: Variability of structure and transport of the Florida Current in the period range of days to seasonal. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1209-1230.

Schott, F. A. and C. W. B. ning, 1991: The WOCE model in the Western Equatorial Atlantic: Upper layer circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 6993-7004.

Schott, W., 1987: Early German oceanographic institutions, expeditions and oceanographers. Proc. Fourth Int. Congress on the History of Oceanography, Hamburg, Germany.

Schouveiler, L., P. LeGal, and M. P. Chauve, 2001: Instabilities of the flow between a rotating and a stationary disk. J. Fluid Mech., 443, 329-350.

Schowalter, D. G., C. W. v. Atta, and J. C. Lasheras, 1994: A study of streamwise vortex structure in a stratified shear layer. J. Fluid Mech., 281, 247-291.

Schrage, J. M., C. A. Clayson, and B. Strahl, 2001: Statistical Properties of Episodes of Enhanced 2-3-Day Convection in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. J. Climate, 14, 3482-3494.

Schro® ter, J., U. Seiler, and M. Wenzel, 1993: Variational assimilation of Geosat data into an eddy resolving model of the Gulf Stream extension area. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 925-953.

Schro® ter, J. and C. Wunsch, 1986: Solution of nonlinear finite difference ocean models by optimization methods with sensitivity and observational strategy analysis. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1855-1874.

Schröder, F., B. Kärcher, C. Duroure, J. Ström, A. Petzold, J.-F. Gayet, B. Strauss, P. Wendling, and S. Borrmann, 2000: On the Transition of Contrails into Cirrus Clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 464-480.

Schroeder, J. A., 1990: A comparison of temperature soundings obtained from simultaneous radiometric, radio-acoustic, and ra-winsonde measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 495-503.

Schroeder, J. A., E. R. Westwater, P. T. May, and L. M. Mcmillin, 1991: Prospects for temperature sounding with satellite and ground based RASS measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 8, 506-513.

Schroeder, W. W., S. P. Dinnel, W. J. W. Jr., and W. J. M. Jr., 1987: Circulation patterns inferred from the movement of detached buoys in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Contin. Shelf Res., 7, 883-894.

Schroth, A. C., M. S. Chandra, and P. F. Meischner, 1988: A C-band coherent polarimetric radar for propagation and cloud physics research. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 804-822.

Schryer, D. R., W. R. Cofer, and R. S. Rogowski, 1980: Synergistic effects in trace gas-aerosol interactions. Science, 209, 7-23.

Schu®epp, M., 1979: Klimatologie der Schweiz. Band III. Witterungs-klimatologie. Beiheft zu den Annalen der Schweizerischen Meteorologischen Anstalt. Schweizerische Meteorologische An-stalt, 93.

Schubauer, G. B. and P. S. Klebanoff, 1951: Investigation of separation of the turbulent boundary layer. Natl. Aduis. Comm. Aeronaut. Rep., 1030.

Schubert, D. D., R. B. Rood, and J. Pfaendtner, 1993: An assimilated dataset for earth science applications. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 2331-2342.

Schubert, S. and C.-K. Park, 1991: Low-frequency intraseasonal tropical-extratropical interactions. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 629-650.

Schubert, S., R. Rood, and J. Pfaendtner, 1993: An assimilated dataset for earth sciences applications. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 2331-2342.

Schubert, S., M. Suarez, C.-K. Park, and S. Moorthi, 1993: GCM simulations of intraseasonal variability in the Pacific/ North American region. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1991-2007.

Schubert, S. D. and Y. Chang, 1996: An objective method for inferring sources of model error. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 325-340.

Schubert, S. D. and M. LiWu, 2001: Predictability of the 1997 and 1998 South Asian Summer Monsoon Low-Level Winds. J. Climate, 14, 3173-3191.

Schubert, S. D. and C.-K. Park, 1991: Low-frequency intraseasonal tropical-extratropical interactions. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 629-650.

Schubert, S. D., J. Pfaendtner, and R. Rood, 1993: An assimilated data set for earth science applications. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 2331-2342.

Schubert, S. D., R. B. Rood, and J. Pfaendtner, 1993: An assimilated data set for earth science applications. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 2331-2342.

Schubert, S. D., M. J. Suarez, Y. Chang, and G. Branstator, 2001: The Impact of ENSO on Extratropical Low-Frequency Noise in Seasonal Forecasts. J. Climate, 14, 2351-2365.

Schubert, S. D., M. J. Suarez, P. J. Pegion, M. A. Kistler, and A. Kumar, 2002: Predictability of Zonal Means during Boreal Summer. J. Climate, 15, 420-434.

Schubert, S. D., M. J. Suarez, and J.-K. Schemm, 1992: Persistence and predictability in a perfect model. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 256-269.

Schubert, W. H., 1973: The interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with.

Schubert, W. H., 1976: Experiments with Lilly's cloud-topped mixed-layer model. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 436-446.

Schubert, W. H. and B. Alworth, 1987: Evolution of potential vorticity in tropical cyclones. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 147-162.

Schubert, W. H., P. E. Ciesielski, C. Lu, and R. H. Johnson, 1995: Dynamical adjustment of the trade wind inversion layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2941-2952.

Schubert, W. H., P. E. Ciesielski, D. E. Stevens, and H.-C. Kuo, 1991: Potential vorticity modeling of the ITCZ and the Hadley circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1493-1509.

Schubert, W. H., S. R. Fulton, and R. F. A. Hertenstein, 1989: Balanced atmospheric response to squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2478-2483.

Schubert, W. H., J. J. Hack, P. L. S. Dias, and S. R. Fulton, 1980: Geostrophic adjustment in an axisymmetric vortex. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1464-1484.

Schubert, W. H., J. B. Klemp, and K. F. Heideman, 2001: Editorial. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 3.

Schubert, W. H., M. T. Montgomery, R. K. Taft, T. A. Guinn, S. R. Fulton, J. P. Kossin, and J. P. Edwards, 1999: "Polygonal Eyewalls, Asymmetric Eye Contraction, and Potential Vorticity Mixing in Hurricanes". J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1197-1223.

Schubert, W. H., J. S. Wakefield, E. J. Steiner, and S. K. Cox, 1979: Marine stratocumulus convection. Part I: Governing equations and horizontally homogeneous solutions. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1286-1307.

Schudlich, R. R. and J. F. Price, 1992: Diurnal cycles of cur-rent, temperature, and turbulent dissipation in a model of the equatorial upper ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5409-5422.

Schudlich, R. R. and J. F. Price, 1995: Observations of seasonal.

Schuepp, P. H., M. Y. Leclerc, J. I. MacPherson, and R. L. Desjar-dins, 1990: Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytic solutions of the diffusion equation. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 50, 355-373.

Schuepp, P. H., J. I. MacPherson, and R. L. Desjardin, 1992: Adjustment of footprint correction for airborne flux mapping over the FIFE site. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 18455-18466.

Schule, J. J., L. S. Simpson, and P. S. DeLeonibus, 1971: A study of fetch limited wave spectra with an airborne laser. J. Geophys. Res., 76, 4160-4171.

Schulkes, R. M. S. M., 1995: A note on the evolution equations for the area fraction and the thickness of a floating ice cover. J. Geophys. Res., 100(C3), 5021-5024.

Schultz, D. M., 2001: Reexamining the Cold Conveyor Belt. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2205-2225.

Schultz, D. M., W. E. Bracken, and L. F. Bosart, 1998: Planetary- and Synoptic-Scale Signatures Associated with Central American Cold Surges. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 5-27.

Schultz, D. M., W. E. Bracken, L. F. Bosart, G. J. Hakim, M. A. Bedrick, M. J. Dickinson, and K. R. Tyle, 1996: The 1993 superstorm cold surge: Frontal structure, gap flow, and tropical impact. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124.

Schultz, D. M., W. E. Bracken, L. F. Bosart, G. J. Hakim, M. A. Bedrick, M. J. Dickinson, and K. R. Tyle, 1997: The 1993 Superstorm Cold Surge: Frontal Structure; Gap Flow; and Tropical Impact. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 5-39.

Schultz, D. M., J. V. Cortinas, and C. A. Doswell, 2002: Comments on "An Operational Ingredients-Based Methodology for Forecasting Midlatitude Winter Season Precipitation". Wea. Forecasting, 17, 160-167.

Schultz, D. M., D. Keyser, and L. F. Bosart, 1998: The Effect of Large-Scale Flow on Low-Level Frontal Structure and Evolution in Midlatitude Cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1767-1791.

Schultz, D. M. and C. F. Mass, 1993: The occlusion process in a midlatitude cyclone over land. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 918-940.

Schultz, D. M. and P. N. Schumacher, 1999: The Use and Misuse of Conditional Symmetric Instability. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2709-2732.

Schultz, D. M., P. N. Schumacher, and C. A. Doswell Iii, 2000: The Intricacies of Instabilities. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 4143.

Schultz, D. M. and W. J. Steenburgh, 1999: The Formation of a Forward-Tilting Cold Front with Multiple Cloud Bands during Superstorm 1993. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1108-1124.

Schultz, H., 1990: A circular median filter approach for resolving directional ambiguities in wind fields retrieved from space-borne scatterometer data. J. Geophys. Res., 95( C4), 5291-5303.

Schultz, J. R., 1987: Structure and propagation of topographic Rossby waves northeast of Cape Hatteras. M.S. thesis, Marine Sciences Program, University of North Carolina.

Schultz, P., 1995: An explicit cloud physics parameterization for operational numerical weather prediction. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3331-3343.

Schultz, P. and M. Politovich, 1992: Toward the improvement of aircraft icing forecasts for the continental United States. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 491-500.

Schultz, P. and T. T. Warner, 1982: Characteristics of summer-time circulations and pollutant ventilation in the Los Angeles Basin. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 672-682.

Schultz Tokos, K. L., H. Hinrichsen, and W. Zenk, 1994: Merging and migration of two meddies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2129-2141.

Schultz Tokos, K. L. and T. Rossby, 1991: Kinematics and dynamics of a Mediterranean salt lens. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 879-892.

Schulz, J. P., L. Dumenil, and J. Polcher, 2001: On the Land Surface-Atmosphere Coupling and Its Impact in a Single-Column Atmospheric Model. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 642-663.

Schulz, J.-P., L. Dumenil, and J. Polcher, 2001: On the Land Surface-Atmosphere Coupling and Its Impact in a Single-Column Atmospheric Model. J. App. Meteor., 40, 642.

Schulz, K., A. Jarvis, K. Beven, and H. Soegaard, 2001: The Predictive Uncertainty of Land Surface Fluxes in Response to Increasing Ambient Carbon Dioxide. J. Climate, 14, 2551-2562.

Schumacher, C. and R. A. Houze Jr, 2000: Comparison of Radar Data from the TRMM Satellite and Kwajalein Oceanic Validation Site. J. App. Meteor., 39, 2151.

Schumacher, J., 2001: Derivative moments in stationary homogeneous shear turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 441, 109-118.

Schumacher, J. D. and R. K. Reed, 1992: Characteristics of currents over the continental slope of the eastern Bering Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9423-9433.

Schumacher, J. D. and P. J. Stabeno, 1994: Ubiquitous eddies of the eastern Be-ring Sea and their coincidence with larval pollock. Fish. Oceanogr., 3, 182-190.

Schumacher, P., D. J. Knight, and L. F. Bosart, 1996: Frontal interaction with the Appalachian Mountains. Part I: A climatology.

Schumacher, P. N., D. J. Knight, and L. F. Bosart, 1996: Frontal interaction with the Appalachian mountains. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2453-2468.

Schumaker, J., B. Bajusz, L. Pochop, and J. Borrelli, 1984: Predicting temperature and precipitation at ungaged sites in the Upper Green River Basin. Proc. Third Conf. Mountain Meteorology, Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 152-154.

Schumann, R. S., G. E. Taylor, S. A. Smith, and T. L. Wilfong, 1995: Application of 50 MHz Doppler radar wind profiler to launch operations at Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Station. Preprints, 14th Conf. on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Dallas, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Schumann, U., 1975: Subgrid scale model for finite difference simulations of turbulent flows in plane channels and annul. J. Comput. Phys., 18, 376-404.

Schumann, U., 1977: Realizability of Reynolds stress turbulence models. Phys. Fluids., 20, 721-725.

Schumann, U., 1987: Influence of mesoscale orography on idealized cold fronts. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3423-3441.

Schumann, U., 1990: Large-eddy simulation of the up-slope boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 637-670.

Schumann, U., 1991: Subgrid length-scales for large-eddy simulation of stratified turbulence. Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn., 2, 279-290.

Schumann, U., 1994: On the effect of emissions from aircraft engines on the state of the atmosphere. Ann. Geophys., 12, 365-384.

Schumann, U., 1996: On conditions for contrail formation from aircraft exhausts. Meteor. Z., 5, 4-23.

Schumann, U. and T. Gerz, 1995: Turbulent mixing in stably stratified shear flows. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 33-48.

Schumann, U., T. Hauf, H. H. ller, H. Schmidt, and H. Volkert, 1987: A mesoscale model for simulation of turbulence, clouds and flow over mountains: Formulation and validation examples. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 60, 413-446.

Schumann, U., J. S. m, R. Busen, R. Baumann, K. Gierens, M. Krautstrunk, F. Schro®der, and J. Stingl, 1996: In situ observations of particles in jet aircraft exhausts and contrails for different sulfur containing fuels. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6853-6869.

Schumann, U. and C.-H. Moeng, 1991: Plume budgets in clear and cloudy convective boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1758-1770.

Schumann, U. and C.-H. Moeng, 1991: Plume fluxes in clear and cloudy convective boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1746-1757.

Schumann, U. and M. E. Reinhardt, 1991: Studies on the effect of high-flying airtraffic on the atmosphere. 42th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation. Paper No. IA-91-737.

Schuster, B., 1992: Experimentelle Studie zur Interaktion nichtli-nearer interner Wellen mit variablen Bodentopographien in ei-nem Rechteckkanal. Dissertation, Institut fu®r Mechanik, TH Darmstadt.

Schuur, T. J., A. V. Ryzhkov, D. S. Zrnic, and M. Schonhuber, 2001: Drop Size Distributions Measured by a 2D Video Disdrometer: Comparison with Dual-Polarization Radar Data. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1019-1034.

Schuur, T. J., B. F. Smull, W. D. Rust, and T. C. Marshall, 1991: Electrical and kinematic structure of the stratfform precipitation region trailing an Oklahoma squall line. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 825842.

Schuur, T. J., B. F. Smull, W. D. Rust, and T. C. Marshall, 1991: Electrical and kinematic structure of the stratiform precipitation region trailing an Oklahoma squall line. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 825-842.

Schwabe, H., 1844: Solar observations during 1843. Astron. Nachr., 21, 2-33.

Schwartz, B. and S. G. Benjamin, 1995: A comparison of temperature and wind measurements from ACARS-equipped aircraft and rawinsondes. Wea. Forecasting, 10, 528-544.

Schwartz, B. E., 1990: Regarding the automation of rawinsonde observations. Wea. Forecasting, 5, 167-171.

Schwartz, B. E. and C. A. D. I. a, 1991: North American rawinsonde observations: Problems, concerns, and a call to action. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 1885-1896.

Schwartz, B. E. and L. F. Bosart, 1979: The diurnal variability of Florida rainfall. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1535-1545.

Schwartz, B. E. and I. C. A. Doswell, 1991: North American rawinsonde observations: Problems, concerns, and a call to action. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 1885-1896.

Schwartz, M. D., 1990: Detecting the onset of spring: A possible application of phenological models. Climate Res., 1, 23-29.

Schwartz, M. D., 1992: Phenology and springtime surface layer change. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 2570-2578.

Schwartz, M. D., 1994: Monitoring global change with phenology: The case of the spring green wave. Int. J. Biometeor., 38, 18-22.

Schwartz, M. D. and T. R. Karl, 1990: Spring phenology: Nature's experiment to detect the effect of ''green-up'' on surface maximum temperatures. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 883-890.

Schwartz, M. D. and G. A. Marotz, 1988: Synoptic events and spring phenology. Phys. Geogr. 9, 151-161.

Schwartz, M. J., J. W. Barrett, P. W. Fieguth, P. W. Rosenkranz, M. S. Spina, and D. H. Staelin, 1994: Passive microwave imagery of a tropical storm near 118 GHz: Thermal and precipitation structure. Proc. Int. Geoscience Remote Sensing Symp., Pasadena, CA.

Schwartz, R. M. and T. W. Schmidlin, 2002: Climatology of Blizzards in the Conterminous United States, 1959-2000. J. Climate, 15, 1765-1772.

Schwartz, S. E., 1988: Are global cloud albedo and climate controlled by marine phytoplankton? Nature, 336, 441-445.

Schwartzbart, I. and G. Shaviv, 1976: A Monte-Carlo model for the radiation field in plant canopies. Agric. Meteor., 17, 333-353.

Schwartzkopf, M. D. and S. B. Fels, 1991: The simplified exchange method revisited: An accurate, rapid method for computation of infrared cooling rates and fluxes. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9075-9096.

Schwarz, A. C., M. W. Plesniak, and S. N. B. Murthy, 2002: Response of turbulent boundary layers to multiple strain rates. J. Fluid Mech., 458, 333-378.

Schwarz, G., 1978: Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann. Statist., 6, 461-464.

Schwarz, G. and C. A. Doswell, 1991: North American rawinsonde observations: Problems, concerns, and a call to action. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 1885-1896.

Schwarzkopf, M. D. and S. B. Fels, 1991: The simplified exchange method revisited: An accurate, rapid method for computation of infrared cooling rates and fluxes. J. Geophys. Res., 96(D5), 9075-9096.

Schweiger, J. A. and and, 1993: Arctic radiative fluxes and cloud forcing estimated from the ISCCP C2 cloud data set. Preprints, Third Conf. on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography, Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 13-16.

Schweiger, J. A. and and, 1994: Arctic Ocean radiative fluxes and cloud forcing estimated from the ISCCP C2 cloud dataset, 1983-1990. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 948-963.

Schweiger, J. A. and J. R. Key, 1992: Arctic cloudiness: Comparison of ISCCP-C2 and Nimbus-7 satellitederived cloud products with a surface-based cloud climatology. J. Climate, 5, 1514-1527.

Schweiger, J. A., M. C. Serreze, and J. R. Key, 1993: Arctic sea ice albedo: A comparison of two satellitederived data sets. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 41-44.

Schweikert, D. G., 1966: An interpolation curve using a spline in tension. J. Math. Phys., 45, 312-317.

Schwendeman, D. W., 2002: On converging shock waves of spherical and polyhedral form. J. Fluid Mech., 454, 365-386.

Schwerdtfeger, P., 1968: An automatic gauge for measuring sea-ice thickness. J. Glaciol., 7, 109-113.

Schwerdtfeger, W., 1972: The vertical variation of the wind through the friction-layer over the Greenland ice cap. Tellus, 24, 13-16.

Schwerdtfeger, W., 1974: Mountain barrier effect on the flow of stable air north of the Brooks Range. Climate of the Arctic. Proc. 24th Alaskan Science Conf., University of Alaska Press, 204-208.

Schwerdtfeger, W., 1975: The effect of the Antarctic Peninsula on the temperature regime of the Weddell Sea. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 45-51.

Schwerdtfeger, W., 1979: Meteorological aspects of the drift of ice from the Weddell Sea toward the mid-latitude westerlies. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 6321-6328.

Schwerdtfeger, W., 1979: Meteorological aspects of the drift of ice from the Weddell Sea toward the midlatitude westerlies. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 6321-6328.

Schwiderski, E. W., 1980: On charting global tides. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 18(1), 243-268.

Schwiesow, R. L. and and, 1992: Simplified signal processing for an airborne CO2 Doppler lidar. 16th International Laser Radar Conference (NASA CP-3158). Cambridge, MA, AMS.

Schwiesow, R. L., V. M. Glover, M. P. Spowart, K. A. Weaver, and J. S. Bogen, 1991: An airborne Doppler lidar for meteorological research. Seventh Symposium on Meteorological Observations and instrumentation, New Orleans, LA. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 252-255.

Schwiesow, R. L., S. D. Mayor, V. M. Glover, and D. H. Lenschow, 1990: Intersection of a sloping aerosol layer observed by airborne lidar with a cloud-capped marine boundary layer. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 1111-1119.

Schwiesow, R. L. and M. P. Spowart, 1991: A compact, injection-seeded heterodyne lidar: lessons learned from airborne tests. Sixth Coherent Laser Radar Conf. (OSA Technical Digest Series Vol. 12), Snowmass, CO, 55-57.

Schwiesow, R. L., A. J. Weinheimer, and V. M. Glover, 1989: Application and development of a compact, airborne Doppler lidar for atmospheric measurements. Fifth Conf. on Coherent Laser Radar: Technology and Applications, Munich, Germany, Germany Aerospace Research Establishment, 20-24.

Schyberg, H. and L. A. Breivik, 2002: Objective analysis combining observation errors in physical space and observation space. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 695-712.

Sci. Wilson, J. D. and M. K. Mak, 1984: Tropical response to lateral forcing with a latitudinally and zonally nonuniform basic state. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1187-1201.

Scialdone, J. and A. Robock, 1987: Comparison of Northern Hemisphere snow cover datasets. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 53-68.

Scialom, G. and Y. Lemaitre, 1990: A new analysis for the retrieval of three-dimensional mesoscale wind field from multiple Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 640-665.

Sciare, J., N. Mihalopoulos, and F. J. Dentener, 2000: Intraannual variability of atmospheric dimethylsulfide in the southern Indian ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26369.

Science, A. o. M., 1982: Yearly Charts of Dryness/ Wetness in China for the Last 500-Year Period (in Chi-nese). Cartographic Publishing House. 332.

Sciences Meeting, R., NV, A. Droegemeier, K. K., and R. B. Wilhelmson, 1987: Numerical simulation of thunderstorm outflow dynamics. Part I: Outflow sensitivity experiments and turbulence dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1180-1210.

Scinocca and W. R. Peltier, 1989: Pulsating downslope windstorms. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2885-2914.

Scinocca, J. F., 1995: The mixing of mass and momentum by KelvinHelmholtz billows. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2509-2530.

Scinocca, J. F. and and, 1994: The instability of Long's stationary solution and the evolution toward severe downslope windstorm flow. Part II: The application of finite-amplitude local waveactivity flow diagnostics. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 623-653.

Scinocca, J. F. and R. Ford, 2000: The Nonlinear Forcing of Large-Scale Internal Gravity Waves by Stratified Shear Instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 653-672.

Scinocca, J. F. and P. H. Haynes, 1998: Dynamical Forcing of Stratospheric Planetary Waves by Tropospheric Baroclinic Eddies. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2361-2392.

Scinocca, J. F. and N. A. McFarlane, 2000: The parametrization of drag induced by stratified flow over anisotropic orography. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2353.

Scinocca, J. F. and W. R. Peltier, 1993: The instability of Long's stationary solution and the evolution toward severe downslope windstorm flow. Part I: Nested grid numerical simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2245-2263.

Scinocca, J. F. and W. R. Peltier, 1994: Finite-amplitude waveactivity diagnostics for Long's stationary solution. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 613-622.

Scinocca, J. F. and T. G. Shepherd, 1992: Nonlinear waveactivity conservation laws and Hamiltonian structure for the two-dimensional anelastic equations. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 5-27.

Scobelev, B. Y. and E. V. Vorozhtsov, 2000: Sufficient Stability Criteria and Uniform Stability of Difference Schemes. J. Comp. Phys., 165, 717.

Scofield, R. A., 1985: Satellite convective categories associated with heavy precipitation. Preprints, Sixth Conf. on Hydrometeorology, Indianapolis, IN.

Scofield, R. A., 1987: Ingredients for a short range forecasting heavy precipitation index. Preprints, Seventh Conf. on Hydrometeorology, Edmonton, AB.

Scofield, R. A., 2001: Comments on "A Quantitative Assessment of the NESDIS Auto-Estimator". Wea. Forecasting, 16, 277-278.

Scofield, R. A., J. Robinson, and N. Lyles, 1990: Satellite estimates and forecasts of heavy rainfall from mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Proc. Operational Precipitation Estimation and Prediction, Anaheim, CA.

Scolan, Y. M. and A. A. Korobkin, 2001: Three-dimensional theory of water impact. Part 1. Inverse Wagner problem. J. Fluid Mech., 440, 293-326.

Scorer, R. S., 1949: Theory of waves in the lee of mountains. Quart. J. Roy. MeteoroL Soc., 75, 41-56.

Scorer, R. S., 1953: Theory of airflow over mountains. II: The flow over a ridge. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 79, 70-83.

Scorer, R. S., 1957: Experiments on convection of isolated masses of buoyant fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 2, 583-594.

Scorer, R. S., 1958: Natural Aerodynamics. Pergamon Press, 312 pp.

Scorer, R. S., 1958: Natural Aerodynamics. Pergamon Press. 312.

Scorer, R. S., 1969: Billow mechanics. Radio Sci., 4, 1299-1307.

Scorer, R. S., 1972: Clouds of the World: A Complete Colour Encyclopedia. David and Charles Publishers, 176 pp.

Scorer, R. S. and L. J. Davenport, 1970: Contrails and aircraft down-wash. J. Fluid Mech., 43, 451-464.

Scorer, R. S. and A. Verkask, 1989: Spacious Skies. David and Charles Publishers, 192 pp.

Scott, B. C., 1982: Theoretieal estimates of the scavenging coefficient for soluble aerosol particles as a function of precipitation type, rate and altitude. Atmos. Environ., 16, 1753-1762.

Scott, B. C. and P. V. Hobbs, 1977: A theoretical study of the evolution of mixed- phase cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 812-826.

Scott, C. P. J. and P. J. Sousounis, 2001: The Utility of Additional Soundings for Forecasting Lake-Effect Snow in the Great Lakes Region. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 448-462.

Scott, D. F. S. E., 1976: Luke Howard (1772-1864): His Correspondence with Goethe and His Continental Journey of 1816. William Sessions Limited, 99 pp.

Scott, J. C. and A. L. McDowall, 1990: Cross-frontal cold jets near Iceland: In-water, satellite infrared and GEOSAT altimeter data. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 18005-18014.

Scott, J. D. and S. A. Rutledge, 1995: Doppler radar observations of an asymmetric MCS and associated vortex couplet. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3437-3457.

Scott, N. A. and A. Chedin, 1981: A fast line-by-line method for atmospheric absorption computations: The automized atmospheric absorption atlas. J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 802-812.

Scott Polar Research Institute., E. M. M., 1992: Response of ice sheets to climatic change. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B, 338, 235-242.

Scott, R., R. D. Koster, D. Entekhabi, and M. J. Suarez, 1995: Effect of a canopy interception reservoir on hydrological persistence in a general circulation model. J. Climate, 8, 1917-1922.

Scott, R. D., P. R. Krehbiel, and W. Rison, 2001: The Use of Simultaneous Horizontal and Vertical Transmissions for Dual-Polarization Radar Meteorlogical Observations. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 18, 629.

Scott, R. K., 2002: Wave-Driven Mean Tropical Upwelling in the Lower Stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2745-2759.

Scott, R. K. and J. P. Cammas, 2002: Wave Breaking and Mixing at the Subtropical Tropopause. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2347-2361.

Scott, R. K., J. P. Cammas, P. Mascart, and C. Stolle, 2001: Stratospheric filamentation into the upper tropical troposphere (Paper 2001JD900049). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 11,835-11,848.

Scott, S. G., P. Buji, and K. R. Chan, 1990: The meteorological measurement system on the NASA ER-2 aircraft. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 525-540.

Scotti, A., C. Meneveau, and D. K. Lilly, 1993: Generalized Smagorinsky model for anisotropic grids. Phys. Fluids A, 5(9), 2306-2308.

Scotti, R. S. and G. M. Corcos, 1972: An experiment on the stability of small disturbances in a stratified free shear layer. J. Fluid Mech., 52, 499-528.

Scotto, J. and Coauthors, 1988: Biologically effective ultraviolet radiation: Surface measurements in the United States, 1974 to 1985. Science, 239, 762-764.

Se`ze, G. and M. Desbois, 1987: Cloud cover analysis from satellite imagery using spatial and temporal characteristics of the data. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 287-303.

Se`ze, G. and L. Smith, 1990: On the dimension of cloud boundaries. Proc. Seventh Conf. on Atmospheric Radiation, San Francisco, CA.

Seager, R., 1989: Modeling tropical pacific sea surface temperature: 1970-1987. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 419-434.

Seager, R., 1991: A simple model of the climatology and variability of the low-level wind field in the Tropics. J. Climate, 4, 164-179.

Seager, R. and M. B. Blumentha, 1994: Modeling tropical Pacific sea surface temperature with satellitederived solar radiative forcing. J. Climate, 7, 1943-1957.

Seager, R., M. Blumenthal, and Y. Kushnir, 1995: An advective atmospheric mixed layer model for ocean modeling purposes: Global simulation of surface heat fluxes. J. Climate, 8, 1951-1964.

Seager, R., Y. Kushnir, and M. A. Cane, 1995: A note on heat flux boundary conditions for ocean models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 3219-3230.

Seager, R., Y. Kushnir, N. H. Naik, M. A. Cane, and J. Miller, 2001: Wind-Driven Shifts in the Latitude of the Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension and Generation of SST Anomalies on Decadal Timescales. J. Clim., 14, 4249-4265.

Seager, R. and S. E. Zebiak, 1994: Convective interaction with dynamics in a linear primitive equation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1307-1331.

Seager, R., S. E. Zebiak, and M. A. Cane, 1988: A model for the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature climatology. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 1265-1280.

Seaman, N. L. and R. A. Anthes, 1981: A mesoseale semi-implicit numerical model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 107, 167-190.

Seaman, N. L., D. R. Stauffer, and A. M. Lario-Gibbs, 1995: A multiscale four-dimensional data assimilation system applied in the San Joa-quin Valley during SARMAP. Part I: Modeling design and basic performance characteristics. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 1739-1761.

Seaman, N. L., D. R. Stauffer, and T. T. Warner, 1988: Effects of forecasts of mesoscale meteorological structures caused by grid nesting in a three-dimensional numerical model. Preprints, Eighth Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 167-74.

Seaman, R. S., 1988: Some real data tests of the interpolation accuracy of Bratseth's successive correction method. Tellus, 40A, 173176.

Seckmeyer, G. and R. L. McKenzie, 1992: Increased ultraviolet radiation in New Zealand (45S) relative to Germany ( 48N). Nature, 359, 135-137.

Seco, E., 1959: La capa de velocidad cero en el mar de Albora¥n. Rev. CENIC Ceinc. Biol., 25, 765-779.

Sedunov, Y. S., 1965: Fine cloud structure and its role in the formation of the cloud particle spectrum. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 1.

Seed, A. and G. L. Austin, 1990: Variability of summer Florida rainfall and its significance for the estimation of rainfall by gages, radar and satellite. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 2207-2216.

Seeley, L. H., G. T. Seidler, and J. G. Dash, 2001: Laboratory investigation of possible ice nucleation by ionizing radiation in pure water at tropospheric temperatures. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3033.

Segal, M., C. Anderson, R. W. Arritt, R. M. Rabin, and D. W. Martin, 1999: Some Observations of the Clearing of Cumulus Clouds Downwind from Snow-Covered Areas. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1687-1692.

Segal, M. and R. W. Arritt, 1992: Nonclassical mesoscale circulations caused by surface sensible heat-flux gradients. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1593-1604.

Segal, M., R. W. Arritt, C. Clark, R. Rabin, and J. Brown, 1995: Scaling evaluation of the effect of surface characteristics on potential for deep convection over uniform terrain. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 383-400.

Segal, M., R. W. Arritt, and J. Heim, 1993: A simple and efficient scheme for performing oneand two-dimensional numerical modeling sensitivity experiments. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1871-1873.

Segal, M., R. W. Arritt, J. Shen, C. Anderson, and M. Leuthold, 1997: On the Clearing of Cumulus Clouds Downwind from Lakes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 639-646.

Segal, M., R. W. Arritt, and J. E. Tillman, 1997: On the Potential Impact of Daytime Surface Sensible Heat Flux on the Dissipation of Martian Cold Air Outbreaks. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1544-1549.

Segal, M., R. Avissar, M. C. McCumber, and R. A. Pielke, 1988: Evaluation of vegetative effects on the generation and modification of mesoscale circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2268-2292.

Segal, M. and G. Feingold, 1993: Impact of local convective cloud systems on summer daytime shelter temperature. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 1569-1578.

Segal, M., J. R. Garratt, R. A. Pielke, and Z. Ye, 1991: Scaling and numerical model evaluation of snow-cover effects on the generation and modification of daytime mesoscale circulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1024-1042.

Segal, M., Y. Mahrer, and R. A. Pielke, 1981: Numerical study of wind energy characteristics over heterogeneous terrain-central Israel case study. Bound. Layer Meteor., 22, 373-392.

Segal, M., Y. Mahrer, and R. A. Pielke, 1982: Application of a numerical mesoscale model for the evaluation of seasonal persistent regional climatological patterns. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 1754-1762.

Segal, M., Y. Mahrer, and R. A. Pielke, 1983: A study of the meteorological patterns associated with a lake-confined by mountains-the Dead Sea case. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 109, 549-564.

Segal, M., R. T. McNider, R. A. Pielke, and D. S. McDougal, 1982: A numerical model simulation of the regional air pollution meteorology of the Oreater Chesapeake Bay area- Summer day case study. Atmos. Environ., 16, 1381-1397.

Segal, M., Z. Pan, and R. W. Arritt, 2002: On the Effect of Relative Timing of Diurnal and Large-Scale Forcing on Summer Extreme Rainfall Characteristics over the Central United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1442-1450.

Segal, M., W. L. Physik, J. E. Heim, and R. W. Arritt, 1993: The enhancement of cold-front temperature contrast by differential cloud cover. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 867-873.

Segal, M. and R. A. Pielke, 1981: Numerical model simulation of human biometeorological heat load conditions-Summer day case study for the Chesapeake Bay area. J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 735-749.

Segal, M., R. A. Pielke, and Y. Mahrer, 1983: On climatic changes due to a deliberate flooding of the Qattara depression. Egypt: Climatic Change, 5, 73-83.

Segal, M., W. Schreiber, G. Kallos, R. A. Pielke, J. R. Garratt, J. Weaver, A. Rodi, and J. Wilson, 1989: The impact of crop areas in northeast Colorado on midsummer mesoscale thermal circulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 809-825.

Segal, M., W. E. Schreiber, G. Kallos, J. R. Garratt, A. Rodi, J. Weaver, and R. A. Pielke, 1989: The impact of crop areas in northeast Colorado on midsummer mesoscale thermal circulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 809-825.

Segal, M., J. Weaver, and J. F. W. Purdom, 1989: Some effects of the Yellowstone fire smoke plume on northeast Colorado at the end of summer 1988. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 2278-2284.

Segami, A., K. Kurihara, H. Nakamura, M. Ueno, I. Takano, and Y. Tatsumi, 1989: Operational mesoscale weather prediction with Japan spectral model. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 67, 907-923.

Segers, R. and P. A. Leffelaar, 2001: Modeling methane fluxes in wetlands with gas-transporting plants, 1, Single-root scale. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3511.

Segers, R. and P. A. Leffelaar, 2001: Modeling methane fluxes in wetlands with gas-transporting plants, 3, Plot scale. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3541.

Segers, R., C. Rappoldt, and P. A. Leffelaar, 2001: Modeling methane fluxes in wetlands with gas-transporting plants, 2, Soil layer scale. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3529.

SegrË, E., 1981: Fifty years up and down a strenuous and scenic trail. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci., 31, 1-18.

Segschneider, J., D. L. T. Anderson, J. Vialard, M. Balmaseda, T. N. Stockdale, A. Troccoli, and K. Haines, 2001: Initialization of Seasonal Forecasts Assimilating Sea Level and Temperature Observations. J. Clim., 14, 4292-4307.

Segur, H. and J. L. Hammack, 1968: Soliton models of long internal waves. J. Fluid Mech., 118, 563-614.

SehwerdtPeger, W., 1975: The effect of the Antarctie peninsula on the temperature regime of the Weddell Sea. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 45-51.

Seibert, P., 1993: Convergence and accuracy of numerical methods for trajectory calculations. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 558-566.

Seibert, P. and B. Morariu, 1991: Improvements of upstream, semi-Lagrangian numerical advection schemes. J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 117-125.

Seidel, J. and H. F. Fasel, 2001: Numerical investigations of heat transfer mechanisms in the forced laminar wall jet. J. Fluid Mech., 442, 191-216.

Seidl, A. and M. Takai, 2001: Accuracy Problems in Simulations of Field Emitter Devices Using Finite Elements. J. Comp. Phys., 166, 159.

Seidl, W., 1989: Ionic concentrations and initial S(IV)-oxidation rates in droplets during the condensational stage of cloud. Tellus, 41B, 32-50.

Seidman, A. N., 1981: Averaging techniques in long-range weather forecasting. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1367-1379.

Seiff, A., 1993: Mars atmospheric winds indicated by motion of the Viking landers during parachute descent. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 7461-7474.

Seiff, A., D. B. Kirk, R. E. Young, R. C. Blanchard, J. T. Findlay, G. M. Kelly, and S. C. Sommer, 1980: Measurements of thermal structure and thermal contrasts in the atmosphere of Venus and related dynamical observations: Results from the four Pioneer Venus probes. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 7903-7933.

Seigneur, C., 1987: Computer simulation of air pollution chemistry. Environ. Software, 2, 116-127.

Seigneur, C., T. W. Tesche, P. M. Roth, and L. E. Reid, 1981: Sensitivity of a complex urban air quality model to input data. J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 1020-1040.

Seim, H. E. and M. C. Gregg, 1994: Detailed observations of a nat-urally occurring shear instability. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10049-10073.

Seimon, A., 1993: Anomalous cloud-to-ground lightning in an F5 tornado-producing supercell thunderstorm on 28 August 1990. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 189-203.

Seino, H., 1980: On the characteristics of hail size distribution related to crop damage. J. Agric. Meteor., 36, 81-88.

Seino, H., 1985: Experimental study on crop damage by hail: Part I. The effect of simulated hailfall on crop yield. J. Agric. Meteor., 40, 361-368.

Seiß, G., J. Schröter, and V. Gouretski, 1997: Assimilation of Geosat Altimeter Data into a Quasigeostrophic Model of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current*. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1598-1614.

Seitter, K. L., 1986: A numerical study of atmospheric density current motion including the effects of condensation. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 3068-3076.

Seitter, K. L. and H.-L. Kuo, 1983: The dynamical structure of squall-line type thunderstorms. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2831-2854.

Seitter, K. L. and H. S. Muench, 1985: Observations of a cold front with rope cloud. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 840-848.

Sekelsky, S. M., 2002: Near-Field Reflectivity and Antenna Boresight Gain Corrections for Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Radars. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 468-477.

Sekelsky, S. M. and E. E. Clothiaux, 2002: Parallax Errors and Corrections for Dual-Antenna Millimeter-Wave Cloud Radars. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 478-485.

Sekhon, R. S. and R. C. Srivastava, 1970: Snow size spectra and radar reflectivity. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 299-307.

Sekhon, R. S. and R. C. Srivastava, 1971: Doppler radar observation of drop size distributions in a thunderstorm. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 983-994.

Sekine, Y., 1988: Anomalous southward intrusion of the Oyashio east of Japan. I. Influence of the interannual and seasonal variations in the wind stress over the North Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 2247-2255.

Sekine, Y., 1990: A numerical experiment on the path dynamics of the Kuroshio with reference to the formation of the large meander path south of Japan. Deep-Sea Res., 37, 359-380.

Sekioka, M., 1980: Helicopter-borne radiosonde system and its experimental uses. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 58, 537-543.

Sela, J. G., 1980: Spectral modeling at NMC. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1279-1292.

Sela, J. G., 1988: The new T80 NMC operational spectral model. Proc. of the Eighth Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction. Baltimore, MD, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 312-313.

Selby, J. E. and R. A. McClatchey, 1975: Atmospheric transmittance from 0.25 to 28.5 mm: Computer code LOWTRAN 3. Tech Rep. AFCRL-TR-75-0255. USAF Cambridge Research Laboratories, 109.

Self, S., M. R. Rampino, and J. J. Barbera, 1981: The possible effects of large 19th and 20th century volcanic eruptions on zonal and hemispheric surface temperatures. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 11, 41-60.

Seliga, T. A., 1980: Dual polarization radar. Nature, 285, 191-192.

Seliga, T. A. and and, 1978: Differential reflectivity and differential phase shift: Applications in radar meteorology. Radio Sci., 13, 271-275.

Seliga, T. A. and V. N. Bringi, 1976: Potential use of radar differential reflectivity measurements at orthogonal polarizations for measuring precipitation. J. Appl. Meteor., 15, 59-76.

Selin, I., 1965: Detection Theory. Princeton University Press, 128.

Sellegri, K., J. Gourdeau, J. P. Putaud, and S. Despiau, 2001: Chemical composition of marine aerosol in a Mediterranean coastal zone during the FETCH experiment (Paper 2000JD900629). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,023-12,038.

Sellers, P., 1991: Modeling and observing landsurface-atmosphere interactions on large scales. Surv. Geophys., 12, 85-114.

Sellers, P., Y. Mintz, Y. C. Sud, and A. Dalcher, 1986: A simple biosphere model (SiB) for use with general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 505-531.

Sellers, P. J., 1985: Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis and transpiration. Int. J. Remote Sens., 6, 1335-1372.

Sellers, P. J., 1987: Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis and transpiration. Part II: The role of biophysics in the linearity of their interdependence. Remote Sens. Environ., 21, 143-183.

Sellers, P. J., J. A. Berry, G. J. Collatz, C. B. Field, and F. G. Hall, 1992: Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis and transpiration. Part III: A reanalysis using enzyme kinetics-electron transport models of leaf physiology. Remote Sens. Environ., 42, 187-216.

Sellers, P. J., J. A. Berry, G. J. Collatz, C. B. Field, D. A. Randall, C. J. Tucker, C. O. Justice, and O. S. Los, 1993: Modeling land surface atmosphere fluxes of energy, moisture and carbon on global scales. Proc., Conf. on Hydroclimatology, Anaheim, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 41-42.

Sellers, P. J. and Coauthors, 1995: Remote sensing of the land surface for studies of global change: ModelsÒalgorithmsÒexperiments. Remote Sens. Environ., 51, 302-306.

Sellers, P. J. and Coauthors, 1995: The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) : An overview and early results from the 1994 field year. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 1549-1577.

Sellers, P. J. and F. G. Hall, 1992: FIFE in 1992: Results, scientific gains, and future research directions. J. Geophys. Res., 97(D17), 19091-19109.

Sellers, P. J., F. G. Hall, G. Asrar, D. E. Strebel, and R. E. Murphy, 1988: The First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 69, 22-27.

Sellers, P. J., F. G. Hall, G. Asrar, D. E. Strebel, and R. E. Murphy, 1992: An overview of the first International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE). J. Geophys. Res, 97, 18345-18371.

Sellers, P. J., F. G. Hall, G. Asrar, D. E. Strebel, and R. E. Murphy, 1992: An overview of the first ISLSCP field experiment. J. Geophys. Res. FIFE Special Issue, 97, 18345-18372.

Sellers, P. J., M. D. Heiser, and F. G. Hall, 1992: Relations between surface conductance and spectral vegetation indices at intermediate (100 m 2 to 15 km 2 ) length scales. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 19033-19059.

Sellers, P. J., S. O. Los, C. J. Tucker, C. O. Justice, D. A. Dazlich, G. J. Collatz, and D. A. Randall, 1994: A global 17 by 17 NDVI data set for climate studies. Part 2: The generation of global fields of terrestrial biophysical parameters from the NDVI. Int. J. Remote Sens., 15, 3519-3545.

Sellers, P. J., S. O. Los, C. J. Tucker, C. O. Justice, D. A. Dazlich, G. J. Collatz, and D. A. Randall, 1996: A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs. Part II: The generation of global fields of terrestrial biophysical parameters from satellite data. J. Climate, 9, 706-737.

Sellers, P. J., Y. Mintz, Y. C. Sud, and A. Dalcher, 1986: The design of a simple biosphere model (SiB) for use within general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 505-531.

Sellers, P. J., D. A. Randall, G. J. Collatz, J. A. Berry, C. B. Field, D. A. Dazlich, C. Zhang, and L. Bounoua, 1996: A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs. Part I: Model formulation. J. Climate, 9, 676-705.

Sellers, P. J., S. I. Rasool, and H.-J. Bolle, 1990: A review of satellite data algorithms for studies of the land surface. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 71, 1429Ò14-47.

Sellers, P. J. and D. Schimel, 1993: Remote sensing of the land biosphere and biochemistry in the EOS era: Science priorities, methods and implementation-EOS land biosphere and biogeochemical panels. Global Planet. Change, 7, 279-297.

Sellers, P. J., J. W. Shuttleworth, J. L. Dorman, A. Dalcher, and J. M. Roberts, 1989: Calibrating the simple biosphere model (SiB) for Amazonian tropical forest using field and remote sensing data. Part 1: Average calibration with field data. J. Appl. Meteor., 28, 727-759.

Sellers, P. J., C. J. Tucker, L. Bounoua, J. A. Berry, G. J. Collatz, C. B. Field, S. O. Los, C. O. Justice, and I. Fung, 1996: A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for GCMs. Part III: The Greening of the Colorado State University General Circulation Model. J. Climate, 9, 738-763.

Sellers, W. D., 1960: Precipitation trends in Arizona and western New Mexico. Proc. 28th Western Snow Conf., Santa Fe, NM.

Sellers, W. D., 1965: Physical Climatology. University of Chicago Press, 272 pp.

Sellers, W. D., 1965: The water balance and the hydrologic cycle. Physical Climatology., University of Chicago Press, 92-99.

Sellers, W. D., 1968: Climatology of monthly precipitation patterns in the western United States, 1931-1966. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 585-595.

Sellers, W. D., 1969: A climate model based on the energy balance of the earth-atmosphere system. J. Appl. Meteor., 8, 392-400.

Selten, F. M., 1997: A Statistical Closure of a Low-Order Barotropic Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1085-1093.

Selten, F. M., 1997: Baroclinic Empirical Orthogonal Functions as Basis Functions in an Atmospheric Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2099-2114.

Seltzer, M. A., R. E. Pasarelli, and K. A. Emanuel, 1985: The possible role of symmetric instability in the formation of precipitation rainbands. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2207-2219.

Seluchi, M., Y. V. Serafini, and H. L. Treut, 1998: The Impact of the Andes on Transient Atmospheric Systems: A Comparison between Observations and GCM Results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 895-912.

Seman, C. J., 1994: A numerical study of nonlinear nonhydrostatic conditional symmetric instability in a convectively unstable Atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1352-1371.

Semane, N., H. Teitelbaum, and C. Basdevant, 2002: A very deep ozone minihole in the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere at mid-latitudes during the winter of 2000. Tellus, 54, 382-389.

Semazzi, F. H., V. Metha, and Y. C. Sud, 1988: An investigation of the relationship between sub-Saharan rainfall and global sea surface temperatures. Atmos.-Ocean, 26, 118-138.

Semazzi, F. H. M., 1980: Stationary barotropic flow induced by mountains over the tropical belt. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 922-930.

Semazzi, H. F. M., 1980: Numerical experiments on the orographic dynamic phenomenon over a tropical belt. Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklimatol. Ser. A., 29, 55-65.

Semazzi, H. F. M., Y. C. Sud, and and, 1989: Reply to comments on ''An investigation of the relationship between sub-Saharan rainfall and global sea surface temperatures.''. Atmos.-Ocean, 27, 601-605.

Semenov, V. A. and L. Bengtsson, 2002: Secular trends in daily precipitation characteristics: greenhouse gas simulation with a coupled AOGCM. Climate Dynamics, 19, 123-140.

Semeter, J., J. Vogt, G. Haerendel, K. Lynch, and R. Arnoldy, 2001: Persistent quasiperiodic precipitation of suprathermal ambient electrons in decaying auroral arcs (Paper 2000JA000136). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,863-12,874.

Semiletov, I. P., 1999: Aquatic Sources and Sinks of CO2 and CH4 in the Polar Regions. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 286-306.

Seminara, G. and M. Tubino, 2001: Sand bars in tidal channels. Part 1. Free bars. J. Fluid Mech., 440, 49-74.

Seminara, G., G. Zolezzi, M. Tubino, and D. Zardi, 2001: Downstream and upstream influence in river meandering. Part 2. Planimetric development. J. Fluid Mech., 438, 213-230.

Sempreviva, A. M., S. E. Larsen, N. G. Mortensen, and I. Troen, 1990: Response of neutral boundary layers to changes of roughness. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 50, 205-225.

Semtner, A. J., 1976: A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 379-389.

Semtner, A. J., 1984: On modeling of the seasonal thermodynamic cycle of sea ice in studies of climatic change. Clim. Change, 6, 27-37.

Semtner, A. J., 1995: Modeling ocean circulation. Science, 269, 1379-1385.

Semtner, A. J. and and, 1992: Ocean General Circulation from a global eddy-resolving model. J. Geophys. Res., 97(C4), 5493-5550.

Semtner, A. J., Jr., and R. M. Chervin, 1988: A simulation of the global ocean circulation with resolved eddies. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15502-15522.

Semtner, A. J., Jr., and Y. Mintz, 1977: Numerical simulation of the Gulf Stream and mid-ocean eddies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 208-230.

Sen, O. L., L. A. Bastidas, W. J. Shuttleworth, Z. L. Yang, H. V. Gupta, and S. Sorooshian, 2001: Impact of field-calibrated vegetation parameters on GCM climate simulations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1199-1224.

Send, U. and J. Marshall, 1995: Integral effects of deep convection. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 855-872.

Send, U., F. Schott, F. Gaillard, and Y. Desaubies, 1995: Observation of a deep convection regime with acoustic tomography. J. Geophys. Res., 100(C4), 6927-6941.

Senft, D. C. and C. S. Gardner, 1991: Seasonal variability of gravity wave activity and spectra in the mesopause region at Urbana. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 229-264.

Senior, C. A. and J. F. B. Mitchell, 1993: Carbon dioxide and climate: The impact of cloud parameterization. J. Climate., 6, 393-418.

Sennechael, N., C. Frankignoul, and M. Cane, 1994: An adaptive procedure for tuning a sea surface temperature model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2288-2305.

Serafini, Y., 1990: The time scale of land surface hydrology in response to initial soil moisture anomalies: A case study. Tellus, 42A, 390-400.

Serafini, Y. V. and Y. C. Sud, 1987: The time-scale of the soil hydrology using a simple water budget model. J. Climatol., 7, 585-591.

Serbina, K., 1982: Vologodskaya Chronicle (in Russian). The Com-plete Set of Russian Chronicles. Nauka, 160-193.

Sergeev, B. N., 1983: Numerical modelling of an atmospheric front with a cloud system and precipitation. Sov. Meteor. Hydro., 21-29 (Russian pg. no.).

series. Data diskette, A. R. B. and E. M., 1995: Using a simple SVAT-scheme to describe the effect of scale on aggregation. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 72, 267-285.

Serpette, A. and R. Maze, 1989: Internal tides in the Bay of Biscay: A two-dimensional model. Contin. Shelf Res., 9, 795-821.

Serra, Y. L., P. Ahearn, H. P. Freitag, and M. J. McPhaden, 2001: ATLAS Self-Siphoning Rain Gauge Error Estimates. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 18, 1989-2002.

Serre, E. and P. Bontoux, 2002: Vortex breakdown in a three-dimensional swirling flow. J. Fluid Mech., 459, 347-370.

Serre, E., E. C. delArco, and P. Bontoux, 2001: Annular and spiral patterns in flows between rotating and stationary discs. J. Fluid Mech., 434, 65-100.

Serreze, M. C. and R. G. Barry, 1988: Synoptic activities in the Arctic basin. J. Climatol., 1, 1276-1295.

Serreze, M. C., R. G. Barry, and J. E. Walsh, 1995: Atmospheric water vapor characteristics at 707N. J. Climate, 8, 719-731.

Serreze, M. C., J. D. Kahl, and R. C. Schnell, 1992: Low-level temperature inversions of the Eurasian Arctic and comparisons with Soviet ice island data. J. Climate, 5, 599-613.

Serreze, M. C., A. H. Lynch, and M. P. Clark, 2001: The Arctic Frontal Zone as Seen in the NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis. J. Climate, 14, 1550.

Serreze, M. C., M. C. Rehder, R. G. Barry, J. D. Kahl, and N. A. Zaitseva, 1995: The distribution and transport of atmospheric water vapor over the Arctic basin. Int. J. Clim., 15, 709-727.

Serruya, S., 1975: Wind, water and motions in Lake Kinneret. Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol., 19, 73-87.

Serruya, S., 1978: The physical environment. Part C. Water motions. Monogr. Biologicae. Vol. 32, Junk Publishers, 167-171.

Servain, J. J., 1991: Simple climatic indices for the tropical Atlantic Ocean and some applications. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15137-15146.

Servain, J. J. and D. M. Legler, 1986: Empirical orthogonal function analysis of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature and wind stress: 1964-1979. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 14181-14191.

Servain, J. J., J. Picaut, and J. Merle, 1982: Evidence of remote forcing in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 457-463.

Servain, J. J., M. Seva, S. Lukas, and G. Rougier, 1987: Climatic atlas of the tropical Atlantic wind stress and sea surface temperature: 19801984. Ocean-Air Interact. 1, 109-182.

Servain, J. M., 1991: Simple climatic indices for the tropical Atlantic Ocean and some applications. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15137-15146.

Service, A. E., 1982: Precipitation. Canadian Climate Normals. Vol. 1, Environment Canada, 602 pp.

Service, A. W., 1980: Forecasting guide on aircraft icing. AWS Tech. Rep. AWS/ TR-80/ 001. U.S. Air Force, Scott AFB, IL, [NTIS AD-A085 490/ 1.], 55.

Service, A. W., 1981: Forecasting aircraft condensation trails. Air Weather Service Tech. Rep. AWS/ TR-81/ 001, [DTIC AD-A111876.], 46.

Service Hydrographie, C. S., D. Durham, D. L., and J. K. Lewis, 1992: Introduction: Oceanic and atmospheric nowcasting and forecasting. Mar. Tech. Soc. J., 29, 3-4.

Service, N. C. C., Asheville, N. C. Oort, and A. H., 1983: Global atmospheric circulation statistics 19581973. NOAA Professional Paper 14. 180.

Service, N. W., 1994: Superstorm of March 1993: March 12-14, 1993. Natural Disasters Survey Report, 152 pp.

Seth, A., F. Filippo, and R. E. Dickinson, 1994: Simulating fluxes from heterogeneous land surfaces: Explicit subgrid method employing the biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme (BATS). J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18651-18667.

Seth, A., F. Giorgi, and R. E. Dickinson, 1994: Simulating fluxes from heterogeneous land surfaces: Explicit subgrid method employing the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme ( BATS). J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18 561-18 667.

Sethian, J. A., 2001: Evolution, Implementation, and Application of Level Set and Fast Marching Methods for Advancing Fronts. J. Comp. Phy., 169, 503-555.

Sethian, J. A. and A. Wiegmann, 2000: Structural Boundary Design via Level Set and Immersed Interface Methods. J. Comp. Phys., 163, 489.

SethuRaman, S., A. J. Riordan, T. Holt, M. Stunder, and J. Hinman, 1986: Observations of the marine boundary layer thermal structure over the Gulf Stream during a cold air outbreak. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 14-21.

Setva¥k, M., 1989: Convective storms-The AVHRR channel 3 cloud top reflectivity as a consequence of internal processes. Proc. Fifth WMO Conf. on Weather Modification and Applied Cloud Physics, Beijing, Peoples' Republic of China.

Setva¥k, M. and C. A. D. I. a, 1991: The AVHRR channel 3 cloud top reflectivity of convective storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 841-847.

Sevruk, B., 1875: Inaccuracy in precipitation measurements. A seri-ous problem in water resources instrumentation. Proc. Second World Congress, International Water Resources Association, Vol. III.

Sevruk, B., 1982: Methods of correction for systematic error in point precipitation measurement for operational use. Oper. Hydrol. Rep. 21, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva.

Sevruk, B., 1982: Methods of correction for systematic error in point precipitation measurement for operational use. WMO Oper. hydro. Rep. 21, World Meteor. Org.

Sevruk, B., 1986: Correction of precipitation measurements: Summary Report. Zu®rcher Geogr. Schriften. 23. Geographisches Institut, Eidgeno® ssische Technische Hochschule, Zurich.

Sevruk, B., 1987: Point precipitation measurements: Why are they not cor-rected? Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci. Publ., 164, 477-486.

Sexton, D. M., D. P. Rowell, C. K. Folland, and D. J. Karoly, 2001: Detection of anthropogenic climate change using an atmospheric GCM. Climate Dynamics, 17, 669-686.

Seymour, R., D. McGehee, D. Castel, J. Thomas, and W. O'Reilly, 1993: New technology in coastal wave monitoring. Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis. Proc. of Second Int. Symp., New Orleans, LA.

Seymour, R. J., M. H. Sessions, and D. Castel, 1985: Automated remote recording and analysis of coastal data. J. Water. Port Coast. Ocean Eng., 111(2), 388-400.

Sezai, I., 2002: Flow transitions in three-dimensional double-diffusive fingering convection in a porous cavity. J. Fluid Mech., 464, 311-344.

Seze, G. and and, 1991: Effects of satellite data resolution on measuring the space/ time variations of surfaces and clouds. Int. J. Remote Sens., 12, 921-952.

Seze, G. and W. B. Rossow, 1991: Timecumulated visible and infrared radiance histograms used as descriptors of the surface and cloud variations. Int. J. Remote Sens., 12, 877-920.

Sha, W. and H. U. T. Kawamura, 1991: A numerical study on sea-land breezes as a gravity current: Kelvin-Helmholtz billows and inland penetration of the sea-breeze front. J. Atmos. Sci, 48, 1649-1665.

Sha, W. and K. Nakabayashi, 2001: On the structure and formation of spiral Taylor--Gortler vortices in spherical Couette flow. J. Fluid Mech., 323.

Shabbar, A. and A. G. Barnston, 1996: Skill of seasonal climate forecasts in Canada using canonical correlation analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2370-2385.

Shabbar, A., K. Higuchi, and J. L. Knox, 1990: Regional analysis of Northern Hemisphere 50-kPa geopotential heights from 1946 to 1985. J. Climate, 3, 543-557.

Shabbar, A. and M. Khandekar, 1996: The impact of El NinòoSouthern Oscillation on the temperature field over Canada. Atmos.-Ocean, in press.

Shalit, I., 1992: Are there signs of air warming in Israel? Examination of climate data from Ayelet Hashahar in the years 1923-1990 (in Hebrew). Meteor. Isr., 2, 26-27.

Shampine, L. F. and M. K. Gordon, 1975: Computer Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations. The Initial Value Problem. W. H. Freeman. 444.

Shankar, P. N., 2000: On Stokes flow in a semi-infinite wedge. J. Fluid Mech., 69.

Shankar, V. and V. Kumaran, 2001: Weakly nonlinear stability of viscous flow past a flexible surface. J. Fluid Mech., 434, 337-354.

Shanno, D. F., 1978: Conjugate gradient methods with inexact searches. Math. Oper. Res., 3, 244-256.

Shannon, H. D., G. S. Young, M. A. Yates, M. R. Fuller, and W. S. Seegar, 2002: Measurements Of Thermal Updraft Intensity Over Complex Terrain Using American White Pelicans And A Simple Boundary-Layer Forecast Model. Bound. Layer Meteor., 104, 167-199.

Shao, J. and P. J. Lister, 1995: The prediction of road surface state and simulation of the shading effect. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 73, 411-419.

Shao, J., P. J. Lister, and A. McDonald, 1994: A surface temperature prediction model for porous asphalt pavement and its validation. Meteor. Appl., 1, 129-134.

Shao, Y. and A. Henderson-Sellers, 1995: Soil moisture simulation workshop review. Global and Plantery Change, in press.

Shao, Y., M. Sogalla, M. Kerschgens, and W. Brucher, 2001: Effects of land-surface heterogeneity upon surface fluxes and turbulent conditions. Meteor. Atmos. Phy., 78, 157-182.

Shapiro, A., 1993: The use of an exact solution of the Navier-Stokes equations in a validation test of a three-dimensional nonhydrostatic model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2420-2425.

Shapiro, A., 1996: Nonlinear shallow-water oscillations in a parabolic channel: Exact solutions and trajectory analyses. J. Fluid Mech., 318, 49-76.

Shapiro, A., 2001: Solid-body-type vortex solutions of the Euler equations. J. Fluid Mech., 444, 99-116.

Shapiro, A., K. K. Droegemeier, S. Lazarus, and S. Weygandt, 1995: Forward variational four-dimensional data assimilation and prediction experiments using a storm-scale numerical model. Proc., Int. Symp. on Assim. Obs. Meteor. and Oceanography, Tokyo, Japan, World Meteor. Org., 361-366.

Shapiro, A., S. Ellis, and J. Shaw, 1995: Single-Doppler radar retrievals with Phoenix II data: Clear air and microburst wind retrievals in the planetary boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1265-1287.

Shapiro, A., and coauthors, 1995: Highlights from a single-Doppler velocity retrieval intercomparison project. Sixth Conf. on Aviation Weather System, Dallas, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 541-546.

Shapiro, A. and K. M. Kanak, 2002: Vortex Formation in Ellipsoidal Thermal Bubbles. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2253-2269.

Shapiro, A. and Y. L. Kogan, 1994: On vortex formation in multicell convective clouds in a shear-free environment. Atmos. Res., 33, 125-136.

Shapiro, A. and P. Markowski, 1999: Dynamics of Elevated Vortices. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1101-1122.

Shapiro, A., P. Robinson, C. Levert, and J. Gao, 1999: Single-Doppler velocity retrieval experiments with a simple 4DVAR technique. Preprints, 29th Int. Conf. Radar Meteor., Montreal, PQ, Canada, Amer. Metero. Soc., 26-29.

Shapiro, A., P. Robinson, and J. Wurman, 2001: Single-Doppler velocity retrievals with rapid scan radar data. ,. 30th Intl. Conf. on Radar Meteor,, Munich, Germany, Amer. Meteor. Soc., In press.

Shapiro, A., L. Zhao, S. Weygandt, K. Brewster, S. Lazarus, and K. K. Droegemeier, 1996: Initial forecast fields from single-Doppler wind retrieval, thermodynamic retrieval and ADAS. Preprints, 11th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Norfolk, VA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 119-121.

Shapiro, A., L. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. Tuttle, S. Laroche, I. Zawadzki, Q. Xu, and J. Gao, 1996: Single-Doppler velocity retrievals with hailstorm data from the North Dakota thunderstorm project. Preprints, Severe Storm Conf., San Francisco, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 546-550.

Shapiro, C. A., T. A. Peterson, and A. D. Flowerday, 1986: Yield loss due to simulated hail damage on corn: A comparison of actual and predicted values. Agron J., 78, 585-589.

Shapiro, J. H., 1985: Quantum noise and excess noise in optical ho-modyne and heterodyne receivers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-21, 237-250.

Shapiro, L., 1982: Hurricane climatic fluctuations. Part I: Patterns and cycles. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1007-1013.

Shapiro, L., 1982: Hurricane climatic fluctuations. Part II: Relation to large-scale circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1014-1023.

Shapiro, L., 1987: Month-to-month variability of the Atlantic tropical circulation and its relationship to tropical storm formation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2598-2614.

Shapiro, L. J., 1978: The vorticity budget of a composite African tropical wave disturbance. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 806-817.

Shapiro, L. J., 1983: The asymmetric boundary layer flow under a translating hurricane. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1984-1998.

Shapiro, L. J., 1984: Sampling errors in statistical models of tropical cyclone motion: A comparison of predictor screening and EOF techniques. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1378-1388.

Shapiro, L. J., 1992: Hurricane vortex motion and evolution in a three-layer model. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 140-153.

Shapiro, L. J. and J. L. Franklin, 1995: Potential vorticity in Hurricane Gloria. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1465-1475.

Shapiro, L. J. and J. L. Franklin, 1995: Balance and potential vorticity in Hurricane Gloria. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1465-1475.

Shapiro, L. J. and J. L. Franklin, 1999: Potential Vorticity Asymmetries and Tropical Cyclone Motion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 124-131.

Shapiro, L. J. and S. B. Goldenberg, 1993: Intraseasonal oscillations over the Atlantic. J. Climate, 6, 677-699.

Shapiro, L. J. and M. T. Montgomer, 1993: A three-dimensional balance theory for rapidly rotating vortices. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3322-3335.

Shapiro, L. J. and K. V. Ooyama, 1990: Barotropic vortex evolution on a Beta plane. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 170-187.

Shapiro, L. J. and D. E. Stevens, 1980: Prameterization of convective effects on the momentum and vorticity budgets of synoptic-scale Atlantic tropical waves. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1816-1826.

Shapiro, L. J. and H. E. Willoughby, 1982: The response of balanced hurricanes to local sources of heat and momentum. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 378-394.

Shapiro, M. A., 1974: A multiple structured frontal zone-jet stream system as revealed by meteorologically instrumented aircraft. Mon. Wea. Rev., 102, 244-253.

Shapiro, M. A., 1975: Simulation of upper-level frontogenesis with a 2-level isentropic coordinate premitive equation mdoel. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 591-604.

Shapiro, M. A., 1976: The role of turbulent heat flux in the generation of potential vorticity in the vicinity of upper-level jet stream systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 892-906.

Shapiro, M. A., 1978: Further evidence of the mesoscale and turbulent structure of upper-level jet stream-frontal zone systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1100-1111.

Shapiro, M. A., 1980: Turbulent mixing within tropopause folds as a mechanism for the exchange of chemical constituents between the stratosphere and troposphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 994-1004.

Shapiro, M. A., 1981: Frontogenesis and geostrophyically forced secondary circulations in the vicinity of jet stream-frontal zone systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 954-973.

Shapiro, M. A., 1984: Meteorological tower measurements of a surface cold front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1634-1639.

Shapiro, M. A., E. G. Donall, P. J. Neiman, L. S. Fedor, and G. Gonzalez, 1991: Refinements in the conceptual models of extratropical cyclones. Preprints, First Int. Winter Storm Symp., New Orleans, LA.

Shapiro, M. A., T. Hampel, D. Rotzoll, and F. Mosher, 1985: The frontal hydraulic head: A microalpha scale (~ I km) triggering mechanism for mesoconvective weather systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1150-1165.

Shapiro, M. A., T. Hampel, D. Rotzoll, and F. Mosher, 1985: The frontal hydraulic head: A micro-a scale (« 1 km) triggering mechanism for mesoconvective weather systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1166-1183.

Shapiro, M. A., T. Hample, and D. W. v. d. Kamp, 1984: Radar wind profiler observations of fronts and jet streams. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1263-1266.

Shapiro, M. A. and P. J. Kennedy, 1981: Research aircraft measurements of jet stream geostrophic and ageostrophic winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2642-2652.

Shapiro, M. A. and D. Keyser, 1981: Fronts, jet streams and the tropopause. The Erik Palmen Memorial Volume, Chapter 10, Newton, C. and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 262.

Shapiro, M. A. and D. Keyser, 1990: Fronts, jet streams, and the tropopause. Extratropical Cyclones, The Erik Palmen Memorial Volume.

Shapiro, M. A. and D. A. Keyser, 1990: Extratropical Cyclones. The Erik Palmen Memorial Volume, Newton, C. W. and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., American Meteorological Society, 167-191.

Shapiro, M. A., H. Wernli, and R. Langland, 2001: The influence of the 1997-99 El Nino Southern Oscillation on extratropical baroclinic life cycles over the eastern North Pacific. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 331.

Shapiro, R., 1970: Smoothing, filtering and boundary effects. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 8, 359-387.

Shapiro, R., 1971: The use of linear filtering as a parameterization of atmospheric diffusion. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 523-531.

Shapiro, R., 1975: Linear filtering. Math. Comp., 29, 1094-1097.

Sharan, M., R. T. McNider, S. G. Gopalakrishnan, and M. P. Singh, 1995: Bhopal gas leak: A numerical simulation of episodic dispersion. Atmos. Environ., 29, 2061-2070.

Sharan, M., M. P. Singh, and A. K. Yadav, 1996: Mathematical model for atmospheric dispersion in low winds with eddy diffusivities as linear functions of downwind distance. Atmos. Environ., 30, 1137-1145.

Sharan, M., A. K. Yadav, and M. P. Singh, 1995: Comparison of sigma schemes for air pollutant dispersion in low winds. Atmos. Environ., 29, 2051-2059.

Sharif, H. O., F. L. Ogden, W. F. Krajewski, and M. Xue, 2001: Numerical simulations of radar-rainfall error propagation. Water Resources Research, Accepted.

Shariff, K. and A. Wray, 2002: Analysis of the radar reflectivity of aircraft vortex wakes. J. Fluid Mech., 463, 121-162.

Sharma, M. L. and R. J. Luxmoore, 1979: Soil spatial variability and its consequences on simulated water balance. Water Resour. Res., 15, 1567-1573.

Sharma, R., K. N. Babu, A. K. Mathur, and M. M. Ali, 2002: Identification of Large-Scale Atmospheric and Oceanic Features from IRS-P4 Multifrequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer: Preliminary Results. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 19, 1127-1134.

Sharman, R. D., T. L. Keller, and M. G. Wurtele, 1988: Incompressible and anelastic flow simulations on numerically generated grids. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1124-1136.

Sharman, R. D. and M. G. Wurtele, 1983: Ship waves and lee waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 396-427.

Sharp, R. P., 1966: Kelso dunes, Mohave Desert, California. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 77, 1045-1074.

Sharpe, G. J., 2001: Transverse waves in numerical simulations of cellular detonations. J. Fluid Mech., 447, 31-52.

Shaw, B. L., 1995: The effect of soil moisture and vegetation heterogeneity on a Great Plains dryline: A numerical study, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State Universitypp,

Shaw, B. L., R. A. Pielke, and C. L. Ziegler, 1997: A Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of a Great Plains Dryline. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1489-1506.

Shaw, D. B., P. Lonnberg, A. Hollingsworth, and P. Unden, 1987: Data assimilation: The 1984/85 revisions of the ECMWF mass and wind analysis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 533-566.

Shaw, G. and D. Wheeler, 1985: Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis. Wiley. 364.

Shaw, G. E., 1976: Error analysis of multi-wavelength sun photometry. Pure Appl. Geophys., 114, 1-14.

Shaw, G. E., 1979: Inversion of optical scattering and spectral extinction measurements to recover aerosol size spectra. Appl. Opt., 18, 988-993.

Shaw, G. E., 1983: Bio-controlled thermostasis involving the sulfur cycle. Climate Change, 5, 297-303.

Shaw, G. E., 1986: Aerosols in Alaskan air masses. J. Atmos. Chem., 4, 157-171.

Shaw, G. E., 1987: Aerosols as climate regulators: A climate biosphere linkage? Atmos. Environ., 21, 985-986.

Shaw, G. E., J. A. Reagan, and B. M. Herman, 1973: Investigations of Atmospheric extinction using direct solar radiation measurements made with a multiple wavelength radiometer. J. Appl. Meteor., 12, 347-380.

Shaw, G. E. and K. Stamnes, 1980: Arctic haze: A perturbation of the polar radiation budget. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 338, 533-539.

Shaw, J. A., 2002: The Effect of Instrument Polarization Sensitivity on Sea Surface Remote Sensing with Infrared Spectroradiometers. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 820-827.

Shaw, J. A., J. B. Snider, J. H. Churnside, and M. D. Jacobson, 1995: Comparison of infrared atmospheric brightness temperatures measured by a fourier transform spectrometer and a filter radiometer. J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol., 12, 1124-1128.

Shaw, P. T., D. R. Watts, and H. T. Rossby, 1978: On the estimation of oceanic wind speed and stress from ambient noise measurements. Deep-Sea Res., 25, 1225-1233.

Shaw, P.-T. and H. T. Rossby, 1984: Toward a Lagrangian description of the Gulf Stream. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 528-540.

Shaw, R. A., A. B. Kostinski, and M. L. Larsen, 2002: Towards quantifying droplet clustering in clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1043-1058.

Shaw, R. A., W. C. Reade, L. R. Collins, and J. Verlinde, 1998: Preferential Concentration of Cloud Droplets by Turbulence: Effects on the Early Evolution of Cumulus Cloud Droplet Spectra. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1965-1976.

Shaw, R. A., W. C. Reade, L. R. Collins, and J. Verlinde, 1999: Reply. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1437-1441.

Shaw, R. H. and and, 1987: Calculation of velocity skewness in real and artificial plant canopies. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 39, 315-332.

Shaw, R. H., G. d. Hartog, and H. H. Neumann, 1988: Influence of foliar density and thermal stability on profiles of Reynolds stress and turbulence intensity in a deciduous forest. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 45, 391-409.

Shaw, R. H. and A. R. Pereira, 1982: Aerodynamic roughness of a plant canopy: A numerical experiment. Agric. Meteor., 26, 51-65.

Shaw, R. H. and U. Schumann, 1992: Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow above and within a forest. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 61, 47-64.

Shaw, R. H. and I. Seginer, 1985: The dissipation of turbulence in plant canopies. Seventh Symp. on Turbulence and Diffusion, Boulder, CO. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 200-203.

Shaw, R. H., R. H. Silversides, and G. W. Thurtell, 1974: Some observations of turbulence and turbulent transport within and above plant canopies. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 5, 429-449.

Shaw, R. H., K. T. P. U, and W. Gao, 1989: Detection of temperature ramps and flow structure at a deciduous forest site. Agric. For. Meteor., 47, 123-138.

Shaw, R. H. and X. J. Zhang, 1992: Evidence of pressureforced turbulent flow in a forest. Bound.Layer Meteor., 58, 273-288.

Shaw, W. J. and J. A. Businger, 1985: Intermittency and the organization of turbulence in the near-neutral marine atmospheric boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2563-2584.

Shaw, W. J. and J. C. Doran, 2001: Observations of Systematic Boundary Layer Divergence Patterns and Their Relationship to Land Use and Topography. J. Climate, 14, 1753.

Shaw, W. J. and J. H. Trowbridge, 2001: The Direct Estimation of Near-Bottom Turbulent Fluxes in the Presence of Energetic Wave Motions. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 1540-1557.

Shay-El, Y. and P. Alpert, 1991: A diagnostic study of winter diabatic heating in the Mediterranean in relation to cyclone. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 715-747.

Shchepetkin, A. F. and J. C. McWilliams, 1998: Quasi-Monotone Advection Schemes Based on Explicit Locally Adaptive Dissipation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1541-1580.

She, Z.-S., E. Jackson, and S. A. Orszag, 1991: Structure and dynamics of homogeneous turbulence: Models and simulation. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A, 434.

Shea, D., 1987: On the evolution of the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 3078-3096.

Shea, D. J., 1986: Climatological Atlas: 1950-1979. Surface Air Temperature, Precipitation, Sea-Level Pressure and Seasurface Temperatures (457S-907N). National Center for Atmospheric Research.

Shea, D. J., H. v. Loon, and J. Hurrell, 1995: The tropical-subtropical semiannual oscillation in the upper troposphere. Int. J. Climatol., 15, 975-983.

Shea, D. J. and R. A. Madden, 1990: Potential for long-range prediction of monthly mean surface temperatures over North Amer-ica. J. Climate, 3, 1444-1451.

Sheet, R. C., 1990: The National Hurricane Center-Past, present, and future. Wea. Forecasting, 5, 185-232.

Sheih, C., P. Frenzen, and R. R. Hart, 1980: Measurements of Lagrangian atmospheric dispersion statistics over open water. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 497-504.

Sheih, C. M., 1977: Mathematical modeling of particulate thermal coagulation and transport downstream of an urban source. Atmos. Environ., 11, 1185-1190.

Sheih, C. M., 1978: A puff-on-cell model for computing pollutant transport and diffusion. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 140-147.

Sheih, C. M., M. L. Wesely, and B. B. Hicks, 1979: Estimated dry deposition velocities of sulfur over the eastern ~nited States and surrounding regions. Atmos. Environ., 13, 1361-1368.

Shemdin, O. H. and P. A. Hwang, 1988: Comparison of measured and predicted sea surface spectra of short waves. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 13883-13890.

Shen, B.-W. and Y.-L. Lin, 1999: Effects of Critical Levels on Two-Dimensional Back-Sheared Flow over an Isolated Mountain Ridge on an f Plane. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3286-3302.

Shen, C. Y. and G. Holloway, 1986: A numerical study of the frequency and the energetics of nonlinear internal gravity waves. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 953-973.

Shen, H. T., J. Su, and L. Liu, 2000: SPH Simulation of River Ice Dynamics. J. Comp. Phys., 165, 752.

Shen, L. and D. K. P. Yue, 2001: Large-eddy simulation of free-surface turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 440, 75-116.

Shen, S. and K. M. Lau, 1995: East Asian summer monsoon and tropical sea surface temperature. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 73, 105-124.

Shen, S. and C.-H. Moeng, 1993: Comparison of a computersimulated stratus-topped boundary layer with aircraft observations. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 65, 29-53.

Shen, S. S., G. R. North, and and, 1996: An optimal method to estimate the spherical harmonic components of the surface air temperature. Environmetrics. in press.

Shen, S. S. P., P. Dzikowski, G. Li, and D. Griffith, 2001: Interpolation of 1961-97 Daily Temperature and Precipitation Data onto Alberta Polygons of Ecodistrict and Soil Landscapes of Canada. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 2162-2177.

Shen, W. and M. A. Geller, 1998: Effects of the Mean Walker Circulations on the Zonal Variability of Tropical CISK Waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 361-376.

Sheng, J., 2002: GCM experiments on changes in atmospheric predictability associated with the PNA pattern and tropical SST anomalies. Tellus, 54, 317-329.

Sheng, P. Y., W. Lick, R. T. Gedney, and F. B. Molls, 1978: Numerical computations of threedimensional circulations in Lake Erie: A comparison of a free-surface model and a rigid-lid model. J. Ph vs. Oceanogr, 8, 713-727.

Sheng, Q., A. Q. M. Khaliq, and E. A. Al-Said, 2001: Solving the Generalized Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation via Quartic Spline Approximation. J. Comp. Phys., 166, 400.

Shepard, D., 1968: A two-dimensional interpolation function for ir-regularlyspaced data. Proc. ACM National Conf., 517-524.

Shepard, R., A. F. Wagner, J. L. Tilson, and M. Minkoff, 2001: The Subspace Projected Approximate Matrix (SPAM) Modification of the Davidson Method. J. Comput. Phy., 172, 472-514.

Shepherd, J. M., H. Pierce, and A. J. Negri, 2002: Rainfall Modification by Major Urban Areas: Observations from Spaceborne Rain Radar on the TRMM Satellite. J. Appl. Meteor., 41, 689-701.

Shepherd, T., 1985: On the time development of small disturbances to plane Couette flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1629-1642.

Shepherd, T. G., 1988: Nonlinear saturation of baroclinic instability. Part I: The two-layer model. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2014-2025.

Shepherd, T. G., 1988: Rigorous bounds on the nonlinear saturation of instabilities to parallel shear flows. J. Fluid Mech., 196, 291-322.

Shepherd, T. G., 1989: Nonlinear equilibration of baroclinic instability. Part II: Continuously stratified fluid. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 888-907.

Shepherd, T. G., 1993: Nonlinear saturation of baroclinic instability. Part III: Bounds on the energy. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2697-2709.

Sheppard, B. E., 1990: Measurement of raindrop size distributions using a small Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 255-268.

Sheppard, B. E., 1990: Effect of irregularities in the diameter clas-sification of raindrops by the Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 180-183.

Sheppard, B. E. and P. I. Joe, 1994: Comparison of raindrop size distribution measurements by a Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer, a PMS 2DG spectrometer, and a POSS Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 874-887.

Sheppard, B. E. and P. I. Joe, 2000: Automated Precipitation Detection and Typing in Winter: A Two-Year Study. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 17, 1493.

Sheppard, B. E., R. E. Stewart, G. A. Isaac, and T. B. Low, 1991: Nonlinear optimal estimation of temperature and integrated water vapor and liquid using a ground-based microwave radiometer in coastal winter storms. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 8, 812-825.

Sheppard, B. E. and K. K. Wu, 1985: An improved AES precipitation occurrence sensor system. Preprints, 3d Technical Conf. on Instruments and Methods of Observation. Ottawa, Canada, WMO.

Sheppard, B. E., K. K. Wu, and R. A. Wilson, 1983: A new precipitation occurrence sensor system. Preprints 5th Symp. on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, Toronto, Canada.

Sherman, C. A., 1978: A mass-consistent model for wind fields over complex terrain. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 312-319.

Sherman, C. E., 1978: A mass-consistent model for wind fields over complex terrain. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 312-319.

Sherman, J. T. and R. E. Davis, 1995: Observations of temperature microstructure during NATRE. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1913-1929.

Sherwin, S. J. and M. Casarin, 2001: Low-Energy Basis Preconditioning for Elliptic Substructured Solvers Based on Unstructured Spectral/hp Element Discretization. J. Comp. Phy., 171, 394-417.

Sherwin, T. J., 1988: Analysis of an internal tide observed on the Marlin Shelf, north of Ireland. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1035-1050.

Sherwin, T. J. and N. K. Taylor, 1990: Numerical investigations of linear internal tide generation in the Rockall Trough. Deep-Sea Res., 10, 1595-1618.

Sherwood, S. C., 1996: Maintenance of the free-tropospheric maritime tropical water vapor distribution. Part I: Budgets in stable regions. J. Climate, 9, 2903-2918.

Sherwood, S. C., 1996: Maintenance of the free-tropospheric tropical water vapor distribution. Part II: Simulation by large-scale advection. J. Climate, 9, 2919-2934.

Sherwood, S. C., 1999: Feedbacks in a Simple Prognostic Tropical Climate Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2178-2200.

Sherwood, S. C., 1999: Convective Precursors and Predictability in the Tropical Western Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2977-2991.

Sherwood, S. C., 2000: Climate signals from station arrays with missing data, and an application to winds. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29489.

Sherwood, S. C., 2000: On Moist Instability. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 4139.

Sherwood, S. C., 2002: Aerosols and Ice Particle Size in Tropical Cumulonimbus. J. Climate, 15, 1051-1063.

Sherwood, S. C., V. Ramanathan, T. P. Barnett, M. K. Tyree, and E. Roeckner, 1994: Response of an atmospheric GCM to radiative forcing of tropical cirrus. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20829-20845.

Sherwood, S. C. and R. Wahrlich, 1999: Observed Evolution of Tropical Deep Convective Events and Their Environment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1777-1795.

Shestakov, A. I., J. L. Milovich, and M. K. Prasad, 2001: Combining Cell- and Point-Centered Methods in 3D, Unstructured-Grid Radiation-Hydrodynamic Codes. J. Comp. Phy., 170, 81-111.

Shettle, E. P. and R. W. Fenn, 1975: Models of the atmospheric aerosol and their optical properties. Proc. Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development Conf. 183, Optical Propagation in the Atmosphere, NATO.

Shettle, E. P. and A. E. S. Green, 1974: Multiple scattering calculation of the middle ultraviolet reaching the ground. Appl. Optics, 13, 1567-1581.

Shettle, E. P. and J. A. Weinman, 1970: The transfer of solar irradiance through inhomogeneous turbid atmospheres evaluated by Eddington's approximation. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 1048-1054.

Shetye, S. R., 1986: A model study of the seasonal cycle of the Arabian Sea surface temperature. J. Mar. Res., 44, 521-542.

Sheu, P. J. and E. M. Agee, 1977: Kinematic analysis and air-sea heat flux associated with mesoscale cellular convection during AMTEX 75. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 793-801.

Sheu, P. J., E. M. Agee, and J. J. Tribbia, 1980: A numerical study of physical processes affecting convective cellular geometry. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 58, 489-499.

Sheu, R.-S. and J. A. Curry, 1992: Interactions between North Atlantic clouds and the large-scale environment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 261-278.

Sheu, R.-S. and G. Liu, 1995: Atmospheric humidity variations associated with westerly wind bursts during TOGA COARE. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

Sheu, T. W. H., S. K. Wang, and R. K. Lin, 2000: An Implicit Scheme for Solving the Convection-Diffusion-Reaction Equation in Two Dimensions. J. Comp. Phys., 164, 123.

Shi, B.-Q., J. D. Kahl, Z. D. Christidis, and P. J. Samson, 1990: Simulation of the three-dimensional distribution of tracer during the Cross-Appalachian Tracer Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3693-3703.

Shi, J., C. Hu, and C. W. Shu, 2002: A Technique of Treating Negative Weights in WENO Schemes. J. Compu. Phy., 175, 108-127.

Shi, J. J., S. Chang, and S. Raman, 1997: Interaction between Hurricane Florence (1988) and an Upper-Tropospheric Westerly Trough. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1231-1247.

Shi, J. J., S. W. Chang, K. D. Sashegyi, and S. Raman, 1991: Enhancement of objective analysis of Hurricane Florence (1988) with dropsonde data. Preprints, 19th Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Miami, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 335-337.

Shi, J.-J., S. Chang, and S. Raman, 1990: A numerical study of the outflow layer of tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2042-2055.

Shi, L. and E. A. Smith, 1992: Surface forcing of the infrared cooling profile over the Tibetan Plateau. Part II: Coolingrate variation over large-scale plateau domain during summer monsoon tran-sition. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 823-844.

Shibata, T., K. Shiraishi, and M. Fujiwara, 2000: Correction; On the lidar-observed sandwich structure of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), I. Implications for the mixing state of the PSC particles. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26577.

Shieh, D. S., Y. Chang, and G. R. Carmichael, 1988: The evaluation of numerical techniques for solution of stiff ordinary differential equations arising from chemical kinetic problems. Environ. Software, 3, 28-38.

Shields, J. E., T. L. Koehler, and M. E. Karr, 1990: Automated cloud cover and visibility systems for real time applications. Tech. Note 217, Marine Physical Laboratory, SCRIPPS Institution of.

Shields, M. T., R. M. Rauber, and M. K. Ramamurthy, 1991: Dynamical forcing and mesoscale organization of precipitation bands in a Midwest winter cyclonic storm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 936-964.

Shiels, D. and A. Leonard, 2001: Investigation of a drag reduction on a circular cylinder in rotary oscillation. J. Fluid Mech., 297.

Shih, H. H. and D. L. Porter, 1981: Error models for stilling well-float type tide gauges. Proc. IEEE Ocean '81, 1118-1123.

Shiklomanov, I. A., 1989: Climate and water resources. Hydrol. Sci. J., 34, 495-529.

Shimada, I. and T. Nagashima, 1979: A numerical approach to ergodic problem of dissipative dynamical systems. Prog. Theor. Phys., 61, 1605-1615.

Shimanaki, A., 1969: Formulation of a vertical dislributions of wind velocity and eddy diffusivity near the ground. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 47, 292-298.

Shimokawa, S. and H. Ozawa, 2001: On the thermodynamics of the oceanic general circulation: entropy increase rate of an open dissipative system and its surroundings. Tellus, 53, 266.

Shimokawa, S. and H. Ozawa, 2002: On the thermodynamics of the oceanic general circulation: Irreversible transition to a state with higher rate of entropy production. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 2115-2128.

Shin, D. W. and J. B. Ahn, 2002: Adaptive Use of TRMM Observations for Tropical Precipitation Forecasts. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 85-97.

Shin, K.-S., and coauthors, 1998: Explicit realtime operational prediction of deep convection over Korea. Preprints, 16th Conf. on Wea. Anal. Forecasting, Phoenix, AZ, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 135-137.

Shin, K.-S. and G. R. North, 1988: Sampling error study for rainfall estimate by satellite using a stochastic model. J. Appl. Meteor., 27, 1218-1231.

Shin, S. and D. Juric, 2002: Modeling Three-Dimensional Multiphase Flow Using a Level Contour Reconstruction Method for Front Tracking without Connectivity. J. Comp. Phy., 180, 427-470.

Shindell, D. T., D. Rind, and N. Balachandran, 1999: Interannual Variability of the Antarctic Ozone Hole in a GCM. Part II: A Comparison of Unforced and QBO-Induced Variability. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1873-1884.

Shindell, D. T., S. Wong, and D. Rind, 1997: Interannual Variability of the Antarctic Ozone Hole in a GCM. Part I: The Influence of Tropospheric Wave Variability. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2308-2319.

Shine, K., 1989: Sources and sinks of zonal momentum in the middle atmosphere diagnosed using the diabatic circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 265-292.

Shine, K. P., 1984: Parameterization of shortwave flux over high albedo surfaces as a function of cloud thickness and surface albedo. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 110, 747-764.

Shine, K. P., 1991: On the cause of the relative greenhouse strength of gases such as Halocarbons. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1513-1518.

Shine, K. P. and A. H.-S. R. G, 1985: The sensitivity of a thermodynamic sea ice model to changes in surface albedo parameterization. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 2243-2250.

Shine, K. P. and A. Sinha, 1991: Sensitivity of the Earth's climate to height-dependent changes in the water vapour mixing ratio. Nature, 354, 382-384.

Shinn, R. A. and E. J. Barron, 1989: Climate sensitivity to continental ice sheet size and configuration. J. Climate, 2, 1517-1537.

Shinoda, M., 1989: Annual rainfall variability and its inter-hemispheric coherence in the semi-arid region of tropical Af-rica: Data updated to 1987. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 67, 555-564.

Shinoda, M., 1990: Longterm Sahelian drought from the late 1960s to the mid-1980s and its relation to the atmospheric circulation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 68, 613-624.

Shinoda, M., 1990: Longterm variability of the tropical African rainbelt and its relation to rainfall in the Sahel and northern Kalahari. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 68, 19-35.

Shinoda, M. and R. Kawamura, 1994: Tropical rainbelt, circulation, and sea surface temperatures associated with the Sahelian rainfall trend. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 72, 341-357.

Shinoda, T. and H. H. Hendon, 2001: Upper-Ocean Heat Budget in Response to the Madden-Julian Oscillation in the Western Equatorial Pacific. J. Clim., 14, 4147-4165.

Shinoda, T., H. H. Hendon, and J. Glick, 1999: Intraseasonal Surface Fluxes in the Tropical Western Pacific and Indian Oceans from NCEP Reanalyses. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 678-693.

Shinoda, T. and R. Lukas, 1995: Lagrangian mixed layer modeling of the western equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 100(C2), 2523-2541.

Shinohara, Y., 1990: A redistribution function applicable to a dynamic sea ice model. J. Geophys. Res., 95(C8), 13423-13431.

Shiobara, M. and S. Asano, 1994: Estimation of cirrus optical thickness from sun photometer measurements. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 672-681.

Shiobara, M., J. D. Spinhirne, A. Uchiyama, and S. Asano, 1996: Optical depth measurements of aerosol, cloud, and water vapor using sun photometers during FIRE Cirrus IFO II. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 36-46.

Shiotani, M., 1986: Planetary wave activity in the troposphere and stratosphere during the Northern Hemisphere winter. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 3200-3209.

Shiotani, M., 1990: Low-frequency variations of the zonal mean state of the Southern Hemisphere troposphere. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 68, 461-471.

Shir, C. C. and R. D. Bornstein, 1977: Eddy exchange coefficients in numerical models of the planetary boundary layer. Bound - Layer Meteor., 11, 171-185.

Shir, C. C. and L. J. Shieh, 1974: A generalized urban air pollution model and its application to the study of SO2 distribution in the St. Louis metropolitan area. J. Appl. Meteor., 13, 185-204.

Shirer, H. N., 1980: Bifurcation and stability in a model of moist convection in a shearing environment. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1586-1602.

Shirer, H. N., C. J. Fosmire, R. Wells, and L. Suciu, 1997: Estimating the Correlation Dimension of Atmospheric Time Series. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 211-230.

Shirley, J. H., 1988: When the sun goes backward: Solar motion. volcanic activity and climate. Cycles, 39, 113-119.

Shook, K., 1993: Fractal geometry of snowpack during ablation. M.S. Thesis, Dept. of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan.

Shor, A., D. Muller, and D. Johnson, 1977: Transport of Norwegian Sea overflow-Preliminary results of ATLANTIS II Cruise 94. June-July 1977. ICES, Hydrography Committee C.M. 1977/ C:44, 13.

Short, D. A., T. Kozu, and K. Nakamura, 1990: Rainrate and raindrop size distribution observations in Darwin, Australia. Proc. URSI Commission F Open Symp. on Regional Factors in Predicting Radiowave Attenuation Due to Rain, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Short, D. A., P. A. Kucera, B. S. Ferrier, and O. W. Thiele, 1995: COARE IOP rainfall from shipborne radars: 1. Rain mapping algorithms. Proc. 27th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Vail, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Short, D. A. and G. R. North, 1990: The beam filling error in the Nimbus 5 Electronically Scanning Microwave Radiometer observations of Global Atlantic Tropical Experiment rainfall. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 2187-2193.

Short, D. A., D. B. Wolff, D. Rosenfeld, and D. Atlas, 1993: A study of the threshold method utilizing raingage data. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 1379-1387.

Short, M., 2001: A nonlinear evolution equation for pulsating Chapman--Jouguet detonations with chain-branching kinetics. J. Fluid Mech., 381.

Short, S. E. and J. A. McNitt, 1991: The Automated Surface Observing System: A program overview. Preprints 7th Symp. on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, New Or-leans, LA.

Showalter, A. K., 1939: Further studies of American air-mass properties. Mon. Wea. Rev., 67, 204-218.

Shreffler, J. H., 1979: Heat island convergence in St. Louis during calm periods. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 1512-1520.

Shreffler, J. H., 1982: Intercomparisons of upper air and surface winds in an urban region. Bound Layer Meteor., 22, 345-356.

Shrira, V. I. and I. A. Sazonov, 2001: Quasi-modes in boundary-layer-type flows. Part I. Inviscid two-dimensional spatially harmonic perturbations. J. Fluid Mech., 446, 133-172.

Shriver, J. F. and Coauthors, 1991: Analysis of remotely forced oceanic Rossby waves off California. J. Geophys. Res., 96(C), 749-757.

Shriver, J. F. and J. J. O'Brien, 1993: Interdecadal variability of the equatorial Pacific Ocean and atmosphere: 1930-1989. mesoscale.

Shriver, J. F. and J. J. O'Brien, 1995: Low-frequency variability of the equatorial Pacific Ocean using a new pseudostress dataset: 1930-1989. J. Climate, 8, 2762-2786.

Shtern, V. and F. Hussain, 2001: Generation of collimated jets by a point source of heat and gravity. J. Fluid Mech., 449, 39-60.

Shtockman, V. B., 1950: Determination of current velocities and density distribution in a cross-section of an infinite rotating channel in terms of the wind effect and lateral friction (Opredelenie skorostei techeniya i raspredeleniya plotnosti v poperechnom sechenii beskonechnogo kanala v zavisi-mosti ot effecta vetra i bokovogo treniya v pole sily Ko-riolisa.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR. LXXI, (No. 1.

Shu, C., W. Chen, and H. Du, 2000: Free Vibration Analysis of Curvilinear Quadrilateral Plates by the Differential Quadrature Method. J. Comp. Phys., 163, 452.

Shu, C. W. and S. Osher, 1989: Efficient implementation of essentially non-oscillatory shock-capturing scheme. Part II:. J. Comput. Phys., 83, 32-78.

Shu, F. S., 1982: Moisture and heat transport in a soil layer forced by atmospheric conditions. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Connecticut.

Shuanglin, L., J. Liren, and L. Wantao, 2001: On the Formation and Maintenance of the Persistent Anomalies of Summertime Circulation over the Ural Mountains. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18, 819-830.

Shufen, S. and L. Jingyang, 2001: A Sensitivity Study on Parameterization Scheme of Snow Internal and Interfacial Processes in Snow Model. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18, 910-928.

Shukhman, I. G., 2002: On stationary solutions for free quasi-parallel mixing layers with a longitudinal magnetic field. J. Fluid Mech., 452, 337-360.

Shukla, J., 1975: Effect of the Arabian Sea surface temperature anomaly on Indian summer monsoon: A numerical experiment with the GFDL model. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 503-511.

Shukla, J., 1981: Dynamical predictability of monthly means. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2547-2572.

Shukla, J., 1981: Predictability of the Tropical Atmosphere. NASA Tech. Memo 83829.

Shukla, J., 1981: Dynamic predictability of monthly means. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2547-2572.

Shukla, J., 1983: Comments on ''Natural variability and predictability. ''. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 581-585.

Shukla, J., 1984: Predictability of time averages. Problems and Prospects in Long and Medium Range Weather Forecasting, Kallen, D. M. B. a. E., Ed., Springer-Verlag, 109-206.

Shukla, J. and M. J. Fennessy, 1988: Prediction of time mean atmospheric circulation and rainfall: Influence of Pacific SST anomaly. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 9-28.

Shukla, J. and Y. Mintz, 1982: Influence of land surface evapotranspiration on the earth's climate. Science, 215, 1498-1501.

Shukla, J. and D. A. Mooley, 1987: Empirical prediction of the summer monsoon rainfall over India. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 695-703.

Shukla, J., C. A. Nobre, and P. J. Sellers, 1990: Amazonian deforestation and climate change. Science, 247, 1322-1325.

Shukla, J. and D. A. Paolino, 1983: The Southern Oscillation and long-range forecasting of the summer monsoon rainfall over India. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1830-1837.

Shukla, J. and J. M. Wallace, 1983: Numerical simulation of the Atmospheric response to equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1613-1630.

Shuleikin, V. V., 1953: Sea Physics. (in Russian) USSR Acadamy.

Shuleildn, V. V., 1953: Sea Physics. (in Russian). USSR Academy of Science Press, ?? pp.

Shuman, C. and R. Alley, 1993: Spatial and temporal characterization of hoar formation in central Greenland using SSM/ I brightness temperatures. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2643-2646.

Shuman, C. A., R. B. Alley, S. Anandakrishnan, and C. R. Stearns, 1995: An empirical technique for estimating nearsurface air temperatures in central Greenland from SSM/ I brightness temperatures. Remote Sens. Environ., 51, 245-252.

Shuman, C. A., R. B. Alley, S. Anandakrishnan, J. W. C. White, P. M. Grootes, and C. R. Stearns, 1995: Temperature and accumulation at the Greenland summit: Comparison of high-resolution isotope profiles and satellite passive microwave brightness temperature trends. J. Geophys. Res., 100(D5), 9165-9177.

Shuman, C. A., K. Steffen, and C. R. Stearns, 2001: A Dozen Years of Temperature Observations at the Summit: Central Greenland Automatic Weather Stations 1987-99. J. App. Meteor., 40, 741.

Shuman, F. G., 1957: Numerical methods in weather prediction: Part II: Smoothing and filtering. Mon. Wea. Rev., 85, 357-361.

Shuman, F. G., 1989: History of numerical weather prediction at the National Meteorological Center. Wea. Forecasting, 4, 286-296.

Shure, L., R. Parker, and G. Backus, 1982: Harmonic splines for ge-omagnetic modelling. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 28, 215-229.

Shusser, M. and M. Gharib, 2000: A model for vortex ring formation in a starting buoyant plume. J. Fluid Mech., 173.

Shuttleworth, W. J., 1985: Daily variations of temperature and humidity within and above Amazonian forest. Weather, 40, 102-108.

Shuttleworth, W. J., 1988: Evaporation from Amazon rainforest. Proc. Roy. Soc. London. B., 233, 321-346.

Shuttleworth, W. J., 1988: Evaporation from Amazonian rain forest. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B, 233-346.

Shuttleworth, W. J., 1988: Macrohydrology-The new challenge for process hydrology. J. Hydrol., 100, 31-56.

Shuttleworth, W. J., 1991: Insight from large-scale observational studies of land/ atmosphere interactions. Surv. Geophys., 12, 3-30.

Shuttleworth, W. J. and Coauthors, 1984: Eddy correlation measurements of energy partition for Amazonian forest. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 110, 1143-1162.

Shuttleworth, W. J., J. H. C. Gash, C. R. Lloyd, C. J. Moore, and J. S. Wallace, 1988: An integrated micrometeorological system for evaporation measurement. Agric. For. Meteor., 43, 295-317.

Shuttleworth, W. J. and R. J. Gurney, 1990: The theoretical relationship between foliage temperature and canopy resistance in sparse crops. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 497-519.

Shuttleworth, W. J. and J. S. Wallace, 1985: Evaporation from sparse crops-An energy combination theory. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 839-855.

Shuttleworth, W. J. and J. S. Wallace, 1985: Evaporation from sparse crops: An energy combination theory. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 1143-1162.

Shutts, G. J., 1983: The propagation of eddies in diffluent jetstreams: Eddy vorticity forcing of ''blocking'' flow fields. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 109, 737-761.

Shutts, G. J., 1987: The semigeostrophic weir: A simple model of flow over mountain barriers. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2018-2030.

Shutts, G. J., 1990: A new gravity wave drag parametrization scheme for the unified model. U.K. Met. Office Tech. and Dif-fusion Note 204. [Available from the U.K. Meteorological Office. London Road, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ.

Shutts, G. J. and A. Broad, 1993: A case study of lee waves over the Lake District in northern England. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 377-407.

Shutts, G. J. and M. J. P. Cullen, 1987: Prcel stability and its relation to semigeostrophic theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1318-1330.

Shutts, G. J. and M. E. B. Gray, 1994: A numerical modelling study of the geostrophic adjustment process following deep convection. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 1145-1178.

Shutts, G. J., P. Healy, and S. D. Mobbs, 1994: A multiple sounding technique for the study of gravity waves. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 59-77.

Shuyang, C., A. Nishi, K. Hirano, S. Ozono, H. Miyagi, H. Kikugawa, Y. Matsuda, and Y. Wakasugi, 2001: An Actively Controlled Wind Tunnel and its Application to the Reproduction of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Bound. Layer Meteor., 101, 61-76.

Shuyong, L., W. Bin, and Z. Xin, 2001: The Parallel Computing of GPS Ray-shooting Model. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18, 1185-1191.

Shy, S. S., 1990: A chemically reacting turbulent stratified interface,, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, University of Washington, 107 pp, Seattle.

Shyue, K. M., 2001: A Fluid-Mixture Type Algorithm for Compressible Multicomponent Flow with Mie-Gruneisen Equation of State. J. Comp. Phy., 171, 678-707.

Shyy, W. and T. C. Vu, 1991: On the adoption of velocity variable and grid system for fluid flow computation in curvilinear coordinates. J. Comput. Phys., 92, 82-105.

Sica, R. J., 1999: Measurements of the Effects of Gravity Waves in the Middle Atmosphere Using Parametric Models of Density Fluctuations. Part II: Energy Dissipation and Eddy Diffusion. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1330-1343.

Sica, R. J. and A. T. Russell, 1999: Measurements of the Effects of Gravity Waves in the Middle Atmosphere Using Parametric Models of Density Fluctuations. Part I: Vertical Wavenumber and Temporal Spectra. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1308-1329.

Sica, R. J., Z. A. Zylawy, and P. S. Argall, 2001: Ozone Corrections for Rayleigh-Scatter Temperature Determinations in the Middle Atmosphere. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 1223-1228.

Sickmoller, M., R. Blender, and K. Fraedrich, 2000: Observed winter cyclone tracks in the northern hemisphere in re-analysed ECMWF data. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 591.

Sidi, C., 1993: Wavesturbulence coupling. Proc. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Coupling Processes in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere, Loen, Norway.

Sidrin, M., 1981: Broadband reflectance and emissivity of specular and rough water surfaces. Appl. Opt., 20, 3176-3183.

Siebert, H. and A. Muschinski, 2001: Relevance of a Tuning-Fork Effect for Temperature Measurements with the Gill Solent HS Ultrasonic Anemometer-Thermometer. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 1367-1376.

Siebert, J., U. Sievers, and W. Zdunkowski, 1992: A one-dimensional simulation of the interaction between land surface processes and the atmosphere. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 59, 1-34.

Siebesma, A. P. and J. W. M. Cuijpers, 1995: Evaluation of parameteric assumptions for shallow cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 650-666.

Siedler, G., A. Kuhl, and W. Zenk, 1987: The Madeira mode water. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1561-1570.

Siedler, G. and U. Paul, 1991: Barotropic and baroclinic tidal cur-rents in the eastern basins of the North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 22259-22271.

Siegel, A., 1995: An analysis of turbulent fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer using the nonorthogonal wavelet transform. Preprints 11th Symp. on Boundary Layers and Turbulence. Charlotte, NC, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Siegel, C. L., 1952: U ® ber die Normalform analytischer Differential-gleichungen in der Na®he einer Gleichgewichtslo® sung. Nachr. Akad. Wiss. Go® ttingen. Math.phys., K1, 21-30.

Siegel, D. A. and and, 1987: Observations of the vertical structure of the diffuse attenuation coefficient spectrum. Deep-Sea Res., 34, 547-563.

Siegel, D. A. and T. D. Dickey, 1987: On the parameterization of irradiance for open ocean photoprocesses. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14648-14662.

Siegel, D. A., J. C. Ohlmann, L. Washburn, R. R. Bidigare, C. Nosse, E. Fields, and Y. Zhou, 1995: Solar radiation, phytoplankton pigments and radiant heating of the equatorial pacific warm pool. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4885-4891.

Siems, S. T. and C. S. Bretherton, 1992: A numerical investigation of cloud-top entrainment instability and related experiments. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 787-818.

Siems, S. T., C. S. Bretherton, M. B. Baker, S. Shy, and R. E. Breidenthal, 1990: Buoyancy reversal and cloud top entrainment instability. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 116, 705-739.

Siems, S. T., C. S. Bretherton, M. B. Baker, S. S. Shy, and R. E. Breidenthal, 1990: Buoyancy reversal and cloud-top entrainment instability. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 705-739.

Sienkiewicz, M. E. and J. Pfaendtner, 1997: Assimilation Variability in the GEOS-1 Data Assimilation System. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 560-571.

Sierou, A. and J. F. Brady, 2001: Accelerated Stokesian Dynamics simulations. J. Fluid Mech., 448, 115-146.

Sievers, O., K. Fraedrich, and C. C. Raible, 2000: Self-Adapting Analog Ensemble Predictions of Tropical Cyclone Tracks. Wea. Forecasting, 15, 623.

Sievers, U., R. Forkel, and W. Zdunkowski, 1983: Transport equations for heat and moisture in the soil and their application to boundary-layer problems. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 56, 58-83.

Sievers, U. and W. G. Zdunkowski, 1986: A microscale urban climate model. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 59, 13-40.

Siggia, E. D., 1981: Numerical study of small-scale intermittency in three-dimensional turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 107, 375-406.

Sigmon, J. T., K. R. Knoerr, and E. J. Shaughnessy, 1983: Microscale pressure fluctuations in a mature deciduous forest. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 27, 345-358.

Signell, R. P., R. C. Beardsley, H. C. Graber, and A. Capotondi, 1990: Effect of wavecurrent interaction on wind-driven circulation in narrow, shallow embayments. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9671-9678.

Sigurgeirsson, H., A. Stuart, and W. L. Wan, 2001: Algorithms for Particle-Field Simulations with Collisions. J. Comput. Phy., 172, 766-807.

Sikdar, D. N. and S. J. Hentz, 1980: Kinematic structure of an Atlantic cloud cluster during GATE and its time variation. Tellus, 32, 439-455.

Sikka, D. R. and S. Gadgil, 1980: On the maximum cloud zone and the ITCZ over Indian longitudes during the Southwest Monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1840-1853.

Sikka, D. R., S. K. Ghosh, G. S. Mandal, G. A. Rao, V. Thapliyal, R. K. Verma, and M. R. M. Rao, 1988: Scientific Aspects of the Failure of Summer Monsoon Rains over India in 1987. Indian Meteorological Department, 26.

Sikora, T. D. and D. M. Halverson, 2002: Multiyear Observations of Cloud Lines Associated with the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. J. Appl. Meteor., 41, 825-831.

Sikora, T. D., D. L. Porter, S. M. Babin, and M. D. Wisecup, 2001: Observations of a Progressive Warm-Fresh Oceanic Front and a Cool-Moist Atmospheric Front at Duck, North Carolina. Bound. Layer Meteor., 100, 349-361.

Silberberg, S. R. and L. F. Bosart, 1982: An analysis of systematic cyclone errors in the NMC LFM-II model during the 1978-79 cool season. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 254-271.

Silberberg, S. R. and L. F. Bosart, 1982: An analysis of systematic errors in the NMC LFM-II model during the 1978-79 cool season. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 254-270.

Sillman, S. and Coauthors, 1995: Photochemistry of ozone formation in Atlanta, GA: Models and measurements. Atmos. Environ. Part B, 29, 3055-3066.

Sillman, S., J. A. Logan, and S. C. Wofsy, 1990: A regional scale model for ozone in the United States with subgrid representation of urban and power plant plumes. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 5731-5748.

Silva Dias, P. L., J. P. Bonatti, and V. E. Kousky, 1987: Diurnally forced tropical tropospheric circulation over South America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1465-1478.

Silva Dias, P. L., W. H. Schubert, and M. DeMaria, 1983: Large-scale response of the tropical atmosphere to transient convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2689-2707.

Silva-Dias, P. L., 1986: Vertical mode decomposition and model resolution. Tellus, 38A, 205-214.

Silva-Dias, P. L. and J. P. Bonatti, 1985: A preliminary study of the observed vertical mode structure of the summer circulation over tropical South America. Tellus, 37A, 185-195.

Silver, J. A. and D. C. Hovde, 1996: A comparison of near-in-frared diode laser techniques for airborne hygrometry. J.

Silverberg, S. R. and L. F. Bosart, 1982: An analysis of systematic cyclone errors in the NMC LFM II model during the 1978-79 cool season. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 254-271.

Silverman, B. A., 1968: The effect of spatial averaging on spectrum estimation. J. Appl. Meteor., 7, 168-172.

Silverman, B. A., 1970: An Eulerian model of warm fog modification. Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Weather Modification, Santa Barbara, CA.

Silverman, B. A., 1986: Static mode seeding of summer cumuli. precipitation Enhancement-A Scientific Challenge. Meteor. Monogr., No. 43, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Silverman, B. A. and M. Glass, 1973: A numerical simulation of warm cumulus clouds: Part I. Parameterized vs. non-parameterized microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1620-1637.

Silverman, B. W., 1986: Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis. Chapman and Hall, 175.

Sim, L., 1972: Interception loss in the humid forested areas (with special reference to Sungai Lui Catchment, West Malaysi. Malay. Nat. J., 25, 104-111.

Simmonds, I., 1990: A modelling study of winter circulation and precipitation anomalies associated with Australian region ocean temperatures. Aust. Met. Mag., 38, 151-162.

Simmonds, I., 2000: Size Changes over the Life of Sea Level Cyclones in the NCEP Reanalyses. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 4118.

Simmonds, I. and C. Chidzey, 1982: The parameterization of long-wave flux in energy balance climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2144-2151.

Simmonds, I. and T. H. Jacka, 1995: Relationships between the interannual variability of Antarctic sea ice and the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 8, 637-647.

Simmonds, I. and K. Keay, 2002: Surface fluxes of momentum and mechanical energy over the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. Meteor. Atmos. Phy., 80, 1-18.

Simmonds, I. and R. Law, 1995: Associations between Antarctic katabatic flow and the upper level winter vortex. Int. J. Climatol., 15, 403-421.

Simmonds, I. and A. Rocha, 1991: The association of Australian winter climate with ocean temperatures to the west. J. Climate, 4, 1147-1161.

Simmonds, I. and X. Wu, 1993: Cyclone behavior response to changes in winter Southern Hemisphere sea ice concentration. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 1121-1148.

Simmons, A., 1991: Development of the operational 31-level T213 version of the ECMWF forecast model. ECMWF Newslett., 56, 3-13.

Simmons, A., J. M. Wallace, and G. W. Branstator, 1983: Barotropic wave propagation and instability, and atmospheric teleconnection patterns. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1363-1630.

Simmons, A. J., 1982: The forcing of stationary wave motion by tropical diabatic heating. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 503-534.

Simmons, A. J., 1987: Orography and development of the ECMWF forecast model. Observation. Theory and Modelling of Orographic Effects, Seminar/ Workshop, Shinefield Park.

Simmons, A. J., 1988: Some aspects of the design and performance of the global ECMWF spectral model. Workshop on Techniques for the Horizontal Discretization in Numerical Weather Prediction Models. Shinefield Park, Reading, United Kingdom.

Simmons, A. J., 1994: Numerical simulations of cyclone life cycles. The Life Cycles of Extratropical Cyclones. Vol. I. Aase Grafiske A/ S, 101-110.

Simmons, A. J. and and, 1979: The downstream and upstream development of unstable baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1239-1254.

Simmons, A. J. and and, 1980: Barotropic influences on the growth and decay of nonlinear baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1679-1684.

Simmons, A. J. and L. Bengtsson, 19?8: Atmospheric general circulation models, their design and use for climate studies. The Global Climate, Houghton, J., Ed., Cambridge Univ. Press, 35-62.

Simmons, A. J., D. M. Burbridge, M. Jarraud, C. Girard, and W. Wergen, 1989: The ECMWF medium-range prediction models development of the numerical formulations and the impact of increased resolution. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 40, 28-60.

Simmons, A. J. and D. M. Burridge, 1981: An energy and angular momentum conserving finite difference scheme with hybrid coordinates. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 758-766.

Simmons, A. J. and M. Burridge, 1981: An energy and angular-momentum conserving vertical finite-difference scheme and hybrid vertical coordinates. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 758-766.

Simmons, A. J. and R. S. fing, 1983: Numerical forecasts of stratospheric warming events using a model with a hybrid vertical coordinate. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 109, 81-111.

Simmons, A. J. and A. Hollingsworth, 2002: Some aspects of the improvement in skill of numerical weather prediction. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 647-678.

Simmons, A. J. and B. Hoskins, 1978: The life cycles of some nonlinear baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 414-432.

Simmons, A. J., B. J. Hoskins, and D. M. Burridge, 1978: Stability of the semi-implicit method of time integration. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 405-412.

Simmons, A. J. and M. Jarraud, 1984: The design and performance of the new ECMWF operation model. ECMWF Seminar 1983. Numerical Methods for Weather Prediction, Shinefield Park, Reading.

Simmons, A. J. and C. Temperton, 1997: Stability of a Two-Time-Level Semi-Implicit Integration Scheme for Gravity Wave Motion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 600-615.

Simmons, A. J., J. M. Wallace, and G. Branstator, 1983: Barotropic wave propagation and instability and atmospheric teleconnection patterns. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1363-1392.

Simmons, A. J., J. M. Wallace, and G. W. Branstator, 1983: Barotropic wave propagation and instability, and atmospheric teleconnection patterns. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1363-1392.

Simon, R. L., 1977: The summertime stratus over the offshore waters of California. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1310-1314.

Simonot, J. Y. and H. LeTreut, 1986: A climatological field of mean optical properties of the world ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 6642-6646.

Simpson, D., 1992: Longperiod modelling of photochemical oxi-dants in Europe. Model calculations for July 1985. Atmos. Environ., 26A, 1609-1634.

Simpson, D., 1993: Photochemical model calculations over Europe for two extended summer periods: 1985 and 1989. Model results and comparison with observations. Atmos. Environ., 27A, 921-943.

Simpson, G. C., 1909: On the electricity of rain and its origin in thunderstorms. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A, 209.

Simpson, G. C., 1927: The mechanism of a thunderstorm. Proc. Roy. Soc., 114, 376-401.

Simpson, J., 1967: Photographic and radar study of the Stormfury 5 August 1965 seeded cloud. J. Appl. Meteor., 6, 82-87.

Simpson, J., 1969: A comparison between laboratory and atmospheric density currents. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 95, 758-765.

Simpson, J., 1972: Effects of the lower boundary on the head of a gravity current. J. Fluid Mech., 53, 759-768.

Simpson, J., 1976: Precipitation augmentation from cumulus clouds and systems: Scientific and technological foundation, 1975. Adv. Geophys., 19, 1-72.

Simpson, J., 1980: Downdrafts as linkages in dynamic cumulus seeding effects. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 477-487.

Simpson, J., 1983: Cumulus clouds: numerical models, observations and entrainment. Mesoscale Meteorology: Theories, Observations and Models., Lilly, D. K. and T. Gal-Chen, Eds., D. Reidel Publishing Company, 413-445.

Simpson, J., 1988: Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) : Report of the science steering group. NASA/ GSFC. Greenbelt, MD, 94.

Simpson, J., R. F. Adler, and G. R. North, 1988: A proposed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 69, 278-295.

Simpson, J., G. W. Brier, and R. H. Simpson, 1967: Stormfury.

Simpson, J., G. W. Brier, and R. H. Simpson, 1967: Stormfury cumulus seeding.

Simpson, J. and G. v. Helvoirt, 1980: GATE cloud-subcloud layer interactions examined using a three-dimensional cumulus model. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 53, 106-134.

Simpson, J., G. V. Helvoirt, and M. McCumber, 1982: Three-dimensional simulations of cumulus congestus clouds on GATE Day 261. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 126-145.

Simpson, J., T. D. Keenan, B. Ferrier, R. H. Simpson, and G. J. Holland, 1993: Cumulus mergers in the maritime continent region. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 51, 73-99.

Simpson, J., C. Kummerow, W.-K. Tao, and R. Adler, 1996: On the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM). Meteor. Atmos. Phys., in.

Simpson, J., G. R. North, and R. F. Adler, 1988: A proposed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 69, 278-295.

Simpson, J., E. Ritchie, G. J. Holland, J. Halverson, and S. Stewart, 1997: Mesoscale Interactions in Tropical Cyclone Genesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2643-2661.

Simpson, J., R. H. Simpson, D. A. Andrews, and M. A. Eaton, 1965: Experimental cumulus dynamics. Rev. Geophys., 3, 387-431.

Simpson, J. and W.-K. Tao, 1993: The Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Model. Part II: Applications for studying cloud precipitating processes and for NASA TRMM. Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci., 4, 73-116.

Simpson, J., N. E. Westcott, R. J. Clerman, and R. A. Pielke, 1980: On cumulus mergers. Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Phys. Oceanogr., Bioklimatol. Ser. A, 29, 1-40.

Simpson, J. and V. Wiggert, 1971: 1968 Florida cumulus seeding experiment: Numerical model results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 99, 87-118.

Simpson, J. and W. L. Woodley, 1971: Seeding cumulus in Florida: New 1970 results. Science, 172, 117-126.

Simpson, J. E., 1967: Aerial and radar observations of some sea. breeze fronts. Weather, 22, 306-316.

Simpson, J. E., 1969: A comparison between laboratory and atmospheric density currents. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 95, 758-765.

Simpson, J. E., 1972: Effects of the lower boundary on the head of a gravity current. J. Fluid Mech., 53, 759-768.

Simpson, J. E., 1982: Gravity currents in the laboratory, atmosphere and ocean. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 14, 213-234.

Simpson, J. E., 1982: Gravity current in the laboratory, atmosphere, and ocean. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 14, 213-234.

Simpson, J. E., 1987: Gravity Currents in the Environment and the Laboratory. John Wiley and Sons, 244 pp.

Simpson, J. E., 1994: Sea Breeze and Local Winds. Cambridge University Press, 234 pp.

Simpson, J. E. and and, 1980: A laboratory model of an atmospheric mesofront. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 485-500.

Simpson, J. E. and R. E. Britter, 1979: The dynamics of the head of a gravity current advancing over a horizontal surface. J. Fluid Mech., 94, 477-495.

Simpson, J. E. and R. E. Britter, 1980: A laboratory model of an atmospheric mesofront. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 485-500.

Simpson, J. E., D. A. Mansfield, and J. R. Milford, 1977: Inland penetration of sea-breeze fronts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 103, 47-76.

Simpson, J. H. and D. G. Bowers, 1984: The role of tidal stirring in controlling the seasonal heat cycle in shelf seas. Ann. Geophys., 2, 411-416.

Simpson, J. H., J. Sharples, and T. P. Rippeth, 1991: A prescriptive model of stratification induced by freshwater run-off. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci., 33, 23-35.

Simpson, J. J., 1983: Large scale thermal anomalies in the California current during the 1982-83 El Ninòo. Geophys. Res. Lett., 10, 937-940.

Simpson, J. J. and T. D. Dickey, 1981: The relationship between downward irradiance and upper ocean structure. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 309-323.

Simpson, J. J., G. L. Hufford, D. Pieri, R. Servranckx, J. S. Berg, and C. Bauer, 2002: The February 2001 Eruption of Mount Cleveland, Alaska: Case Study of an Aviation Hazard. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 691-704.

Simpson, J. J. and C. Humphrey, 1990: An automated cloud screening algorithm for daytime AVHRR imagery. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 13459-13481.

Simpson, J. J. and C. A. Paulson, 1977: Irradiance measurements in the upper ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 952-956.

Simpson, J. J. and C. A. Paulson, 1979: Mid-ocean observations of atmosphere radiation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 105, 487-502.

Simpson, J. S., 1971: On cumulus entrainment and one-dimensional models. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 449-455.

Simpson, J. S., 1972: Reply. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 220-225.

Simpson, J. S., 1983: Cumulus clouds: Early aircraft observations and entrainment hypotheses. Mesoscale Meteorology: Theories, Obsenations and Models, Lilly, D. K. and T. Gal-Chen, Eds., 355-373.

Simpson, J. S., 1983: Cumulus clouds: Interactions between laboratory experiments and observations as foundations for models. Mesoscale Meteorology: Theories, Observations and Models, Lilly, D. K. and T. Gal-Chen, Eds., 399-412.

Simpson, J. S., 1988: TRMM: A satellite mission to measure tropical rainfall. NASA, 94 pp.

Simpson, J. S. and G. v. Helvoirt, 1980: GATE cloud-subcloud interactions examined using a three dimensional cumulus model. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 53, 106-134.

Simpson, J. S., B. R. Morton, M. C. McCumber, and R. S. Penc, 1986: Oservations and mechanisms of GATE waterspouts. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 753-782.

Simpson, J. S., R. H. Simpson, D. A. Andrews, and M. A. Eaton, 1965: Experimental cumulus dynamics. Rev. Geophys, 3, 387-431.

Simpson, J. S. and V. Wiggert, 1969: Models of precipitating cumulus towers. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 471-489.

Simpson, J. S. and V. Wiggert, 1971: 1968 Florida cumulus seeding experiment: Numerical model results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 99, 87-118.

Simpson, R. H., 1974: The hurricane disaster-potential scale. Weatherwise, 27, 1-69.

Simpson, R. H., 1974: The hurricane disaster potential scale. Weath-erwise. 27, 169-186.

Simpson, R. H., 1978: On the computation of equivalent potential temperature. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 124-130.

Simpson, R. H., N. Frank, D. Schideler, and H. M. Johnson, 1969: Atlantic tropical disturbances of 1986. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 240-255.

Simpson, R. H. and R. A. Pielke, 1976: Hurricane development and movement. Appl. Mech. Rev., 29, 601-609.

Simpson, R. H. and H. Riehl, 1958: Mid-tropospheric ventilation as a constraint on hurricane development and maintenance. Proc., Technical Conf. on Hurricanes. Miami, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Simpson, R. H. and H. Riehl, 1981: The Hurricane and Its Impact. Louisiana State University Press. 398.

Sinclair, M. R., 1994: An objective cyclone climatology for the Southern Hemisphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2239-2256.

Sinclair, M. R., 1994: A diagnostic model for estimating orographic precipitation. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 1163-1175.

Sinclair, M. R., 1995: A climatology of cyclogenesis for the Southern Hemisphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1601-1619.

Sinclair, M. R., 1996: A climatology of anticyclones and blocking for the Southern Hemisphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 245-263.

Sinclair, M. R., 2002: Extratropical Transition of Southwest Pacific Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Climatology and Mean Structure Changes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 590-609.

Sinclair, M. R. and X. Cong, 1992: Polar air stream cyclogenesis in the Aus-tralasian region: A composite study using ECMWF analyses. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1950-1972.

Sinclair, M. R. and X. Cong, 1992: Polar air stream cyclogenesis in the Australasian region: A composite study using ECMWF analyses. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1950-1972.

Sinclair, M. R., J. A. Renwick, and J. W. Kidson, 1997: Low-Frequency Variability of Southern Hemisphere Sea Level Pressure and Weather System Activity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2531-2543.

Sinclair, P. C. and J. F. W. Purdom, 1982: Integration of research aircraft data and three-minute interval GOES data to study the genesis and development of deep convective storms. Preprints, 12th Conference on Severe Local Storms, San Antonio, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, 269-271.

Singal, S. P., S. K. Aggarwal, D. R. Pahwa, and B. S. Gera, 1985: Stability studies with the help of acoustic sounding. Atmos. Environ., 19, 221-228.

Singer, A., Y. Shamay, M. Fried, and E. Ganor, 1993: Acid rain on Mt. Carmel, Israel. Atmos. Environ., 27A, 2287-2293.

Singer, S. F., 1996: Climate change and consensus. Science, 271, 581-582.

Singh, C. V., 2001: Probabilities and distribution of monsoon rainfall in normal, flood and drought years over India. Meteor. Atmos. Phy., 78, 205-214.

Singh, C. V., R. S. Adhikari, and H. P. Garg, 2002: Analysis of the Statistical Behaviour of Daily Maximum and Monthly Rainfall Data at New Delhi during Monsoon Period. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 19, 425-432.

Singh, M. P. and and, 1987: Bhopal gas tragedy: Model simulation of dispersion scenario. J. Hazard. Mater., 17, 1-22.

Singh, O. P., 2001: Multivariate ENSO index and Indian monsoon rainfall: relationships on monthly and subdivisional scales. Meteor. Atmos. Phy., 78, 1-10.

Singh, S., B. Ghose, and P. C. Vats, 1972: Genesis. Orientation, and Distribution of Sand Dunes in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of India. Central Arid Zone Research Institute, 50-53.

Singh, S. M., 1988: Simulation of solar zenith angle effect on global vegetation index (GVI) data. Int. J. Remote Sens., 9, 237-248.

Siqueira, M. and G. Katul, 2002: Estimating Heat Sources and Fluxes in Thermally Stratified Canopy Flows Using Higher-Order Closure Models. Bound. Layer Meteor., 103, 125-142.

Siqueira, M., C.-T. Lai, and G. Katul, 2000: Estimating scalar sources, sinks, and fluxes in a forest canopy using Lagrangian, Eulerian, and hybrid inverse models. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29475.

Sirkes, Z. and E. Tziperman, 1997: Finite Difference of Adjoint or Adjoint of Finite Difference? Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 3373-3378.

Sirmans, D. and B. Bumgarner, 1975: Numerical comparison of five mean frequency estimators. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 991-1003.

Sirovich, L., 1987: Turbulence and the dynamics of coherent structures. Quart. Appl. Math., 45, 561-590.

Sirovich, L. and R. Everson, 1992: Management and analysis of large scientific datasets. J. Super. Appl., 6, 50-58.

Sirovich, L. P., 1987: Turbulence and the dynamics of coherent structures, Part I: Coherent structures. Quart. Appl. Math., 45, 561-571.

Sirovich, L. P., 1987: Turbulence and the dynamics of coherent structures, Part II: Symmetries and transformations. Quart. Appl. Math., 45, 573-582.

Sirovich, L. P., 1987: Turbulence and the dynamics of coherent structures, Part III: Dynamics and scaling. Quart. Appl. Math., 45, 583-590.

Sirutis, J. and K. Miyakoda, 1990: Subgrid scale physics in 1-month forecasts. Part I: Experiment with four parameterization packages. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1043-1064.

Sirven, J. and A. Vintzileos, 2000: The seasonal cycle in a coupled experiment with an atmospheric GCM and a two-layer equatorial ocean model. Climate dynamics, 16, 851.

Siscoe, G. L., G. M. Erickson, B. U. O. Sonnerup, N. C. Maynard, K. D. Siebert, D. R. Weimer, and W. W. White, 2001: Global role of Ei in magnetopause reconnection: An explicit demonstration (Paper 2000JA000062). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 13,015-13,022.

Sisterson, D. and P. Frenzen, 1978: Nocturnal boundary-layer wind maxima and the problem of wind power assessment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 12, 218-221.

Sisterson, D. L. and R. A. Dirks, 1978: Structure of the daytime urban moisture field. Atmos. Environ., 12, 1943-1949.

Sistla, G., N. Zhou, W. Hao, J. Y. Ku, S. T. Rao, R. D. Bornstein, F. Freedman, and P. Thunis, 1996: Sensitivity of UAM predicted ozone concentrations to meteorological input and emissions control strategies. Atmos. Environ., 30, 2011-2025.

Sittel, M. C., J. J. O'Brien, and D. M. Legler, 1995: Marginal probability distribution of extreme ENSO events for temperature and precipitation in the southeastern United States. Proc. 19th Annual Climate Diagnostics Workshop, College Park, MD.

Sivakumar, M. V. K., 1987: Climate of Niamey. Progress Rep. 1. ICRISAT Sahelian Center, Niamey, Niger.

Sivapalan, M., K. J. Beven, and E. F. Wood, 1990: On hydrologic similarity, 3, A dimensionless flood frequency model using a generalized geomorphologic unit hydrolgraph and partial area runoff. Water Resour. Res., 23, 2266-2278.

Sjo® berg, B. and A. Stigebrandt, 1992: Computations of thegeographical distribution of the energy flux to mixing processes via internal tides and the associated vertical circulation in the ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 39, 269-291.

Skamarock, W. and J. B. Klemp, 1994: Efficiency and accuracy of the Klemp-Wilhelmson time-splitting technique. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2623-2630.

Skamarock, W., J. Oliger, and R. Street, 1989: Adaptive grid refinement for numerical weather prediction. J. Comput. Phys., 80, 27-60.

Skamarock, W. C., 1989: Truncation error estimates for refinement criteria in nested and adaptive models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 882-886.

Skamarock, W. C. and J. B. Klemp, 1992: The stability of time-split numerical methods for the hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic elastic equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 2109-2127.

Skamarock, W. C. and J. B. Klemp, 1993: Adaptive grid refinement for two-dimensional and three-dimensional nonhydrostatic atmospheric flow. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 788-804.

Skamarock, W. C., R. Rotunno, and J. B. Klemp, 1999: Models of Coastally Trapped Disturbances. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3349-3365.

Skamarock, W. C., R. Rotunno, and J. B. Klemp, 2002: Catalina Eddies and Coastally Trapped Disturbances. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2270-2278.

Skamarock, W. C., P. K. Smolarkiewicz, and J. B. Klemp, 1997: Preconditioned Conjugate-Residual Solvers for Helmholtz Equations in Nonhydrostatic Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 587-599.

Skamarock, W. C., M. L. Weisman, and J. B. Klemp, 1994: Three-dimensional evolution of simulated long-lived squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2563-2584.

Skarda, J. R. L., 2001: Instability of a gravity-modulated fluid layer with surface tension variation. J. Fluid Mech., 434, 243-272.

Skelly, B. T., D. R. Miller, and T. H. Meyer, 2002: Triple-Hot-Film Anemometer Performance in Cases-99 and A Comparison With Sonic Anemometer Measurements. Bound. Layer Meteor., 105, 275 - 304.

Skews, B. W., 1967: The shape of a diffracting shock wave. J. Fluid Mech., 29, 297-304.

Skhirtladze, G. I., 1984: On the concentrations of cloud droplets in cumulus clouds over Cuba. Meteor. Gidrol., 6, 35-39.

Skibin, D. and A. Hod, 1979: Subjective analysis of mesoscale flow patterns in northern Israel. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 329-337.

Skinner, W. R., 1993: Lake ice conditions as a cryospheric indicator for detecting climate variability in Canada. Proc. Snow Watch '92, World Data Center A for Glaciology, Glaciological Data Report GD-25.

Skolnik, M. I., 1980: Introduction to Radar Systems. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 581 pp.

Skony, S. M., N. A. Zaitseva, and J. D. W. Kahl, 1994: Differences between radiosonde and dropsonde temperature profiles over the Arctic Ocean. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 14-00.

Skoog, B. G., J. I. Askne, and G. Elgered, 1982: Experimental determination of water vapor profiles from ground-based radiometer measurements at 21.0 and 31.4 GHz. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 394-400.

Skyllingstad, E. D. and D. W. Denbo, 1994: The role of internal gravity waves in the equatorial current system. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2093-2110.

Skyllinsgstad, E. D., P. Barbour, and C. E. Dorman, 2001: The Dynamics of Northwest Summer Winds over the Santa Barbara Channel. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1042-1061.

Slater, P. N., 1986: Variations in in-flight absolute radiometric calibration. Proc. ISLSCP Conf., Rome, Italy.

Slater, P. N., 1988: Review of the calibration of radiometric measurements from satellite to ground level. Int. Archives Photogramm. Remote Sens., 27, 726-734.

Slater, P. N., S. F. Biggar, R. G. Holm, R. D. Jackson, Y. Mao, M. S. Moran, J. M. Palmer, and B. Yuan, 1987: Reflectance and radiance-based methods for the in-flight absolute calibration of multispectral sensors. Remote Sens. Environ., 22, 11-37.

Slater, P. N., S. F. Biggar, K. J. Thome, D. I. Gellman, and P. R. Spyak, 1996: Vicarious radiometric calibrations of EOS sensors. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13, 349-359.

Slepian, D., 1983: Some comments in Fourier analysis, uncertainty and modeling. SIAM Rev., 25, 379-393.

Sletten, M., D. B. Trizna, and P. A. Hwang, 1994: Ambient light calibration of a scanning slope sensor. Naval Research Labo-ratory Memo. Rep. No. 77-43.

Slingo, A., 1989: A GCM parameterization for the shortwave radiative properties of water clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1419-1427.

Slingo, A., 1989: A GCM parameterization for the shortwave radiation properties of water clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1419-1427.

Slingo, A., 1990: Sensitivity of the earth's radiation budget to changes in low clouds. Nature, 343, 49-51.

Slingo, A., 1990: Sensitivity of the earth radiation budget to changes in clouds. Nature, 343, 9-51.

Slingo, A., R. Brown, and C. L. Wrench, 1982: A field study of nocturnal stratocumulus-III high resolution radiative and microphysical observations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 145-165.

Slingo, A., R. Brown, and C. L. Wrench, 1982: A field study of nocturnal stratocumulus. Part III: High resolution radiative and microphysical observations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 145-165.

Slingo, A., S. Nicholls, and J. Schmertz, 1982: Aircraft observations of marine stratocumulus during JASIN. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 833-856.

Slingo, A. and D. W. Pearson, 1987: A comparison of the impact of an envelope orography and of a parameterization of orographic gravity-wave drag on model simulations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 847-870.

Slingo, A. and H. M. Schrecker, 1982: On the shortwave radiative properties of stratiform clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 407-426.

Slingo, A. and J. M. Slingo, 1988: The response of a general circulation model to cloud longwave radiative forcing. I: Introduction and initial experiments. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 1027-1062.

Slingo, A. and J. M. Slingo, 1991: Response of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model to improvements in the representation of clouds. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15341-15347.

Slingo, A. and M. J. Webb, 1992: Simulation of clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation over the oceans using operational analyses. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 1117-1144.

Slingo, A. and R. C. Wilderspi, 1986: Development of a revised long wave radiation scheme for an atmospheric general circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 371-386.

Slingo, A., R. C. Wilderspin, and R. N. B. Smith, 1989: Effect of improved physical parameterizations on simulations of cloudiness and the earth's radiation budget. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 2281-2301.

Slingo, J., 1987: The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ECMWF model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 899-927.

Slingo, J., M. Blackburn, A. Betts, R. Brugge, K. I. Hodges, B. Hoskins, L. Steenman-Clark, and J. Thuburn, 1994: Mean climate and transience in the tropics of the UGAMP GCM. Part I: Sensitivity to convective parameterization. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 881-922.

Slingo, J., M. Blackburn, J. Thuburn, L. Steenman-Clark, R. Brugge, and B. Hoskin, 1992: Synoptic validation of the climate models: Aspects of variability in the tropics of the UGAMP general circulation model. Proc. Seminars on Model Validation, University of Reading, Reading.

Slingo, J. and R. A. Madden, 1991: Characteristics of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation in the NCAR community climate model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 1129-1169.

Slingo, J. M., 1980: A cloud parameterization scheme derived from GATE data for use with a numerical model. Quart. J. Roy Meteor. Soc., 106, 747-770.

Slingo, J. M., 1982: A study of the earth's radiation budget using a general circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 379-405.

Slingo, J. M., 1985: Simulation of the earth's radiation budget with the 11 layer general circulation model. Meteor. Mag., 114, 121-141.

Slingo, J. M., 1987: The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ECMWF numerical model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 899-927.

Slingo, J. M., 1987: The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ECMWF model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 899-927.

Slingo, J. M. and Coauthors, 1995: Intraseasonal oscillations in 15 atmospheric general circulation models (results from an AMIP diagnostic subproject). World Climate Research Programme. WCRP-88, WMO/ TD-No. 6-61.

Slingo, J. M. and Coauthors, 1996: Intraseasonal oscillations in 15 atmospheric general circulation models: Results from an AMIP diagnostic subproject. Climate Dyn., 12, 325-357.

Slingo, J. M. and R. A. Madden, 1991: Characteristics of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation in the NCAR community climate model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 1129-1169.

Slingo, J. M. and J. M. Slingo, 1988: The response of a general circulation model to cloud longwave radiative forcing. Part I: Introduction and initial experiments. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 1027-1062.

Slinn, W. G. N., 1982: Predictions for particle deposition to vegetative canopies. Atmos. Environ., 16, 1785-1794.

Slo? rdal, L. H., E. A. Martinsen, and A. F. Blumberg, 1994: Modeling the response of an idealized coastal ocean to a traveling storm and to flow over bottom topography. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1689-1705.

Sloan, C. T., 1994: An air mass transformation model for coastal environments. MS thesis. The Florida State University, 1-08.

Sloan, N. Q. and A. R. Robinson, 1991: The estimation of deep thermocline profiles from shallow XBT casts. Harvard Open Ocean Model Reports. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

Slonosky, V. and P. Yiou, 2002: Does the NAO index represent zonal flow? The influence of the NAO on North Atlantic surface temperature. Climate Dynamics, 19, 17-30.

Slutz, R. J., S. L. Lubker, J. D. Hiscox, D. D. Woodruff, R. L. Jenne, D. H. Joseph, P. M. Steurer, and J. D. Elms, 1985: COADS: The Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set. CIRES. 39.

Smagorinsky, J., 1953: The dynamical influence of large-scale heat sources and sinks on the quasi-stationary mean motions of the atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 79, 342-366.

Smagorinsky, J., 1956: On the numerical integration of the primitive equations of motion for baroclinic flows in a closed region. Mon. Wea. Rev., 86, 457-466.

Smagorinsky, J., 1960: On the dynamical prediction of large-scale condensation by numerical methods. Physics of Precipitation, Geophys. Monogr., Amer. Geophys. Union, 727-768.

Smagorinsky, J., 1963: General circulation experiments with the primitive equations. Part. I. The basic experiment. J. Meteor., 14, 184-185.

Smagorinsky, J., 1969: Problems and promises of deterministic extended range forecasting. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 50, 286-311.

Smagorinsky, J., S. Manabe, and J. L. Holloway, Jr., 1965: Numerical results from a nine-level general circulation model of the atmosphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 93, 727-798.

Smagorinsky, J., K. Miyakoda, and R. F. Strickler, 1970: The relative importance of variables in initial conditions for dynamical weather prediction. Tellus, 22, 141-157.

Smaini, L., H. Luce, M. Crochet, and S. Fukao, 2002: An Improved High-Resolution Processing Method for a Frequency Domain Interferometric Imaging (FII) Technique. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 19, 954-966.

Small, K. A. and S. T. Butler, 1961: The solar semidiurnal Atmospheric oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 66, 3723-3725.

Smart, J. H., 1984: Spatial variability of major frontal systems in the North Atlantic Norwegian Sea area: 1980-1981. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 185-192.

Smeda, M. S., 1979: Incorporation of planetary boundary-layer processes into numerical forecasting models. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 16, 115-129.

Smedman, A. and U. H. g. m, 1978: A practical method for deter-mining wind frequency distributions for the lowest 200 m from routine meteorological data. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 942-954.

Smedman, A. S., 1991: Some turbulence characteristics in stable Atmospheric boundary layer flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 856-868.

Smedman, A.-S., M. T. ®m, and and, 1995: The near-neutral marine atmospheric boundary layer with no surface shearing stress-A case study. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3999-3411.

Smedman, A.-S., M. T. ®m, and U. H. g. m, 1993: Analysis of the turbulence structure of a marine low-level jet. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 66, 105-126.

Smedstad, O. M. and D. N. Fox, 1994: Assimilation of altimeter data in a two-layer primitive equation model of the Gulf Stream. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 305-325.

Smereka, P., 2002: A Vlasov equation for pressure wave propagation in bubbly fluids. J. Fluid Mech., 454, 287-326.

Smethie, W. M., 1993: Tracing the thermohaline circulation in the western North Atlantic using chlorofluorocarbons. Progress in Oceanography. Vol. 31, Pergamon, 51-99.

Smethie, W. M., Jr., and J. H. Swift, 1989: The Tritium: Krypton-85 age of Denmark Strait overflow water and Gibbs Fracture Zone water just south of Denmark Strait. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8265-8275.

Smethie, W. M., Jr., T. Takahashi, D. W. Chipman, and J. R. Ledwell, 1985: Gas exchange and CO2 flux in the tropical Atlantic Ocean determined from 222 Rn and pCO2 measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7005-7022.

Smirnova, T. G., J. M. Brown, and S. G. Benjamin, 1997: Performance of Different Soil Model Configurations in Simulating Ground Surface Temperature and Surface Fluxes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1870-1884.

Smith, A. K., 1997: Stationary Planetary Waves in Upper Mesospheric Winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2129-2145.

Smith, A. K. and L. V. Lyjak, 1985: An observational estimate of gravity wave drag from the momentum balance in the middle atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 2233-2241.

Smith, B. and L. Mahrt, 1981: A study of boundary-Layer pressure adjustments. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 334-346.

Smith, B. L. and A. Glezer, 2002: Jet vectoring using synthetic jets. J. Fluid Mech., 458, 1-34.

Smith, C. W., J. J. Varvil, and Jr., 1981: Recoverability of cotton following simulated hail damage. Agron J., 73, 597-600.

Smith, D. and R. O. Reid, 1982: A numerical study of nonfrictional decay of mesoscale eddies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 244-255.

Smith, D. C. and IV, 1986: A numerical study of loop current eddy interaction with topography in the western Gulf of Mexico. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1260-1272.

Smith, D. C., IV, and J. H. Morison, 1993: A numerical study of haline convection beneath leads in sea-ice. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10069-10084.

Smith, D. C. and J. J. O'Brien, 1983: The interaction of a two-layer isolated mesoscale eddy with bottom topography. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1681-1697.

Smith, D. K., 1994: Tropical cyclone development and intensification under moderate to strong vertical wind shear. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Meteorology, Naval Postgraduate School.

Smith, D. R. and Coauthors, 1994: AERAs host teacher workshop: Hazardous Weather Conference for Educators. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 1839-1845.

Smith, E. and L. Shi, 1994: Reducing discrepancies in atmospheric heat budget of Tibetan plateau by satellite based estimates of radiation cooling and cloud radiation feedback. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 56, 229-260.

Smith, E. A., 1986: The structure of the Arabian heat low. Part I: Surface energy budget. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1067-1083.

Smith, E. A., 1986: The structure of the Arabian heat low. Part II: Bulk tropospheric heat budget and implications. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1084-1102.

Smith, E. A., 1992: Area-averaged surface fluxes and their timespace variability over the FIFE experimental domain. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 18599-18622.

Smith, E. A., H. J. Cooper, W. L. Crosson, and D. D. Delorey, 1991: Retrieval of surface heat and moisture fluxes from slow launched radiosondes. J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 1613-1626.

Smith, E. A., W. L. Crosson, and B. D. Tanner, 1992: Estimation of surface heat and moisture fluxes over a prairie grassland. Part 1: In situ energy budget measurements incorporating a cooled mirror dew point hygrometer. J. Geophys. Res., 97(D17), 18557-18582.

Smith, E. A. and A. Mugnai, 1988: Radiative transfer to space through a precipitating cloud at multiple microwave frequen-cies. Part II: Results and analysis. J. Appl. Meteor., 27, 1074-1091.

Smith, E. A., A. Mugnai, H. J. Cooper, G. J. Tripoli, and X. Xiang, 1992: Foundations for statistical physical precipitation re-trieval from passive microwave satellite measurements. Part I: Brightness-temperature properties of a time-dependent cloud-radiation model. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 506-531.

Smith, E. A. and L. Shi, 1992: Surface forcing of the infrared cooling profile over the Tibetan Plateau. Part I: Influence of relative longwave radiative heating at high altitude. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 805-822.

Smith, E. A., M. M.-K. Wai, H. J. Cooper, M. R. Rubes, and A. Hsu, 1994: Linking boundary layer circulations and surface processes buring FIFE 89. Part I: Observational analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1497-1529.

Smith, E. A., X. Xiang, A. Mugnai, R. E. Hood, and R. W. Spencer, 1994: Behavior of an inversion-based precipitation retrieval al-gorithm with high-resolution AMPR measurements including a low-frequency 10.7-GHz channel. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 858-873.

Smith, E. A., X. Xiang, A. Mugnai, and G. J. Tripoli, 1994: Design of an inversion-based precipitation profile retrieval algorithm using an explicit cloud model for initial guess microphysics. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 54, 53-78.

Smith, F. B., 1965: The role of wind shear in horizontal diffusion of ambient particles. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 91, 318-329.

Smith, F. B., 1968: Conditioned particle motion in a homogeneous turbulent field. Atmos. Environ., 2, 491-508.

Smith, F. B. and M. J. Clark, 1988: Wet and dry deposition of Cher-nobyl releases. Nature, 322, 245-249.

Smith, F. B. and R. D. Hunt, 1978: Meteorological aspects of the transport of pollution over long distances. Atmos. Environ., 12, 461-477.

Smith, F. T. and M. A. Jones, 2000: One-to-few and one-to-many branching tube flows. J. Fluid Mech., 1.

Smith, F. T. and S. N. Timoshin, 2001: On `spot' evolution under an adverse pressure gradient. J. Fluid Mech., 169.

Smith, G. B., R. J. Volino, R. A. Handler, and R. I. Leighton, 2001: The thermal signature of a vortex pair impacting a free surface. J. Fluid Mech., 444, 49-78.

Smith, G. L., 1994: Effects of time response on point spread function of the scanning radiometer. Appl. Opt., 33, 7031-7037.

Smith, G. L., R. N. Green, E. Raschke, L. M. Avis, J. T. Suttles, B. A. Wielicki, and R. Davies, 1986: Inversion methods for satellite studies of the earth's radiation budget: Development of algorithms for the ERBE mission. Rev. Geophys., 24, 407-421. Suttles.

Smith, G. L., D. K. Pandey, R. B. Lee, B. R. Barkstrom, and K. J. Priestley, 2002: Numerical Filtering of Spurious Transients in a Satellite Scanning Radiometer: Application to CERES. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 172-182.

Smith, G. L., A. C. Wilber, S. K. Gupta, and P. W. Stackhouse, 2002: Surface Radiation Budget and Climate Classification. J. Climate, 15, 1175-1188.

Smith, H. J. P., D. Dube, M. Gardner, S. Clough, F. Kneizys, and L. Rothman, 1978: FASCODE-Fast Atmospheric Signature Code. Rep. AFGL-TR-78-0081. [Available from Geophysics Directorate, 29 Randolf Rd., Hanscom AFB.

Smith, H. T. U., 1967: Past versus present wind action in the Mojave Desert region. U.S.A.F. Cambridge Research Labs. AFCRL-670683, 34.

Smith, I. N., 1994: A GCM simulation of global climate trends: 1950-1988. J. Climate, 7, 732-744.

Smith IV, D. C., 1986: A numerical study of Loop Current eddy interaction with topography in the western Gulf of Mexico. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1260-1272.

Smith IV, D. C. and J. Morison, 1993: A numerical study of halocline convection beneath leads in sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 98(C6), 10069-10084.

Smith IV, D. C. and J. J. O'Brien, 1983: The interaction of a two-layer isolated mesoscale eddy with bottom topography. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1681-1697.

Smith IV, D. C. and R. O. Reid, 1982: A numerical study of nonfrictional decay of mesoscale eddies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 244-255.

Smith, J., 1983: On surface gravity waves crossing weak current jets. J. Fluid Mech., 134, 277-299.

Smith, J. A., 1987: Statistical modeling of daily rainfall occurrences. Water Resour. Res., 23, 885-893.

Smith, J. A., 1992: Observed growth of Langmuir circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5651-5664.

Smith, J. A., 1993: Performance of a horizontally scanning Doppler sonar near shore. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 752-763.

Smith, J. A., 2002: The Use of Phased-Array Doppler Sonars near Shore. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 725-737.

Smith, J. A. and G. T. Bullard, 1995: Directional surface wave estimates from doppler sonar data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 617-632.

Smith, J. B., 1991: The potential impacts of climate change on the Great Lakes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 21-28.

Smith, J. K. and T. B. McKee, 1983: Undisturbed clear day diurnal wind and temperature pattern in northeastern Colorado. CSU Atmosphere Science Paper No., 365.

Smith, K. S. and G. K. Vallis, 1999: Linear Baroclinic Instability in Extended Regime Geostrophic Models. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1579-1593.

Smith, L., 1992: Numerical simulations of stratified rotating flow over finite amplitude topography. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 686-696.

Smith, L. A., 1992: Identification and prediction of low-dimensional dynamics. Physica D, 58, 50-76.

Smith, L. A., 1994: Local optimal prediction: Exploiting strangeness and the variation of sensitivity to initial condition. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, A348(1688), 371-381.

Smith, L. D. and T. H. V. Haar, 1991: Clouds-radiation interactions in a general circulation model: Impact upon the planetary radiation balance. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 893-914.

Smith, L. M. and F. Waleffe, 2002: Generation of slow large scales in forced rotating stratified turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 451, 145-168.

Smith, L. T., D. B. Boudra, and R. Bleck, 1990: A wind-driven isopycnic coordinate model of the North and Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. 2. The Atlantic basin experiments. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 13105-13128.

Smith, L. T., E. P. Chassignet, and D. B. Olson, 1994: Windforced variations in the Brazilmalvinas confluence region as simulated in a coarse-resolution numerical model of the South Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5095-5117.

Smith, M. E., 1951: The forecasting of micrometeorological variables. On Atmospheric Pollution: A Group of Contributions. Meteor. Monogr., No. 4, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Smith, M. H., 1988: Air parcel thermodynamic properties and aerosol particle concentrations in the maritime atmospheric boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 771-780.

Smith, M. W., 1992: Design and initial performance evaluations of a portable short wave infrared spectrometer. Proc. SPIE, 1762, 118-134.

Smith, N. and C. Fandry, 1978: Combined effects of wind stress and topography in a two layer model of the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 25, 371-390.

Smith, N. R., 1995: An improved system for tropical ocean subsurface temperature analyses. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 850-870.

Smith, N. R., J. E. Blomley, and G. Meyers, 1991: A univariate statistical interpolation scheme for subsurface thermal analyses in the tropical oceans. Progress in Oceanography. Vol. 28, Pergamon, 219-256.

Smith, N. R. and G. Meyers, 1996: A comparison of VOS XBT and TOGA-TAO data. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

Smith, N. R., G. T. Needler, and t. O. O. A. S. K. T, 1995: An ocean observing system for climate: The conceptual design. Climate Change, 31, 475Ò4-94.

Smith, P. and A. Waldvogel, 1989: On determinations of maximum hailstone sizes from hailpad observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 28, 71-76.

Smith, P. C., 1975: A streamtube model for bottom boundary currents in the ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 22, 853-973.

Smith, P. C., 1976: Baroclinic instability in the Denmark Strait overflow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 355-371.

Smith, P. C., 1977: Experiments with viscous source flows in rotating systems. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 1, 241-272.

Smith, P. J., P. M. Dare, and S.-J. Lin, 1984: The impact of latent heat release on synoptic-scale vertical motions and the development of an extratropical cyclone system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 2421-2430.

Smith, P. J. and C. P. Lin, 1978: A comparison of synoptic-scale vertical motions computed by the kinematic method and two forms of the omega equation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1687-1694.

Smith, P. J. and C.-H. Tsou, 1988: Static stability variations during the development of an intense extratropical cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1245-1250.

Smith, P. L., 1984: Equivalent radar reflectivity factors for snow and ice particles. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 1258-1260.

Smith, P. L. and Coauthors, 1984: HIPLEX-1: Experimental design and response variables. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 497Ò5-12.

Smith, P. L., Jr., C. G. Myers, and H. D. Orville, 1975: Radar reflectivity factor calculations in numerical cloud models using bulk parameterization of precipitation processes. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 1156-1165.

Smith, P. L., J. R. M. Jr., J. H. Hirsch, and H. D. Orville, 1986: Dynamic versus microphysical effects of seeding: Some cloud model and radar observations. Proc. 10th Conf. on Weather Modification, Arlington, VA.

Smith, R., 1976: Giant waves. J. Fluid Mech., 77, 417-431.

Smith, R., 1981: A delay-diffusion description for contaminant dispersion. J. Fluid Mech., 105, 469-486.

Smith, R., 1982: Non-uniform discharges of contaminants in shear flows. J. Fluid Mech., 120, 71-89.

Smith, R., 1989: Hydrostatic airflow over mountains. Adv. Geophys., 31, 1-41.

Smith, R. A., 1969: Wave Mechanics of Crystalline Solids. Chapman and Hall, 553.

Smith, R. B., 1977: The steepening of hydrostatic mountain waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1634-1654.

Smith, R. B., 1979: The influence of mountains on the atmosphere. Adv. Geophys., 21, 87-230.

Smith, R. B., 1979: The influence of the earth's rotation on mountain wave drag. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 177-180.

Smith, R. B., 1980: Linear theory of stratified hydrostatic flow past an isolated mountain. Tellus, 32, 348-364.

Smith, R. B., 1982: Synoptic observations and theory of orographically disturbed wind and pressure. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 60-70.

Smith, R. B., 1982: A differential advection model of orographic rain. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 306-309.

Smith, R. B., 1983: A note on the constitutive law for sea ice. J. Glaciol., 29(101), 191-195.

Smith, R. B., 1984: A theory of lee cyclogenesis. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1159-1168.

Smith, R. B., 1985: On severe downslope winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2597-2603.

Smith, R. B., 1986: Current status of ALPEX research in the United States. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 67, 310-318.

Smith, R. B., 1986: Mesoscale mountain meteorology in the Alps. Scientific Results of the Alpine Experiment, 407-423 pp.

Smith, R. B., 1987: Aerial observations of Yugoslavian Bora. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 269-297.

Smith, R. B., 1988: Linear theory of stratified flow past an isolated mountain in isoteric coordinates. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3889-3896.

Smith, R. B., 1988: Linear theory of hydrostatic flow over an isolated mountain in isosteric coordinates. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3889-3896.

Smith, R. B., 1989: Comment on "Low Froude number flow past three-dimensional obstacles. Part I: Baroclinically generated lee vortices". J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3611-3613.

Smith, R. B., 1989: Hydrostatic airflow over mountains. Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 31, Academic Press.

Smith, R. B., 1989: Mountain-induced stagnation points in hydrostatic flow. Tellus, 41A, 270-274.

Smith, R. B., 1991: Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in severe downslope wind flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1319-1324.

Smith, R. B., 1993: A hurricane beta-drift law. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3213-3215.

Smith, R. B., A. C. Gleason, P. A. Gluhosky, and V. Grubii, 1997: The Wake of St. Vincent. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 606-623.

Smith, R. B. and S. Gro?nas, 1993: Stagnation points and bifurcation in 3-D mountain airflow. Tellus, 45A, 28-43.

Smith, R. B. and V. Grubisic, 1993: Aerial observations of Hawaii's wake. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3728-3750.

Smith, R. B. and Y.-L. Lin, 1982: The addition of heat to a stratified airstream with application to the dynamics of orographic rain. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 353-378.

Smith, R. B. and Y.-L. Lin, 1982: The addition of heat to a stratified air-stream with application to the dynamics of orographic rain. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 353-378.

Smith, R. C., 1955: Theory of air flow over a heated land mass. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 382-395.

Smith, R. C., 1957: Air motion over a heated land mass: II. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 83, 248-256.

Smith, R. C. and and, 1981: Optical properties of the clearest natural waters. Appl. Opt., 20, 177-184.

Smith, R. C. and K. S. Baker, 1978: Optical classification of natural waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 23, 260-267.

Smith, R. C. and Coauthors, 1992: Ozone depletion: Ultravio-let radiation and phytoplankton biology in Antarctic waters. Science, 255, 952-959.

Smith, R. D., J. K. Dukowicz, and R. C. Malone, 1992: Parallel ocean general circulation modeling. Physica D, 60, 38-61.

Smith, R. E. and H. A. Schreiber, 1974: Point processes of seasonal thunderstorm rainfall. Part 2: Rainfall depth probabilities. Water Resour. Res., 10, 418-423.

Smith, R. J. and M. J. Reeder, 1988: On the movement and low-level structure of cold fronts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1927-1944.

Smith, R. K., 1981: The cyclostrophic adjustment of vortices with application to tropical cyclone modification. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2021-2030.

Smith, R. K., 1991: An analytic theory of tropical-cyclone motion in a barotropic shear flow. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 685-714.

Smith, R. K., N. Crook, and G. Roff, 1982: The Morning Glory: An extraordinary atmospheric undular bore. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 937-956.

Smith, R. K. and A. Glatz, 1995: On the verification of simple barotropic models of hurricane motion. Proc. 21st Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Miami, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 174-176.

Smith, R. K. and J. A. Noonan, 1998: Generation of Low-Level Mesoscale Convergence Lines over Northeastern Australia. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 167-185.

Smith, R. K., R. N. Ridley, M. A. Page, J. T. Steiner, and A. P. Sturman, 1991: Southerly changes on the east coast of New Zealand. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1259-1282.

Smith, R. K. and W. Ulrich, 1990: An analytical theory of tropical cyclone motion using a barotropic model. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1973-1986.

Smith, R. K. and W. Ulrich, 1993: Vortex motion in relation to the absolute vorticity gradient of the vortex environment. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 207-215.

Smith, R. K., W. Ulrich, and G. Dietachmayer, 1990: A numerical study of tropical cyclone motion using a barotropic model. Part I: The role of vortex asymmetries. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 337-362.

Smith, R. K., W. Ulrich, and G. Snedon, 2000: On the dynamics of hurricane-like vortices in vertical-shear flows. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2653.

Smith, R. N. B., 1990: A scheme for predicting layer cloud and their water content in a general circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 435-460.

Smith, R. N. B., 1993: Subsurface, surface and boundary layer processes. Unified Model Documentation, 75 pp.

Smith, S. A., D. C. Fritts, and T. E. VanZandt, 1987: Evidence for a saturated spectrum of atmospheric gravity-waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1404-1410.

Smith, S. B., J. G. LaDue, and D. R. MacGorman, 2000: The Relationship between Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Polarity and Surface Equivalent Potential Temperature during Three Tornadic Outbreaks. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3320.

Smith, S. D., 1974: Eddy flux measurements over Lake Ontario. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 6, 235-255.

Smith, S. D., 1980: Wind stress and heat flux over the ocean in gale force winds. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 709-726.

Smith, S. D., 1981: Coefficients for sea surface wind stress and heat exchange. Bedford Institute of Oceanography Rep. Series/ BI-R81-19/ Dec 1981, 31.

Smith, S. D., 1988: Coefficients for sea surface wind stress, heat flux and windprofiles as a function of windspeed and temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15467-15472.

Smith, S. D., and coauthors, 1992: Sea surface wind stress and drag coefficients: The HEXOS results. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 60, 109-142.

Smith, S. D. and E. G. Banke, 1975: Variation of the sea surface drag coefficient with wind speed. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 101, 665-673.

Smith, S. D. and F. W. Dobson, 1984: The heat budget at ocean weather station Bravo. Atmos.-Ocean, 22, 1-22.

Smith, S. D., R. D. Muench, and C. H. Pease, 1990: Polynyas and leads: An overview of physical process and environment. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9461-9479.

Smith, S. R. and D. H. Bromwich, 1994: Behavior of the tropospheric split jet stream over the South Pacific Ocean during the 1986-1989 ENSO cycle. Preprint, Sixth Conf. on Climate Variations, Nashville.

Smith, S. R., J. F. Carrasco, and Z. Liu, 1993: A case study of a Siple Coast mesocyclone. Antarct. J. U.S., 28, 283-285.

Smith, S. R., J. F. Carrasco, and Z. Liu, 1993: A case study of a Siple Coast mesocyclone. Antarct. J. U.S., 28, 283-285.

Smith, S. R., P. M. Green, A. P. Leonardi, and J. J. O'Brien, 1998: Role of Multiple-Level Tropospheric Circulations in Forcing ENSO Winter Precipitation Anomalies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 3102-3116.

Smith, S. R., D. M. Legler, and K. V. Verzone, 2001: Quantifying Uncertainties in NCEP Reanalyses Using High-Quality Research Vessel Observations. J. Clim., 14, 4062-4072.

Smith, S. R. and C. R. Stearns, 1993: Antarctic pressure and temperature anomalies surrounding the minimum in the Southern Oscillation index. J. Geophys. Res., 98(D7), 13071-13083.

Smith, T. L. and S. Benjamin, 1994: Relative impact of data sources on a data assimilation system. Preprints, 10th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 491-493.

Smith, T. L. and S. G. Benjamin, 1993: Impact of network wind profiler data on a 3-h data assimilation system. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 801-807.

Smith, T. M., 1994: Preliminary analysis of the annual cycle of vertical heat flux into the Pacific from the NMC/NCAR reanalysis. Proc. 19th Annual Climate Diagnostics Workshop, College Park, MD.

Smith, T. M., A. G. Barnston, M. Ji, and M. Chelliah, 1995: The impact of Pacific Ocean subsurface data on operational prediction of tropical Pacific SST at the NCEP. Wea. Forecasting, 10, 708-714.

Smith, T. M. and R. W. Reynolds, 2002: Bias Corrections for Historical Sea Surface Temperatures Based on Marine Air Temperatures. J. Climate, 15, 73-87.

Smith, T. M., R. W. Reynolds, R. E. Livezey, and D. C. Stokes, 1996: Reconstruction of historical sea surface temperatures using empirical orthogonal functions. J. Climate, 9, 1403-1420.

Smith, T. M., R. W. Reynolds, and C. F. Ropelewski, 1994: Optimal averaging of seasonal sea surface temperatures and associated confidence intervals (1860-1989). J. Climate, 7, 949-964.

Smith, W. L., 1966: Note on the relationship between total precipi-table water and surface dewpoint. J. Appl. Meteor., 5, 726-727.

Smith, W. L., 1968: An improved method for calculating tropospheric temperature and moisture profiles from satellite radiometer measurements. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 387-396.

Smith, W. L., 1983: The retrieval of atmospheric profiles from VAS geostationary radiance observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2025-2035.

Smith, W. L. and Coauthors, 1990: GAPEX: A ground-based Atmospheric profiling experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 71, 310-318.

Smith, W. L. and Coauthors, 1990: GHIS-The GOES Interferometer Sounder. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 1189-1204.

Smith, W. L., C. M. Hayden, H. M. Woolf, H. B. Howell, and F. W. Nagle, 1979: Interactive processing of TIROS-N sounding data. (COSPAR) Remote Sounding of the Atmosphere from Space. Pergamon Press, 33-47.

Smith, W. L., H. L. Huang, S. A. Ackerman, and H. E. Revercomb, 1990: Sounding through semitransparent cirrus cloud with high resolution infrared radiance spectra. Preprints, Fifth Conf. on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, London, England.

Smith, W. L., Jr., P. F. Hein, and S. K. Cox, 1990: The 27-28 Oc-tober 1986 FIRE IFO cirrus case study: In situ observations of radiation and dynamic properties of a cirrus cloud layer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2389-2401.

Smith, W. L., R. O. Knuteson, H. E. Revercomb, and H. B. Howell, 1993: Continuous measurement of boundary layer temperature and moisture structure using ground-based FTIR. Technical Digest, Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmospheric, Salt Lake City, UT, Opt. Soc. of Amer. 68-71.

Smith, W. L., X. L. Ma, S. A. Ackerman, H. E. Revercomb, and R. O. Knu-teson, 1993: Remote sensing cloud properties from high spectral resolution infrared observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1708-1720.

Smith, W. L. and C. M. R. Platt, 1978: Comparison of satellite-deduced cloud heights with indications from radiosonde and ground-based laser measurements. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 1796-1802.

Smith, W. L., H. Revercomb, R. Knuteson, F. Best, R. Dedecker, H. Howell, and H. Woolf, 1995: Cirrus cloud properties de-rived from high spectral resolution infrared spectrometry during FIRE II. Part I: The High Resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 4238-4245.

Smith, W. L., G. S. Wade, and H. M. Woolf, 1985: Combined Atmospheric sounding/ cloud imagery-A new forecasting tool. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 66, 138-141.

Smith, W. L. and H. M. Woolf, 1976: The use of eigenvectors of statistical covariance matrices for interpreting satellite sounding radiometer observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1127-1140.

Smith, W. L., H. M. Woolf, P. G. Abel, C. M. Hayden, M. Chalfant, and N. Grody, 1974: Nimbus 5 sounder data processing system. Part 1: Measurement characteristics and data reduction procedures. NOAA Tech. Memo., NESS 57, Washington.

Smith, W. L., H. M. Woolf, C. M. Hayden, D. Q. Wark, and L. M. McMillin, 1979: The TIROS-N operational vertical sounder. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 60, 1177-1187.

Smith, W. L., H. M. Woolf, and W. J. Jacob, 1970: A regression method for obtaining real-time temperature and geopotential height profiles from satellite spectrometer measurements and its application to Nimbus 3 SIRS observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98, 582-603.

Smith, W. L. and F. X. Zhou, 1983: Rapid extraction of layer relative humidity, geopotential thickness, and atmospheric stability from satellite sounding radiometer data. Appl. Opt., 21, 924-928.

Smith, W. P., 1986: The effects of eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones on the southwestern United States. NOAA Tech. Memo. NWS WR-197, 229.

Smith, W. P. and R. L. Gall, 1989: Tropical squall lines of the Arizona Monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1553-1569.

Smith, W. S., C.-Y. J. Kao, and R. C. Somerville, 1996: Implementation of a physically-based cloud parameterization for both convective and layered clouds in CCM2. Proc. Seventh Symp. on Global Change Studies, Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 124-126.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K., 1982: The multi-dimensional Crowley advection scheme. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1968-1983.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K., 1983: A simple positive definite advection scheme with small implicit diffusion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 479-486.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K., 1983: A simple positve definite advection scheme with small implicit diffusion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 479-486.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K., 1984: A fully multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm with small implicit diffusion. J. Comput. Phys., 54, 325-362.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K., 1991: On forward-in-time differencing for fluids. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2505-2510.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and C. S. Bretherton, 1989: Gravity waves, compensating subsidence, and detrainment around cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 740-759.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and T. L. Clark, 1986: The multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm: Further development and applications. J. Comput. Phys., 67, 396-438.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and W. W. Grabowski, 1990: The multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm: Nonoscillatory option. J. Comput. Phys., 86, 355-375.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and G. A. Grell, 1992: A class of monotone interpolation schemes. J. Comput. Phys., 101, 431-440.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K., V. Grubii, and L. G. Margolin, 1997: On Forward-in-Time Differencing for Fluids: Stopping Criteria for Iterative Solutions of Anelastic Pressure Equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 647-654.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and L. G. Margolin, 1993: On forward-in-time differencing for fluids: Extension to a curvilinear framework. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1847-1859.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and L. G. Margolin, 1994: Variational solver for elliptic problems in atmospheric flows. Appl. Math. Comput. Sci., 4, 527-551.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and L. G. Margolin, 1995: On forward-in-time differencing for fluids: An Eulerian/ semi-Lagrangian nonhydrostatic model for stratified flows. Atmos.-Ocean, in press.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and J. A. Pudykiewicz, 1992: A class of semi-Lagrangian approximations for fluids. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2082-2096.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and P. J. Rasch, 1991: Monotone advection on the sphere: An Eulerian versus semi-Lagrangian approach. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 793-810.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K., R. M. Rasmussen, and T. L. Clark, 1988: On the dynamics of Hawaiian cloud bands: Island forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1872-1905.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and R. Rotunno, 1989: Low Froude number flow past three-dimensional obstacles. Part I: Baroclinically generated lee vortices. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1154-1164.

Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and R. Rotunno, 1990: Low Froude number flow past three-dimensional obstacles. Part II: Upwind flow reversal zone. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1498-1511.

Smull, B. F. and J. A. Augustine, 1993: Multiscale analysis of a mature mesoscale convective complex. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 103-132.

Smull, B. F. and R. A. Houze, Jr., 1985: A midlatitude squall line with a trailing region of stratiform rain: Radar and satellite observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 117-133.

Smull, B. F. and R. A. Houze, Jr., 1987: Dual-Doppler radar analysis of a midlatitude squall line with a trailing region of stratiform rain. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2128-2148.

Smull, B. F. and R. A. Houze, Jr., 1987: Rear inflow in squall lines with trailing stratiform precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2869-2889.

Smull, B. F., D. P. Jorgensen, T. J. Matejka, and M. A. Lemone, 1994: Evolution of precipitation and momentum structure within a slow moving convective band observed by airborne Doppler radar during TOGA COARE. Preprints, Sixth Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 21-24.

Smull, B. F. and M. L. Weisman, 1993: Comparison of the observed and simulated structure of a bow-shaped mesoscale convective system. Preprints, 17th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, MO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 557-561.

Smyth, P., K. Ide, and M. Ghil, 1999: Multiple Regimes in Northern Hemisphere Height Fields via MixtureModel Clustering*. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3704-3723.

Smyth, W. and and, 1992: Spectral transfers in 2D anisotropic flow. Phys. Fluids A, 4, 340-349.

Smyth, W. and W. Peltier, 1989: The transition between KelvinHelmholtz and Holmboe instability: An investigation of the overreflection hypothesis. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3698-3720.

Smyth, W. D., D. Hebert, and J. N. Moum, 1996: Local ocean response to a multiphase westerly wind burst. Part 2: Thermal and freshwater responses. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

Snarski, S. and R. Lueptow, 1995: Wall pressure and coherent structures in a turbulent boundary layer on a cylinder in axial flow. J. Fluid Mech., 286, 137-171.

Snedecor, G. W. and W. G. Cochran, 1967: Statistical Methods. Iowa State University Press, 593.

Snider, D. M., 2001: An Incompressible Three-Dimensional Multiphase Particle-in-Cell Model for Dense Particle Flows. J. Comp. Phy., 170, 523-549.

Snook, J. S., 1992: Current techniques for real-time evaluation of conditional symmetric instability. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 430-439.

Snook, J. S., J. M. Cram, and J. M. Schmidt, 1995: LAPS/RAMS. A nonhydrostatic mesoscale modeling system configured for operational use. Tellus, 47A, 864-875.

Snook, J. S., J. M. Gram, and J. M. Schmidt, 1994: The ''P'' in LAPS: A local scale operational forecast system. Preprints, 10th Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 454-456.

Snow, J. T., 1987: Atmospheric columnar vortices. Rev. Geophys., 25, 371-385.

Snyder, C., 1998: Approximate Dynamical Equations for Fronts Modified by the Planetary Boundary Layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 777-787.

Snyder, C., 1999: Error Growth in Flows with Finite-Amplitude Waves or Coherent Structures. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 500-506.

Snyder, C. and R. S. Lindzen, 1991: Quasigeostrophic wave-CISK in an unbounded baroclinic shear. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 76-86.

Snyder, C., W. C. Skamarock, and R. Rotunno, 1991: A comparison of primitive-equation and semigeostrophic simulations of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2179-2194.

Snyder, C., W. C. Skamarock, and R. Rotunno, 1993: Frontal dynamics near and following frontal collapse. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3194-3212.

Snyder, C. M. and R. S. Lindzen, 1988: Upper-level baroclinic instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2445-2459.

Snyder, H. A., 1969: Wave-number selection at finite amplitude in rotating Couette Flow. J. Fluid Mech., 35, 273-298.

Snyder, R. L., F. W. Dobson, J. A. Elliot, and R. B. Long, 1981: Array measurements of atmospheric pressure fluctuations above gravity waves. J. Fluid Mech., 102, 1-59.

Snyder, R. L. and R. M. Kennedy, 1983: On the formation of white-caps by a threshold mechanism. Part I: Basic formalism. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1482-1492.

Snyder, R. L., L. M. Lawson, and R. B. Long, 1992: Inverse modelling of the action balance equation. Part I: Source expansion and adjoint model equations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 1540-1555.

Snyder, R. L., M. Sidjabat, and J. H. Filloux, 1979: A study of tides, setup and bottom friction in a shallow semienclosed basin. Part II: Tidal model and comparison with data. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 170-188.

Snyder, W. H., R. E. Lawson, M. S. Shipman, and J. Lu, 2002: Fluid Modelling of Atmospheric Dispersion in the Convective Boundary Layer. Bound. Layer Meteor., 102, 335-366.

Snyder, W. H., R. S. Thompson, R. E. Eskridge, and R. E. Lawson, 1985: The structure of strongly stratified flow over hills: Dividingstreamline concept. J. Fluid Mech., 152, 249-288.

Sobel, A. H., 1999: "Diffusion versus Nonlocal Models of Stratospheric Mixing, in Theory and Practice". J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2571-2584.

Sobel, A. H. and C. S. Bretherton, 1999: Development of Synoptic-Scale Disturbances over the Summertime Tropical Northwest Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3106-3127.

Sobel, A. H. and C. S. Bretherton, 2000: Modeling Tropical Precipitation in a Single Column. J. Climate, 13, 4378.

Sobel, A. H., I. M. Held, and C. S. Bretherton, 2002: The ENSO Signal in Tropical Tropospheric Temperature. J. Climate, 15, 2702-2706.

Sobel, A. H. and R. A. Plumb, 1999: Quantitative Diagnostics of Mixing in a Shallow Water Model of the Stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2811-2829.

Sobel, A. H., R. A. Plumb, and D. W. Waugh, 1997: Methods of Calculating Transport across the Polar Vortex Edge. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2241-2260.

Sobrino, J. A., C. Coll, and V. Caselles, 1991: Atmospheric correction for land surface temperature using NOAA-11 AVHRR channels 4 and 5. Remote Sens. Environ., 38, 19-34.

Society. Ga®rtel, U., W. Joppich, and A. S. ller, 1993: Parallelizing the ECMWF's weather forecast program: The 2D case. Parallel Comput., 19, 1413-1426.

Soden, B. and R. Fu, 1995: A satellite analysis of deep convection, upper tropospheric humidity and greenhouse effect. J. Climate, 8, 2333-2351.

Soden, B. and J. Lanzante, 1996: Satellite and radiosonde climatologies of upper-tropospheric water vapor. J. Climate, 9, 1235-1250.

Soden, B. J., S. A. Ackerman, D. O. C. Starr, S. H. Melfi, and R. A. Ferrare, 1994: Comparison of upper-tropospheric water vapor from GOES, Raman lidar, and CLASS sonde measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 21005-21016.

Soden, B. J., S. A. Ackerman, D. O. C. Starr, S. H. Melfi, and R. A. Ferrare, 1994: Comparison of upper tropospheric water vapor from GOES, Raman lidar, and Cross-Chain Loran Atmospheric Sounding System measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 21005-21106.

Soden, B. J. and and, 1994: Evaluation of the water vapor distribution in general circulation models using satellite observations. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1187-1210.

Soden, B. J. and F. B. Bretherto, 1996: Interpretation of TOVS water vapor radiances in terms of layer-average relative humidities: Method and climatology for the upper, middle, and lower troposphere. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

Soden, B. J. and F. P. Bretherton, 1993: Upper tropospheric relative humidity from GOES 6.7 mm channel method and climatology for July 1987. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16669-16688.

Soden, B. J. and R. Fu, 1995: A satellite analysis of deep convection, upper-tropospheric humidity, and the greenhouse effect. J. Climate, 8, 2333-2351.

Soden, B. J. and J. R. Lanzante, 1996: An assessment of satellite and ra-diosonde climatologies of upper tropospheric water vapor. J. Climate, 9, 1235-1250.

Soden, B. J. and S. R. Schroeder, 2000: Decadal Variation in Tropical Vapor. A Comparison of Observations and a Model Simulation. J. Climate, 13, 3337.

Soden, B. J., C. S. Velden, and R. E. Tuleya, 2001: The Impact of Satellite Winds on Experimental GFDL Hurricane Model Forecasts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 835.

Soderberg, S. and M. Tjernstrom, 2002: Diurnal Cycle of Supercritical Along-Coast Flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2615-2624.

Soer, G. J. R., 1980: Estimation of regional evaporation and soil moisture conditions using remotely sensed crop surface temperatures. Remote Sens. Environ., 9, 27-45.

Sofia, S. and L. H. Li, 2001: Solar variability and climate (Paper 2000JA000379). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,969-12,974.

Sohn, B.-J., 1999: Cloud-Induced Infrared Radiative Heating and Its Implications for Large-Scale Tropical Circulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2657-2672.

Sohn, B. J., H. S. Chung, D. H. Kim, D. Perkey, F. R. Robertson, and E. A. Smith, 2001: Use of Satellite-Derived Water Vapor Data to Investigate Northwestward Expansion of North Pacific Subtropical High during 1995 Summer. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 79, 1059-1075.

Sohn, B.-J. and F. R. Robertson, 1993: Intercomparison of observed cloud radiative forcing: A zonal and global perspec- tive. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 997Ò10-06.

Sokolov, I. V., H. M. Zhang, and J. I. Sakai, 2001: Simple and Efficient Godunov Scheme for Computational Relativistic Gas Dynamics. J. Comput. Phy., 172, 209-234.

Sokolov, K. E. T., W. M. Washington, R. T. Wetherald, and I. Yagai, 1991: Interpretation of snow-climate feedback as produced by 17 general circulation models. Science, 253, 888-892.

Sokolovskiy, M. A. and J. Verron, 2000: Finite-core hetons: stability and interactions. J. Fluid Mech., 127.

Solari, L., G. Seminara, S. Lanzoni, M. Marani, and A. Rinaldo, 2002: Sand bars in tidal channels. Part 2. Tidal meanders. J. Fluid Mech., 451, 203-238.

Solberg, H., 1928: Integrationen des atmospharischen Storungsgleichungen. Geophys. Noru., 5 No. 9.

Soler, M. R., C. Infante, P. Buenestado, and L. Mahrt, 2002: Observations Of Nocturnal Drainage Flow In A Shallow Gully. Bound. Layer Meteor., 105, 253 - 273.

Solheim, F., J. Vivekanadan, R. Ware, and C. Rocken, 1999: Propagation delays induced in GPS signals by dry air, water vapor, hydrometeors, and other particlates. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 9663-9670.

Solomon, H. and K. Ahlna®s, 1978: Eddies in the Kamchatka Current. Deep-Sea Res., 25, 403-410.

Solomon, P., J. Barrett, and M. Chipperfield, 2000: Seasonal observations of chlorine monoxide in the stratosphere over Antarctica during the 1996-1998 ozone holes and comparison with the SLIMCAT three-dimensional model. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 28979.

Solomon, R., V. Schroeder, and M. B. Baker, 2001: Lightning initiation-conventional and runaway-breakdown hypotheses. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 2683-2704.

Solomon, S., J. T. Kiehl, R. R. Garcia, and W. Grose, 1986: Tracer transport by the diabatic circulation deduced from satellite observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1603-1617.

Soloviev, A. V. and and, 1996: Evolution of cool skin and direct air-sea gas transfer coefficient during daytime. Boundary-Layer Meteor., 77, 45-68.

Soloviev, A. V. and P. S. ssel, 1994: Parameterization of the cool skin of the ocean and of the air-ocean gas transfer on the basis of modeling surface renewal. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1339-1346.

Soloviev, A. V., N. V. Vershinsky, and V. A. Bezverchnii, 1988: Small-scale turbulence measurements in the thin surface layer of the ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 35, 1859-1874.

Solow, A. R., 1987: Testing for climate change: An application of the two-phase regression model. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 1401-1405.

Solow, A. R., 1994: Detecting changes in the composition of a multispecies community. Biometrics, 50, 556-565.

Solow, A. R. and L. Moore, 2000: Testing for a trend in a Partially Incomplete Hurricane Record. J. Climate, 13, 3696.

Soman, M. K. and J. M. Slingo, 1996: Sensitivity of Asian summer monsoon to aspects of sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., in press.

Somerville, R. C. J., 1980: Tropical influences on the predictability of ultra long waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1141-1156.

Somerville, R. C. J. and T. Gal-Chen, 1979: Numerical simulation of convection with mean vertical motion. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 805-815.

Somerville, R. C. J. and F. B. Lipps, 1971: Dynamics of variable wavelength in finiteamplitude Benard convection. Phys. Fluids, 14, 759-765.

Somerville, R. C. J. and L. A. Remer, 1984: Cloud optical thickness feedbacks in the CO2 climate problem. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 9668-9672.

Somieski, F., 1981: Linear theory of three-dimensional flow over mesoscale mountains. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 54, 315-334.

Somieski, F., P. Koepke, K. T. Kriebel, and R. Meerkotter, 1988: Improvements of simple radiation schemes for mesoscale models: A case study. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 61, 204-218.

Sommer, S., C. Appenzeller, and R. Mulvaney, 2000: Glaciochemical study spanning the past 2 kyr on three ice cores from the Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, 1, Annually resovlved accumulation rates. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29411.

Sommer, S., D. Wagenbach, and H. Fischer, 2000: Glaciochemical study spanning the past 2 kyr on three ice cores from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, 2, Seasonally resolved chemical records. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29423.

Sommerfeld, A., 1896: Mathemtische theorie der diffraktion. Math. Ann., 47, 314-317.

Sommerfield, A., 1912: Die Greensche Funktion der Schwingungs-gleichung. Jahresber. Dt. Math. Ver., 2-1.

Sommerfield, A., 1948: Vorlesungen u®ber Theoretische Physik. VI. Akademsis-che Verlagsgesselschaft, 191.

Sommeria, G., 1976: Three-dimensional simulation of turbulent processes in an undisturbed tradewind boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 216-241.

Sommeria, G., 1976: Three-dimensional simulation of turbulent processes in an undisturbed trade-wind boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 216-241.

Sommeria, G. and J. W. Deardorff, 1977: Subgrid-scale condensation in models of nonprecipitating clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 344-355.

Sommeria, G. and J. W. Deardorff, 1977: Sub-grid scale condensation in models of nonprecipitating clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 344-355.

Sommeria, G. and M. A. LeMone, 1978: Direct testing of a three-dimensional model of the planetary boundary layer against experimental data. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 25-39.

Sommeria, G. and J. Testud, 1984: COPT 81: A field experiment designed for the study of dynamics and electrical activity of deep convection in continental tropical regions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 65, 4-10.

Song, J. L. and W. M. Frank, 1983: Relationships between deep convection and large-scale processes during GATE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 2145-2160.

Song, J.-L. and W. M. Frank, 1983: Relationship between deep convection and large-scale processes during GATE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 2145-2160.

Song, T. and T. Rossby, 1995: Analysis of Lagrangian potential vorticity balance and lateral displacement of water parcels in.

Song, Y. and N. Nakamura, 2000: Eady Instability of Isolated Baroclinic Jets with Meridionally Varying Tropopause Height. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 46-65.

Song, Y. T., 1998: A General Pressure Gradient Formulation for Ocean Models. Part I: Scheme Design and Diagnostic Analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 3213-3230.

Song, Y. T. and D. G. Wright, 1998: A General Pressure Gradient Formulation for Ocean Models. Part II: Energy, Momentum, and Bottom Torque Consistency. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 3231-3247.

Sonmor, L. J. and G. P. Klaassen, 1997: Toward a Unified Theory of Gravity Wave Stability. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2655-2680.

Sonmor, L. J. and G. P. Klaassen, 2000: Mechanisms of Gravity Wave Focusing in the Middle Atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 493-510.

Sonntag, D., 1990: Important new values of the physical constants of 1986, vapor pressure formulations based on ITS-90, and psy-chrometer formulae. Z. Meteor., 70, 340-344.

Sonntag, D. and D. Heinze, 1982: Sa®ttigungsdampfduckund Sa®ttigungs-dampfdichtetafeln fu ®r Wasser und Eis. VEB Deutscher Verlag fu ® r Grundstoffindustrie. 55.

Sontakke, N. A., G. B. Pant, and N. Singh, 1993: Construction of all-India summer monsoon rainfall series for the period 18441991. J. Climate, 6, 1807-1811.

Soomere, T. and S. S. Zilitinkevich, 2002: Supplement to `Third-order transport due to internal waves and non-local turbulence in the stably stratified surface layer'. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1029-1032.

Soong, S.-T., 1974: Numerical simulation of warm rain development in an axisymmetric cloud model. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1232-1240.

Soong, S.-T. and Y. Ogura, 1973: A comparison between axisymmetric and slabsymmetric cumulus cloud models. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 879-893.

Soong, S.-T. and Y. Ogura, 1980: Response of tradewind cumuli to large-scale processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2035-2050.

Soong, S.-T. and W.-K. Tao, 1980: Response of deep tropical cumulus clouds to mesoscale processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2016-2034.

Soong, S.-T. and W.-K. Tao, 1984: A numerical study of the vertical transport of momentum in a tropical rainband. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 10491061.

Sorbjan, Z., 1986: On the similarity in the atmospheric boundary layer. Bound-Layer Meteor., 34, 377-397.

Sorbjan, Z., 1986: Local similarity of spectral and cospectral characteristics in the stable-continuous boundary layer. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 35, 257-267.

Sorbjan, Z., 1987: An examination of local similarity theory in the stably stratified boundary layer. Bound-Layer Meteor., 38, 63-71.

Sorbjan, Z., 1989: Structure of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Prentice-Hall, 317 pp.

Sorbjan, Z., 1990: Similarity scales and universal profiles of statistical moments in the convective boundary layer. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 762-775.

Sorbjan, Z., 1995: Toward evaluation of heat fluxes in the convective boundary layer. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 1092-1098.

Sorbjan, Z., 1996: Numerical study of penetrative and ''solid lid'' nonpenetrative convective boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 101-112.

Sorbjan, Z., 1999: Similarity of Scalar Fields in the Convective Boundary Layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2212-2221.

Sorbjan, Z., 2001: An Evaluation of Local Similarity at the Top of the Mixed Layer Based on Large-Eddy Simulations. Bound. Layer Meteor., 101, 183-207.

Sorbjan, Z., Y. Kodama, and G. Wendler, 1986: Observational study of the atmospheric boundary layer over Antarctica. J. Appl. Meteor., 25, 641-651.

Sorbjan, Z. and M. Uliasz, 1982: Comparitive study of simple numerical models of the atmospheric boundary layer. Acta Geophys. Poll, 30, 167-176.

Sorbjan, Z. and M. Uliasz, 1982: Some numerical urban boundary-layer studies. Bound. Layer Meteor., 22, 481-502.

Soria, C., F. Pontiga, and A. Castellanos, 2001: Particle-in-Cell Simulation of Electrical Gas Discharges. J. Comp. Phy., 171, 47-78.

Soriano, L. J. R., F. DePablo, and E. L. G. Diez, 2001: Meteorological and geo-orographical relationships with lightning activity in Castilla-Leon (Spain). Meteor. Appl., 8, 169-176.

Soriano, L. J. R. and E. L. G. Díez, 1997: Effect of Ice on the Generation of a Generalized Potential Vorticity. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1385-1387.

Soriano, L. R., F. dePablo, and E. G. Diez, 2001: Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in the Iberian Peninsula: 1992-1994 (Paper 2001JD900055). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 11,891-11,902.

Soriano, L. R., F. DePablo, and E. G. Diez, 2001: Relationship between Convective Precipitation and Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in the Iberian Peninsula. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2998-3003.

Sorooshian, S., X. Gao, K. Hsu, R. A. Maddox, Y. Hong, H. V. Gupta, and B. Imam, 2002: Diurnal Variability of Tropical Rainfall Retrieved from Combined GOES and TRMM Satellite Information. J. Climate, 15, 983-1001.

Sotack, T. and P. R. Bannon, 1998: Lamb's Hydrostatic Adjustment for Heating of Finite Duration. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 71-81.

Sotiropoulos, F., Y. Ventikos, and T. C. Lackey, 2001: Chaotic advection in three-dimensional stationary vortex-breakdown bubbles: Sil'nikov's chaos and the devil's staircase. J. Fluid Mech., 444, 257-298.

Sotiropoulos, F., D. R. Webster, and T. C. Lackey, 2002: Experiments on Lagrangian transport in steady vortex-breakdown bubbles in a confined swirling flow. J. Fluid Mech., 466, 215-248.

Sou, T., G. Holloway, and M. Eby, 1996: Effects of topographic stress on Caribbean Sea circulation. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

Soul, K. M., E. J. Archibald, P. J. Hardaker, and A. Hounsell, 2002: Using the GANDOLF system as a tool to aid the forecasting of lightning strikes. Meteor. App., 9, 229-238.

Soule, P. T., 1992: Spatial patterns of frequency and duration for persistent near-normal climatic events in the contiguous United States. Climate Res., 2, 81-89.

Souliere, A. and T. Tokieda, 2002: Periodic motions of vortices on surfaces with symmetry. J. Fluid Mech., 460, 83-92.

Sousounis, P. J., 1997: Lake-Aggregate Mesoscale Disturbances. Part III: Description of a Mesoscale Aggregate Vortex. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1111-1134.

Sousounis, P. J., 1998: Lake-Aggregate Mesoscale Disturbances. Part IV: Development of a Mesoscale Aggregate Vortex. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 3169-3188.

Sousounis, P. J. and J. M. Fritsch, 1994: Lake-aggragate mesoscale disturbances. Part II: A case study of the effects on regional and synoptic-scale weather systems. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 1793-1811.

Sousounis, P. J. and G. E. Mann, 2000: Lake-Aggregate Mesoscale Disturbances. Part V: Impacts on Lake-Effect Precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 728-745.

Sousounis, P. J., J. Wallman, and T. J. Miner, 2001: "Hurricane Huron": An Example of an Extreme Lake-Aggregate Effect in Autumn. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 401.

Souto, M. J., C. F. Balseiro, V. Pérez-Muñuzuri, M. Xue, and K. Brewster, 2001: Importance of cloud analysis and impact for daily forecast in terms of climatology of Galician region, Spain. J. App. Meteor., Conditionally accepted.

Sowers, T. and J. Jubenville, 2000: A modified extraction technique for liberating occluded gases from ice cores. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29155.

Spa¨th, H., 1971: Algorithm 16: Two-dimensional exponential splines. Computing, 7, 364-369.

Spa®th, H., 1971: Algorithm 16: Two-dimensional exponential splines. Computing, 7, 364-369.

Spa®th, H., 1973: Spline-Algorithmen zur Konstruktion glatter Kurven und Fla® chen. Oldenbourg Verlag Mu® nchen Wien. 86.

Space Flight Center, G., MD, C.-R. Sugita, M., and W. Brutsaert, 1990: Wind velocity measurements in the neutral boundary layer above hilly prairie. J. Geophys. Res., 95(D6), 7617-7624.

Space Flight Center, M. and and, 1990: How similar are temperature and humidity profiles in the unstable boundary layer? J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 489-497.

Spaete, P., D. R. Johnson, and T. K. Schaak, 1994: Stratospheric-tropospheric mass exchange during the Presidents' Day Storm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 424-439.

Spall, M. A., 1990: Circulation in the Canary Basin: A model/ data analysis. J. Geophys. Res., 95(C6), 9611-9628.

Spall, M. A. and J. C. McWilliams, 1992: Rotational and gravitational influences on the degree of balance in the shallow-water equations. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 64, 1-29.

Spall, M. A. and A. R. Robinson, 1989: A new open ocean. hybrid coordinate primitive equation model. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 31, 241-269.

Spall, M. A. and A. R. Robinson, 1990: Regional primitive equation studies of the Gulf Stream meander and ring formation region. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 985-1016.

Spangler, W. M. L. and R. L. Jenne, 1985: World monthly surface station climatology. Scientific Computing Division. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 15.

Spar, J., 1952: Characteristics of the semidiurnal pressure waves in the United States. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 33, 438-441.

Spar, J., R. Atlas, and E. Kuo, 1976: Monthly mean forecast experiments with the GISS model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1215-1241.

Spar, J. and R. Lutz, 1979: Simulations of the monthly mean Atmosphere for February 1976 with the GISS model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 181-192.

Sparkman, J. K., J. Giraytys, and G. J. Smidt, 1981: ASDAR: A FGGE real-time data collection system. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 62, 394-400.

Sparks, J., D. Changnon, and J. Starke, 2002: Changes in the Frequency of Extreme Warm-Season Surface Dewpoints in Northeastern Illinois: Implications for Cooling-System Design and Operation. J. Appl. Meteor., 41, 890-898.

Sparrow, C., 1982: The Lorenz Equations: Bffurcations, Chaos, and Strange Attractions. Springer-Verlag.

Sparrow, C., 1982: The Lorenz Equations: Bifurcations, Chaos and Strange Attractors. Springer-Verlag, 269 pp.

Sparrow, C., 1982: The Lorenz Equations: Bifurcations. Chaos and Strange Attractors. Springer Verlag, 269.

Sparrow, E. M., R. J. Goldstein, and V. K. Jonsson, 1964: Thermal instability in a horizontal fluid layer: effect of boundary conditions and nonlinear temperature profile. J. Fluid Mech., 18, 513-528.

Spaulding, M. L., 1984: A vertically averaged circulation model using boundary fitted coordinates. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 973-982.

Spaun, N. A. and J. W. Head, 2001: A model of Europa's crustal structure: Recent Galileo results and implications for an ocean (Paper 2000JE001270). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 7567-7576.

Specht, D. F., 1990: Probabilistic neural networks. Neural Networks, 3, 109-118.

Spedding, G. R., 2002: Vertical structure in stratified wakes with high initial Froude number. J. Fluid Mech., 454, 71-112.

Speer, K., H. Mercier, M.-J. Messias, and L. Memery, 1994: The Romanche Fracture Zone: Blocking and mixing of Arctic and Antarctic waters at the equator. Int. WOCE Newsletter, 16, 8-11.

Speer, K. G. and M. S. McCartney, 1991: Tracing Lower NADW across the equator. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 20443-20448.

Speer, K. G. and E. Tziperman, 1992: Rates of water mass formation in the North Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 93-104.

Speer, K. G. and W. Zenk, 1993: The flow of Antarctic Bottom Water into the Brazil Basin. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2667-2682.

Speer, M. S. and L. M. Leslie, 2000: Mesoscale model forecasting as a tool for air pollution management: a case study of sustained smoke pollution over the Greater Sydney area. Meteor. Appl., 7, 177.

Speer, M. S. and L. M. Leslie, 2002: The prediction of two cases of severe convection: implications for forecast guidance. Meteor. Atmos. Phy., 80, 165-176.

Speer, R. E., K. A. Peterson, T. G. Ellestad, and J. L. Durham, 1985: Test of a prototype eddy accumulator for measuring atmospheric vertical fluxes of water vapor and particulate sulphate. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 2119-2122.

Speheger, D. A., C. A. Doswell, and G. J. Stumpf, 2002: The Tornadoes of 3 May 1999: Event Verification in Central Oklahoma and Related Issues. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 362-381.

Speich, S., 1992: E ¥ tude du forcÝage de la circulation oce¥anique par les de¥troits: cas de la mer d'Alboran. Doctoral dissertation. Universite¥ Paris VI, 245.

Speich, S., H. Dijkstra, and M. Ghil, 1996: Successive bifurcations in a shallow-water model applied to the wind-driven ocean circulation. Nonlin. Proc. Geophys., in press.

Speich, S., G. Madec, and M. Crepon, 1996: A strait overflow circulation process study: The case of the Alboran Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 320-340.

Speich, S., G. Madee, and M. Cre¥pon, 1995: A strait outflow circulation process study: The case of the Alboran Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr.

Spelman, M. J. and S. Manabe, 1984: Influence of oceanic heat transport upon the sensitivity of a model climate. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 571-586.

Spelt, P. D. M., M. A. Norato, and L. L. Tavlarides, 2001: Attenuation of sound in concentrated suspensions: theory and experiments. J. Fluid Mech., 51.

Spencer, H. M., W. H. Goodman, and R. E. Hood, 1989: Precipitation retrieval over land and ocean with the SSM/I: Identification and characteristics of the scattering signal. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 6, 254-273.

Spencer, P. L. and C. A. Doswell, 2001: A Quantitative Comparison between Traditional and Line Integral Methods of Derivative Estimation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2538-2554.

Spencer, P. L., P. R. Janish, and C. A. D. III, 1999: A Four-Dimensional Objective Analysis Scheme and Multitriangle Technique for Wind Profiler Data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 279-291.

Spencer, P. L. and D. J. Stensrud, 1998: Simulating Flash Flood Events: Importance of the Subgrid Representation of Convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2884-2912.

Spencer, R., 1993: Global oceanic precipitation from MSU during 1979-1991 and comparison to other climatologies. J. Climate, 6, 1301-1326.

Spencer, R. W., 1984: Satellite passive microwave rainfall rate measurement over croplands during spring, summer, and fall. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 1555-1556.

Spencer, R. W., 1986: A satellite 37 GHz scattering-based method for measuring oceanic rainfall rates. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 754-766.

Spencer, R. W., 1993: Global oceanic precipitation from MSU during 1979-91 and comparisons to other climatologies. J. Climate, 6, 1301-1326.

Spencer, R. W. and and, 1992: Precision and radiosonde validation of satellite gridpoint temperature anomalies. Part I: MSU channel 2. J. Climate, 5, 847-857.

Spencer, R. W. and and, 1992: Precision and radiosonde validation of satellite gridpoint temperature anomalies. Part II: A tropospheric retrieval and trends during 1979-90. J. Climate, 5, 858-866.

Spencer, R. W. and and, 1993: Precision lower stratospheric monitoring with the MSU: Technique, validation, and results 1979-1991. J. Climate, 6, 1194-1204.

Spencer, R. W., and, and N. C. Grody, 1990: Global atmospheric temperature monitoring with satellite microwave measurements: Method and results 1979-1984. J. Climate, 3, 1111-1128.

Spencer, R. W. and W. D. Braswell, 2001: Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Monitoring with AMSU-A: Estimation of Maximum Sustained Wind Speeds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1518-1532.

Spencer, R. W. and J. R. Christy, 1990: Precise monitoring of global temperature trends from satellites. Science, 247, 1558-1562.

Spencer, R. W. and J. R. Christy, 1992: Precision and radiosonde validation of satellite gridpoint temperature anomalies. Part I: MSU channel 2. J. Climate, 5, 847-857.

Spencer, R. W., J. R. Christy, and N. C. Grody, 1990: Global Atmospheric temperature monitoring with satellite microwave measurements: Method and results 1979-1984. J. Climate, 3, 1111-1128.

Spencer, R. W. and Coauthors, 1994: High-resolution imaging of rain systems with the Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 849-857.

Spencer, R. W., H. M. Goodman, and R. E. Hood, 1989: Precipitation over land and ocean with the SSM/ I. Part I: Identification and characteristics of the scattering signal. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 6, 254-273.

Spencer, R. W., H. M. Goodman, and R. E. Hood, 1989: Precipitation retrieval over land and ocean with the SSM/ I: Identification and characteristics of the scattering signal. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2, 254-263.

Spencer, R. W., B. B. Hinton, and W. S. Olson, 1983: Nimbus-7 37 GHz radiances correllated with radar rain rates over the Gulf of Mexico. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 2095-2099.

Spencer, R. W., R. E. Hood, F. J. L. Fontaine, E. A. Smith, R. Platt, J. Galliano, V. L. Griffin, and E. Lobl, 1994: High-resolution imaging of rain systems with the advanced microwave precipitation radiometer. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 849-857.

Spencer, R. W., F. J. LaFontaine, T. DeFelice, and F. J. Wentz, 1998: Tropical Oceanic Precipitation Changes after the 1991 Pinatubo Eruption. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1707-1713.

Spencer, R. W., W. Rongzhang, D. W. Martin, J. A. Weinman, and D. A. Santek, 1983: Heavy thunderstorms observed by the Nimbus 7 scanning multichannel microwave radiometer. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1041-1046.

Spengler, J. D. and N. R. Gokhale, 1972: Freezing of freely suspended, supercooled water drops in a large vertical wind tunnel. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 1101-1107.

Speranza, A., 1975: The formation of baric depressions near the Alps. Ann. Geofis., 28, 177-217.

Speranza, A., A. Buzzi, A. Trevisan, and P. Malguzzi, 1985: A theory of deep cyclogenesis in the lee of the Alps. Part I: Modifications of baroclinic instability by localized topography. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1521-1535.

Sperber, K. A., S. Hameed, G. L. Potter, and J. S. Boyle, 1994: Simulation of the northern summer monsoon in the ECMWF model: Sensitivity to horizontal resolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2461-2481.

Sperber, K. R., and coauthors, 2001: Dynamical Seasonal Predictability of the Asian Summer Monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2226-2248.

Sperber, K. R. and S. Hameed, 1993: Phase locking of Nordeste precipitation with sea surface temperatures. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 113-116.

Sperber, K. R., J. M. Slingo, and H. Annamalai, 2000: Predictability and the relationshp between subseasonal and interannual variability during the Asian summer monsoon. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2545.

Spicer, C. C., 1972: Calculation of power sums of deviations about the mean. Appl. Statist., 21, 226-227.

Spiegel, E. A. and G. Veronis, 1960: On the Boussinesq approximation for a compressible fluid. Astrophys. J., 131, 442-447.

Spiegler, D. B., 1970: Snow prediction-A formidable challenge. Weatherwise, 23, 212-220.

Spiesberger, J. L. and Coauthors, 1992: Listening for climatic temperature change in the northeast Pacific: 1983-1989. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 92, 384-397.

Spiesberger, J. L. and K. Metzger, 1991: Basinscale tomography: A new tool for studying weather and climate. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 96(C), 4869-4889.

Spiesberger, J. L. and F. Tappert, 1996: Kaneohe acoustic thermometer fur-ther validated with rays over 3700 km and the demise of the idea of axially trapped energy. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 99, 173-84.

Spilhaus, A. F., 1937: A bathythermograph. J. Mar. Res., 1, 95Ò1-00.

Spilhaus, A. F., 1937: Note on the flow streams in a rotating system. J. Mar. Res., 1, 29Ò3-3.

Spilhaus, A. F., 1940: A detailed study of the surface layers of the ocean in the neighborhood of the Gulf Stream with the aid of rapid measuring hydrographic instruments. J. Mar. Res., 3, 51Ò7-5.

Spilker, J. J., 1980: GPS signal structure and performance characteristics. Vol. 1. Global Positioning System, The Institute of Nav-igation, 29-54.

Spina, M. S., M. J. Schwartz, D. H. Staelin, and A. J. Gasiewski, 1995: Application of multilayer feedforward neural networks to precipitation cell-top altitude estimation. IEEE Trans. Geosci.

Spindler, G., U. Teichmann, and M. A. Sutton, 2001: Ammonia dry deposition over grassland-micrometeorological flux-gradient measurements and bidirectional flux calculations using an inferential model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 795-814.

Spinhirne, J. D., 1991: Visible and near IR lidar backscatter observations on the GLOBE Pacific survey missions. Preprints, Seventh Symp. on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, New Orleans, LA.

Spinhirne, J. D., 1993: Micro Pulse Lidar. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 31, 48-55.

Spinhirne, J. D., 1994: Comparison of measured and calculated water vapor absorption in the near infrared. Preprints, Eighth Conf. on Atmospheric Radiation, Nashville, TN.

Spinhirne, J. D. and A. E. S. Green, 1978: Calculation of the relative influence of cloud layers on received ultraviolet and integrated solar radiation. Atmos. Environ., 12, 2449-2454.

Spinhirne, J. D., M. Z. Hansen, and L. O. Caudill, 1982: Cloud top remote sensing by airborne lidar. Appl. Opt., 22, 1564-1571.

Spinhirne, J. D., M. Z. Hansen, and J. Simpson, 1983: The structure and phase of cloud tops as observed by polarization lidar. J. Appl. Meteor., 22, 1319-1332.

Spinhirne, J. D. and W. D. Hart, 1990: Cirrus structure and radiative parameters from airborne lidar and spectral radiometer observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2329-2343.

Spinhirne, J. D., W. D. Hart, and D. L. Hlavka, 1996: Cirrus infrared parameters and shortwave reflectance relations from observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1438-1458.

Spinhirne, J. D., D. Hlavka, and T. Hildem, 1996: Tilt scan CCD camera radiometer for cloud bidirectional reflectance and polarization measurements.

Spinhirne, J. D., M. G. Strange, and L. R. Blaine, 1985: Solar infrared photometer. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2, 264-267.

Spinhirne, J. D., H. J. Zwally, R. H. Thomas, C. R. Bentley, B. E. Schutz, and S. T. Shipley, 1991: Climate measurements by the EOS Geoscience Laser Ranging System. Second Symp. on Global Change Studies, New Orleans, LA. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 17-22.

Spinhirne, M.-L. C. W., D. O. Starr, L. Parker, and R. F. Arduini, 1990: The 27-28 October 1986 FIRE IFO cirrus case study: Comparison of radiative transfer theory with observations by satellite and aircraft. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2356-2376.

Spirina, L. P., 1973: Seasonal changes of the surface air temperature field over the Northern Hemisphere after volcanic eruptions (in Russian). Trans. Main Geophys. Observatory, 299, 3Ò-7.

Spiro, P. A., D. J. Jacob, and J. A. Logan, 1992: Global inventory of sulfur emission with 17 1 17 resolution. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 6023-6036.

Sportisse, B. and R. Djouad, 2000: Reduction of Chemical Kinetics in Air Pollution Modeling. J. Comp. Phys., 164, 354.

Spotz, W. F. and P. N. Swarztrauber, 2001: A Performance Comparison of Associated Legendre Projections. J. Comp. Phys., 168, 339.

Springfield, V. and M. C. MacCracken, 1991: The use of general circulation models to predict regional climatic change. J. Climate, 4, 286-303.

Sprintall, J. and M. J. McPhaden, 1994: Surface layer variations observed in multiyear time series measurements from the western equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 963-979.

Sprintall, J. and G. Meyers, 1991: An optimal XBT sampling net-work for the eastern Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 10539-10552.

Sprintall, J. and M. Tomczak, 1992: Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the Tropics. J. Geophys. Res., 97(C5), 7305-7316.

Squires, K. D. and J. K. Eaton, 1990: Particle response and turbulence modification in isotropic turbulence. Phys. Fluids A, 2, 1191-1203.

Squires, P., 1952: The growth of cloud drops by condensation. Aust. J. Sci. Res., A5, 59-86.

Squires, P., 1958: Penetrative downdrafts in cumuli. Tellus, 10, 382- 389.

Squires, P., 1958: The microstructure and colloidal stability of warm clouds. Tellus, 10, 256-261.

Squires, P., 1958: The spatial variation of liquid water and droplet concentration in cumuli. Tellus, 10, 372-380.

Squires, P., 1958: The microstructure and colloidal stability of warm cloud. Part II-The causes of the variations in microstructure. Tellus, 10, 262-271.

Squires, P. and J. S. Turner, 1962: An entraining jet model for cumulonimbus updraughts. Tellus, 14, 422-434.

Squires, T. M., 2001: Effective pseudo-potentials of hydrodynamic origin. J. Fluid Mech., 443, 403-412.

Sr., R. A. P., R. L. Walko, L. T. Steyaert, P. L. Vidale, G. E. Liston, W. A. Lyons, and T. N. Chase, 1999: The Influence of Anthropogenic Landscape Changes on Weather in South Florida. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1663-1673.

Sreenivasan, B. and T. Alboussiere, 2002: Experimental study of a vortex in a magnetic field. J. Fluid Mech., 464, 287-310.

Sreenivasan, K., 1995: On the universality of the Kolmogorov constant. Phys. Fluids, 7, 2788-2784.

Sreenivasan, K. R., 1991: Fractals and multifractals in fluid turbulence. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 23, 539-600.

Sreenivasan, K. R., A. J. Chambers, and R. A. Antonia, 1978: Accuracy of moments of velocity and scalar fluctuations in the atmospheric surface layer. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 14, 341-359.

Sreenivasan, K. R. and C. Meneveau, 1986: The fractal facets of turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 173, 357-386.

Sreenivasan, K. R., R. Ramshankar, and C. Meneveau, 1989: Mixing, entrainment and fractal dimensions of surfaces in turbulent flows. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A, 421.

Srikanthan, R. and T. A. McMahon, 1982: Simulation of annual and monthly rainfalls-A preliminary study at five Australian stations. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 1472-1479.

Srikanthan, R. and B. J. Stewart, 1991: Analysis of Australian rain-fall data with respect to climate variability and change. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 39, 11-20.

Srinivasan, G., A. Robock, and P. Viterbo, 2000: Soil moisture simulations in revised AMIP models. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26635.

Srinivasan, J., S. Gadgil, and P. J. Webster, 1993: Meridional propagation of large-scale monsoon convective zones. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 52, 15-35.

Srinivasan, J. and R. S. Nanjundiah, 2002: The evolution of Indian summer monsoon in 1997 and 1983. Meteor. Atmos. Phy., 79, 243-258.

Srivastava, M. K. and P. P. Sarthi, 2002: Turbulent kinetic energy in the atmospheric surface layer during the summer monsoon. Meteor. App., 9, 239-246.

Srivastava, R. C., 1971: Size distribution of raindrops generated by their breakup and coalescence. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 410-415.

Srivastava, R. C., 1985: A simple model of evaporatively driven downdraft application to microburst downdraft. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1004-1023.

Srivastava, R. C., 1987: A model of intense downdrafts driven by the melting and evaporation of precipitation. J. Atmos Sci., 44, 1752-1773.

Srivastava, R. C., 1990: A method for improving rain estimates from vertical-incidence Doppler radar observations. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 769-773.

Srivastava, R. C. and A. R. Jameson, 1978: Radar detection of hail. Hail: A Review of Hail Science and Hail Suppression. Meteor. Monogr., No. 38, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Srivastava, R. C., A. R. Jameson, and P. H. Hildebrand, 1979: Timedomain computation of mean and variance of Doppler spectra. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 189-194.

Srivastava, R. C., T. J. Matejka, and T. J. Lorello, 1986: Doppler-radar study of the trailing anvil region associated with a squall line. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 356-377.

Srivastava, R. K., D. S. McRae, and M. T. Odman, 2000: An Adaptive Grid Algorithm for Air-Quality Modeling. J. Comp. Phys., 165, 437.

Sroga, J. and A. Rosenberg, 1987: 0.53 mm incoherent Doppler lidar: current status. Topical Meeting on Laser and Optical Remote Sensing (OSA Technical Digest Series Vol. 18), North Falmoth, MA, OSA, ARO, NASA, 320-323.

Srokosz, M. A. and T. H. Guymer, 1988: A study of the effect of rain on Seasat radar altimeter data. Proc. IGARSS '88 Symp., Edinburgh, United Kingdom, European Space Agency, 651-654.

Sromovsky, L. A., S. S. Limaye, and P. M. Fry, 1993: Dynamics of Neptune's major cloud features. Icarus, 105, 110-141.

Stabeno, P. J. and and, 1994: Circulation in the Bering Sea basin observed by satellitetracked drifters: 1986-1993. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 848-854.

Stabeno, P. J. and R. K. Reed, 1992: A major circulation anomaly in the western Bering Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1671-1674.

Stackhouse, P. J. and G. L. Stephens, 1991: A theoretical and observational study of the radiative properties of cirrus results from FIRE 1986. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2044-2059.

Stackhouse, P. W. and G. L. Stephens, 1993: Investigation of the effects of the macrophysical and microphysical properties of cirrus clouds on the retrieval of optical properties: Results for FIRE-II. NASA Conference Publ. 3238. NASA/ Langley Research.

Stackpole, J. K., 1967: Numerical analysis of atmospheric soundings. J. Appl. Meteor., 6, 464-467.

Stafford, H. M., 1959: History of snow surveying in the West. Proc. Western Snow Conf., 1-12.

Stage, S. A., 1983: Boundary layer evolution in the region between shore and cloud edge during cold air outbreaks. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1453-1471.

Stage, S. A. and J. A. Businger, 198?: A model for entrainment into the cloud-topped marine boundary layer. Part II: Discussion of model behavior and comparison with other models. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2230-2242.

Stage, S. A. and J. A. Businger, 1981: A model for entrainment into the cloud-topped marine boundary layer. Part I: Model description and application to a cold-air outbreak episode. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2213-2229.

Stage, S. A. and J. A. Businger, 1981: A model for entrainment into a cloud-topped marine boundary layer. Part I: Model description and application to a cold air outbreak episode. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2213-2229.

Stage, S. A., G. H. Crescentic, S. J. Khalsa, G. K. Greenhut, and F. Li, 1991: Air-sea fluxes and surface layer turbulence around a sea surface temperature front. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 8593-8609.

Stahle, D. W. and and, 1992: Reconstruction and analysis of spring rainfall over the southeastern United States for the past 1000 years. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1947-1961.

Stahle, D. W. and M. K. Cleaveland, 1988: Texas drought history reconstructed and analyzed from 1689 to 1980. J. Climate, 1, 59-74.

Stainer, B. A., 1983: Distribution of wind and pressure in Cook Strait in strong northerlies. Mar. Observer, 53, 77-84.

Stajner, I., L. P. Riishojgaard, and R. B. Rood, 2001: The GEOS ozone data assimilation system: Specification of error statistics. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1069-1094.

Stakgold, I., 1979: Green's Functions and Boundary Value Problems. John Wiley , Sons, 638.

Stalcup, M. C. and W. G. Metcalf, 1973: Bathymetry of the sills for the Venezuela and Virgin Islands basins. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 739-742.

Stalcup, M. C., W. G. Metcalf, and R. G. Johnson, 1975: Deep Caribbean inflow through the Anegada-Jungfern Passage. J. Mar. Res., 33 (Suppl.), 15-35.

Staley, D. O., 1960: Evaluation of potential-vorticity changes near the tropopause and the related vertical motions, vertical advection of vorticity, and transfer of radioactive de-bris from stratosphere to troposphere. J. Meteor., 17, 591-620.

Staley, D. O., 1965: Radiative cooling in the vicinity of inversions and the tropopause. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 91, 282-301.

Staley, D. O., 1986: Baroclinic and barotropic instability spectra as functions of N in N-level models. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1817-1832.

Staley, D. O. and G. M. Jurica, 1968: Radiative modification of selected vertical temperature distributions. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 94, 310-317.

Staley, D. O. and G. M. Jurica, 1970: Flux emissivity tables for water vapor, carbon dioxide and ozone. J. Appl. Meteor., 9, 365-372.

Stalker, J. R. and K. R. Knupp, 2002: A Method to Identify Convective Cells within Multicell Thunderstorms from Multiple Doppler Radar Data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 188-195.

Stalker, J. R., K. R. Knupp, and E. W. M. Jr., 1993: A numerical and observational study of an atypical ''miniature'' supercell storm. Preprints, 17th Conf. Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, MO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 191-195.

Stamm, J. F., E. F. Wood, and D. P. Lettenmaier, 1994: Sensitivity of a GCM simulation of global climate to the representation of landsurface hydrology. J. Climate, 7, 1218-1239.

Stammer, D. and C. W. B. ning, 1992: Mesoscale variability in the Atlantic Ocean from Geosat altimetry and WOCE high-resolution numerical modeling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 732-752.

Stammer, D., R. Tokmakian, A. Semtner, and C. Wunsch, 1996: How well does a 1/4 global circulation model simulate large-scale oceanic observations? J. Geophys. Res., in press.

Stammer, D. and C. Wunsch, 1994: Preliminary assessment of the accuracy and precision of TOPEX/ POSEIDON altimeter data with respect to the large-scale ocean circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24584-24604.

Stamnes, K., 1982: Reflection and transmission by a vertically inhomogeneous planetary atmosphere. Planet. Space Sci., 30, 727-732.

Stamnes, K. and L. Swanson, 1981: A new multi-layer discrete ordinate method for radiative transfer calculations in anisotropically scattering atmospheres. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 387-399.

Stamnes, K. and S. C. Tsay, 1990: Optimum spectral resolution for computing atmospheric heating and photodissociation rates. Planet. Space Sci., 38, 807-820.

Stamnes, K., S. C. Tsay, and P. Conklin, 1984: A new multi-layer discrete ordinate approach to radiative transfer in vertical inhomogeneous atmosphere. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 31, 273-282.

Stamnes, K., S.-C. Tsay, W. J. Wiscombe, and K. Jayaweera, 1988: Numerically stable algorithm for discreteordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media. Appl. Opt., 27, 175-182.

Standard Institution, N. D., I. Jensen, N. O., and E. L. Petersen, 1979: The box model and the acoustic sounder-A case study. Atmos. Environ., 13, 717-720.

Standfuss, C., M. Vollier, and J. P. Duvel, 2001: Regional Diurnal Albedo Climatology and Diurnal Time Extrapolation of Reflected Solar Flux Observations: Application to the SacRaB Record. J. Climate, 14, 1129.

Standish, E. M., 1990: The observational basis for JPL's DE200, the planetary ephemerides of the Astronomical Almanac. Astron. Astrophys., 233, 252-271.

Standish, E. M. and Jr., 1982: Computerization of the American Ephem-eris and Nautical Almanac. Astron. Astrophys., 114, 297-315.

Stangenberg, J. G., 1986: Anordnung zur Messung geringer atmo-spha®rischer Druckvariationen. DDR Wirtschaftspatent DD G01L/ 236170C.

Stanhill, G., 1990: Changes in the surface temperature of the Dead Sea and its heat storage. Int. J. Climatol., 10, 519-536.

Stanhill, G., 1994: Changes in the rate of evaporation from the Dead Sea. Int. J. Climatol., 14, 465-471.

Stanhill, G. and and, 1992: Global radiation climate changes in Israel. Climate Change, 22, 121-138.

Stanhill, G. and and, 1994: Global radiation climate change at seven sites remote from surface sources of pollution. Climate Change, 26, 89-103.

Stanhill, G. and S. Moreshet, 1992: Global radiation climate changes: The world network. Climate Change, 21, 57-75.

Stanhill, G. and J. Neumann, 1978: Energy balance and evaporation. Monogr. Biologicae. Vol. 32, Junk Publishers, 173-181.

Staniforth, A. and J. Coˆte´, 1991: Semi-Lagrangian integration schemes for atmospheric models-A review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2206-2223.

Staniforth, A. and J. Coàte¥, 1991: Semi-Lagrangian integration schemes for atmospheric models-A review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2206-2223.

Staniforth, A. N. and R. W. Daley, 1977: A Baroclinic finite-element method for regional forecasting with the primitive equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 107-121.

Stankov, B. B., 1996: Groundand space-based temperature and humidity retrievals: Statistical evaluation. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 444-463.

Stankov, B. B., D. Kim, J. A. Schroeder, and J. C. Reynolds, 1993: An algorithm to derive optimal temperature and humidity profiles from groundand space-based measurements. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL ETL-234, Environmental Technology Laboratory, Boulder, CO.

Stankov, B. B., B. E. Martner, and M. K. Politovic, 1995: Moisture profiling of the cloudy atmosphere using combined remote sensors. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 488-510.

Stanley, E. M. and R. C. Batten, 1969: Viscosity of seawater at moderate temperature and pressures. J. Geophys. Res., 74, 3414-3420.

Stanley, S. A., S. Sarkar, and J. P. Mellado, 2002: A study of the flow-field evolution and mixing in a planar turbulent jet using direct numerical simulation. J. Fluid Mech., 450, 377-407.

Stannard, D. I., J. H. Blanford, W. P. Kustas, W. D. Nichols, S. A. Amer, T. J. Schmugge, and M. A. Weltz, 1994: Interpretation of surface flux measurements in heterogeneous terrain during the Monsoon '90 experiment. Water Resour. Res., 30, 1227-1239.

Stannard, D. I. and D. O. Rosenberry, 1991: A comparison of shortterm measurements of lake evaporation using eddy correlation and energy budget methods. J. Hydrol., 122, 15-22.

Stano, G., T. N. Krishnamurti, T. Kumar, and A. Chakraborty, 2002: Hydrometeor structure of a composite monsoon depression using the TRMM radar. Tellus, 54, 370-381.

Stansby, P. K. and P. M. Lloyd, 2001: Wake formation around islands in oscillatory laminar shallow-water flows. Part 2. Three-dimensional boundary-layer modelling. J. Fluid Mech., 239.

Stansby, P. K. and R. C. T. Rainey, 2001: On the orbital response of a rotating cylinder in a current. J. Fluid Mech., 439, 87-108.

Stanton, B. R., 1976: An oceanic frontal jet near the Norfolk Ridge northwest of New Zealand. Deep-Sea Res., 23, 821-829.

Stanton, T. P., 1995: Mixed layer structure and turbulent fluxes in the eastern Weddell Sea during the ANZFLUX experiment. Antarct. J. U.S., in press.

Stark, T. E., 1976: Wave-CISK and cumulus parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2383-2391.

Starkov, A. V., N. Noormohammadian, and U. G. Oppel, 1995: A stochastic model and a variance reduction Monte Carlo method for the calculation of light transport. Appl. Phys. B., 60, 335-340.

Starr, D. O., 1987: A cirrus cloud experiment: Intensive field observations planned for FIRE. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 67, 119-124.

Starr, D. O. C. and S. K. Cox, 1985: Cirrus clouds. Part I: A cirrus cloud model. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2663-2681.

Starr, D. O. C. and S. K. Cox, 1985: Cirrus clouds. Part II: Numerical experiments on the formation and maintenance of cirrus. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2682-2694.

Starr, D. O. C. and D. P. Wylie, 1990: The 27-28 October 1986 FIRE cirrus case study: Meteorology and clouds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2259-2287.

Starr, P. V. and R. M. White, 1951: A hemispheric study of the atmospheric angular momentum balance. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 77, 215-225.

Starr, V. P., 1939: The readjustment of certain unstable atmospheric systems under conservation of vorticity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 67, 125Ò1-34.

Starr, V. P., 1948: An essay on the general circulation of the Earth's atmosphere. J. Meteor., 5, 39-43.

Starr, V. P., 1949: Reply. J. Meteor., 6, 4-30.

Starr, V. P. and M. Neiburger, 1940: Potential vorticity as a conser-vative property. J. Mar. Res., 3, 202-210.

Starr, V. P. and J. P. Peixoto, 1958: On the global balance of water vapor and the hydrology of deserts. Tellus, 10, 188-194.

Starr, V. P., J. P. Peixoto, and A. R. Crisi, 1965: Hemispheric water balance for IGY. Tellus, 17, 463-472.

Starr, V. P., J. P. Peixoto, and N. E. Gaut, 1970: Momentum and zonal kinetic energy balance of the atmosphere from five years of hemispheric data. Tellus, 22, 251-274.

Starr, V. P., J. P. Peixoto, and G. C. Livadas, 1958: On the meridional flux of water vapor in the Northern Hemisphere. Geofis. Pura Appl., 39, 174-185.

Starr, V. P., J. P. Peixoto, and R. G. McKean, 1969: Pole-to-pole moisture conditions for the IGY. Pure Appl. Geophys. Res., 96, 15311-15324.

State University, F. C. L., Y.-L., and R. B. Smith, 1986: Transient dynamics of airflow near a local heat source. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 40-49.

State University, F. Y.-L. and H.-Y. Chun, 1991: Effects of diabatic cooling in a shear flow with a critical level. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2476-2491.

States, R. J. and C. S. Gardner, 2000: Thermal Structure of the Mesopause Region (80-105 km) at 40°N Latitude. Part I: Seasonal Variations. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 66-77.

States, R. J. and C. S. Gardner, 2000: Thermal Structure of the Mesopause Region (80-105 km) at 40°N Latitude. Part II: Diurnal Variations. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 78-92.

Stathers, R. J., T. A. Black, and M. D. Novak, 1985: Modelling soil temperature in forest clearcuts using climate station data. Agric. For. Meteor., 36, 153-163.

Stauffer, D. R., 1983: The influence of radiative transfer on the mass and heat budgets of ice crystals falling in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1729-1739.

Stauffer, D. R., 1984: Review of the parameterization of radiation for numerical weather prediction and climate models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 826-867.

Stauffer, D. R. and N. L. Seaman, 1990: Use of four-dimensional data assimilation in a limited-area mesoscale model. Part I: Experiments with synoptic-scale data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1250-1277.

Stauffer, D. R. and N. L. Seaman, 1994: Multiscale four-dimensional data assimilation. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 416-434.

Stauffer, D. R., N. L. Seaman, and F. S. Binkowski, 1991: Use of four-dimensional data assimilation in a limited-area mesoscale model. Part II: Effects of data assimilation within the planetary boundary layer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 734-754.

Stauffer, D. R. and T. T. Warner, 1987: A numerical study of Appalachian cold-air damming and coastal frontogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 799-821.

Staume, A. G., 2001: A More Extensive Investigation of the Use of Ensemble Forecasts for Dispersion Model Evaluation. J. App. Meteor., 40, 425.

Staylor, W. F., 1993: Stability of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment scanner results for the first two years of multiple-satellite operations. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 827-832.

Staylor, W. F. and A. C. Wilber, 1990: Global surface albedos estimated from ERBE data. Proc. Seventh Conf. on Atmospheric Radiation, San Francisco, CA.

Steadman, R. G., 1979: The assessment of sultriness. Part I: A temperature-humidity index based on human physiology and clothing science. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 861-873.

Steadman, R. G., 1979: The assessment of sultriness. Part II: Effects of wind, extra radiation, and barometric pressure on apparent temperature. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 874-884.

Stearns, C. R., L. M. Keller, G. A. Weidner, and M. Sievers, 1993: Monthly mean climatic data for Antarctic automatic weather stations. Antarct. Meteor. Climatol., 61, 1-21.

Stearns, C. R. and G. Wendler, 1988: Research results from Antarctic automatic weather stations. Rev. Geophys., 26, 45-61.

Stearns, C. R., J. T. Young, and B. Sinkula, 1995: Two years of IR images south of 40 deg S every three hours. Proc. Fourth Conf. on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography, Dallas, Texas.

Stebbing, E. P., 1938: The man-made desert in Africa. J. Roy. African Soc., 37 (Suppl), 1-3.

Stebbins, J. and G. E. Kron, 1957: Six-color photometry of stars. X: The stellar magnitude and color index of the sun. Astrophys. J., 126, 266-280.

Stebbins, J. and A. E. Whitford, 1945: Six-color photometry of stars. Astrophys. J., 102, 318-341.

Steele, J. H., J. R. Barrett, and L. V. Worthington, 1962: Deep cur-rents south of Iceland. Deep-Sea Res., 9, 465-474.

Steele, K. E., C. C. Teng, and D. W. C. Wang, 1992: Wave direction measurements using pitch-roll buoys. Ocean Eng., 19(4), 349-375.

Steenburgh, W. J. and T. R. Blazek, 2001: Topographic Distortion of a Cold Front over the Snake River Plain and Central Idaho Mountains. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 301-314.

Steenburgh, W. J., S. F. Halvorson, and D. J. Onton, 2000: Climatology of Lake-Effect Snowstorms of the Great Salt Lake. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 709-727.

Steenburgh, W. J. and C. F. Mass, 1994: The structure and evolution of a simulated Rocky Mountain lee trough. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2740-2761.

Steenburgh, W. J. and D. J. Onton, 2001: Multiscale Analysis of the 7 December 1998 Great Salt Lake-Effect Snowstorm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1296-1317.

Steenburgh, W. J., D. M. Schultz, and B. A. Colle, 1998: The Structure and Evolution of Gap Outflow over the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2673-2691.

Stefanova, L. and T. N. Krishnamurti, 2002: Interpretation of Seasonal Climate Forecast Using Brier Skill Score, The Florida State University Superensemble, and the AMIP-I Dataset. J. Climate, 15, 537-544.

Steffen, K., 1985: Warm water cells in the North Water, Northern Baffin Bay during winter. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 9129-9136.

Steffen, K., 1987: Bidirectional reflectance of snow at 500-600 nm. Large Scale Effects of Seasonal Snowcover. IAHS Publ., 166, 415-425.

Steffen, K. and Coauthors, 1993: Snow and ice applications of AVHRR in polar regions: Report of a workshop held in Boulder, Colorado, 20 May 1992. Ann. Glaciol., 17, 1-16.

Steffen, K. and T. DeMaria, 1995: Surface energy balance of arctic sea ice in winter. Preprints, Fourth Conf. on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography. Dallas, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75-78.

Steigies, C. T., D. Block, M. Hirt, and A. Piel, 2001: The early phase of spread F development studied in situ with impedance and Langmuir probes (Paper 2000JA900146). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,765-12,780.

Stein, A. F. and J. C. Wyngaard, 2001: Fluid Modeling and the Evaluation of Inherent Uncertainty. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1769-1774.

Stein, C. F., 2001: Quantities which define conically self-similar free-vortex solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations uniquely. J. Fluid Mech., 438, 159-182.

Stein, J., 1992: Contribution a` l'e ¥tude des re¥gimes hydrostatiques d'e¥coulements orographiques. The`se de Doctorat. Universite¥ Paul Sabatier, 300.

Stein, U. and P. Alpert, 1991: Inclusion of sea moisture flux in the Anthes-Kuo cumulus parameterization. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 64, 231-243.

Stein, U. and P. Alpert, 1993: Fctor separation in numerical simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2107-2115.

Stein, U. and and, 1993: Factor separation in numerical simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2107-2115.

Steinacker, R., 1981: Analysis of the temperature and wind fields in the Alpine region. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 17, 51-62.

Steinacker, R., 1984: Area-height distribution of a valley and its relation to the valley wind. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 57, 64-71.

Steinberger, E. H., 1980: Transport of ozone in Israel. 14th Collo-quium.

Steiner, A. and H. Richner, 1994: Separation of clear-air echoes from precipitation echoes in UHF radar wind profiler measurements. Ann. Geophys., 12, 497-505.

Steiner, J. T., 1973: A three-dimensional model of cumulus cloud development. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 414-435.

Steiner, M., R. A. H. Jr., and S. E. Yuter, 1995: Climatological characterization of three-dimensional storm structure from operational radar and rain gauge data. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 1978-2007.

Steiner, M. and J. A. Smith, 2000: Reflectivity, Rain Rate, and Kinetic Energy Flux Relationships Based on Raindrop Spectra. J. App. Meteor., 39, 1923.

Steiner, M. and J. A. Smith, 2002: Use of Three-Dimensional Reflectivity Structure for Automated Detection and Removal of Nonprecipitating Echoes in Radar Data. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 673-686.

Steiner, M., Waldvogel, and A., 1987: Peaks in raindrop size distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3127-3133.

Stensrud, D. J. and J. L. Anderson, 2001: Is Midlatitude Convection an Active or a Passive Player in Producing Global Circulation Patterns? J. Climate, 14, 2222-2237.

Stensrud, D. J., J.-W. Bao, and T. T. Warner, 2001: Using initial condition and model physics perturbations in short-range ensemble forecast simulations of mesoscale convective systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2077-2107.

Stensrud, D. J., H. E. Brooks, J. Du, M. S. Tracton, and E. Rogers, 1999: Using Ensembles for Short-Range Forecasting. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 433-446.

Stensrud, D. J. and J. M. Fritsch, 1993: Mesoscale convective systems in weakly forced large-scale environments. Part I: Observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 3326-3344.

Stensrud, D. J. and J. M. Fritsch, 1994: Mesoscale convective systems in weakly forced large-scale environment. Part II: Generation of a mesoscale initial condition. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2084-2104.

Stensrud, D. J. and J. M. Fritsch, 1994: Mesoscale convective system in a weakly forced large-scale environment. Part III: Numerical simulations and implications for operational forecasting. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2084-2104.

Stensrud, D. J., R. L. Gall, S. L. Mullen, and K. W. Howard, 1995: Model climatology of the Mexican monsoon. J. Climate, 8, 1775-1794.

Stensrud, D. J., R. L. Gall, and M. K. Nordquist, 1997: Surges over the Gulf of California during the Mexican Monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 417-437.

Stensrud, D. J., M. H. Jain, K. W. Howard, and R. A. Maddox, 1990: Operational systems for observing the lower atmosphere: Importance of data sampling and archival procedures. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 930-937.

Stensrud, D. J. and R. A. Maddox, 1988: Opposing mesoscale circulations: A case study. Wea. Forecasting, 3, 189-204.

Stensrud, D. J., R. A. Maddox, and C. L. Ziegler, 1991: A sublimation-initiated mesoscale downdraft and its relation to the wind field below a precipitating anvil cloud. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2124-2139.

Stensrud, D. J. and H. N. Shirer, 1988: Development of Boundary Layer Rolls from Dynamic Instabilities. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1007–1019.

Stensrud, D. J. and M. S. Wandishin, 2000: The Correspondence Ratio in Forecast Evaluation. Wea. Forecasting, 15, 593.

Stensrud, D. J. and S. J. Weiss, 2002: Mesoscale Model Ensemble Forecasts of the 3 May 1999 Tornado Outbreak. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 526-543.

Stepanov, A. S., 1976: Influence of turbulence on the size spectrum of cloud drops during condensation. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 12.

Stephens, G. and A. Slingo, 1992: An air-conditioned greenhouse. Nature, 358, 369-370.

Stephens, G. L., 1978: Radiation profiles in extended water clouds. II: Parameterization schemes. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2123-2132.

Stephens, G. L., 1978: Radiation profiles in extended water clouds. I: Theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2111-2122.

Stephens, G. L., 1978: Radiation profiles in extended water clouds. Part II: Parameterization schemes. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2123-2132.

Stephens, G. L., 1979: Optical properties of eight water cloud types., 35 pp.

Stephens, G. L., 1980: Radiative properties of cirrus clouds in the infrared region. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 435-446.

Stephens, G. L., 1983: The influence of radiative transfer on the mass and heat budgets of ice crystals falling in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1729-1739.

Stephens, G. L., 1984: The parameterization of radiation for numerical weather prediction and climate models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 826-867.

Stephens, G. L., 1988: Radiative transfer through arbitrarily shaped optical media. Part II: Group theory and simple closures. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1818-1848.

Stephens, G. L., 1988: Radiative transfer through arbitrary shaped optical media. Part I: A general method of solution. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1818-1836.

Stephens, G. L., 1990: On the relationship between water vapor over the ocean and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 3, 634-645.

Stephens, G. L., 1995: Brightening the dark cloud paradox. Science, in press.

Stephens, G. L., 1996: How much solar radiation do clouds absorb? Science, 271, 1131-1133.

Stephens, G. L. and R. W. P. and, 1984: Multimode radiative transfer in finite optical media. II: Solutions. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 725-735.

Stephens, G. L., G. G. Campbell, and T. H. V. H. a, 1981: Earth radiation budgets. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9739-9760.

Stephens, G. L., P. M. Gabriel, and S.-C. Tsay, 1991: Statistical radiative transfer in one-dimensional media and its application to the terrestrial atmosphere. Trans. Theory Stat. Phys., 20, 139-175.

Stephens, G. L. and T. J. Greenwald, 1991: The earth's radiation budget and its relation to atmospheric hydrology. Part I: Observations of the clear sky greenhouse effect. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15311-15324.

Stephens, G. L. and T. J. Greenwald, 1991: The earth's radiation budget and its relation to atmospheric hydrology. Part II: Observations of cloud effects. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15325-15340.

Stephens, G. L., D. L. Jackson, and J. J. Bates, 1994: A comparison of SSM/I and TOVS column water vapor data over the global oceans. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 54, 183-201.

Stephens, G. L., G. W. Paltridge, and C. M. R. Platt, 1978: Radiation profiles in extended water clouds. Part III: Observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2133-2141.

Stephens, G. L. and C. M. R. Platt, 1987: Aircraft observations of the radiative and microphysical properties of stratocumulus and cumulus cloud fields. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 1243-1269.

Stephens, G. L., D. A. Randall, I. L. Wittmeyer, and D. A. Da-zlich, 1993: The earth's radiation budget and its relation to atmospheric hydrology. Part III: Comparison of observations over the oceans with a GCM. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4931-4950.

Stephens, G. L., A. Slingo, M. J. Webb, P. J. Minnett, P. H. Daum, L. Kleinman, I. Wittmeyer, and D. A. Randall, 1994: Observations of the earth's radiation budget in relation to atmospheric hydrology. Part IV: Atmospheric column radiative cooling over the world's oceans. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18585-18594.

Stephens, G. L., A. Slingo, M. J. Webb, P. J. Minnett, P. H. Daum, L. Klienman, I. Wittmeyer, and D. A. Randall, 1994: Observations of the earth's radiation budget in relation to atmospheric hydrology. Part IV: Atmospheric column radiative cooling over the World's Oceans. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18585-18604.

Stephens, G. L. and S.-C. Tsay, 1990: On the cloud absorption anomaly. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 671-704.

Stephens, G. L., S.-C. Tsay, P. W. S. Jr, and P. J. Flatau, 1990: The relevance of the microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds to climate and climate feedbacks. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1742-1753.

Stephens, G. L. and P. J. Webster, 1979: Sensitivity of radiative forcing to variable cloud and moisture. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1542-1556.

Stephens, G. L. and P. J. Webster, 1981: Clouds and climate: Sensitivity of simple systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 235-247.

Stephens, J. J., 1961: Radar cross-sections for water and ice spheres. J. Meteorology, 18, 348-359.

Stephens, J. J., 1970: Variational initialization with the balance equation. J. Appl. Meteor., 9, 732-739.

Stephenson, D. B., 1994: The impact of changing the horizontal dif-fusion scheme on the northern winter climatology of a general circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 211-226.

Stephenson, D. B., 1994: The Northern Hemisphere response to changes in the gravity wave drag scheme in a per-petual January GCM. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 699-712.

Stephenson, D. B., K. R. Kumar, F. J. Doblas-Reyes, J.-F. Royer, F. Chauvin, and S. Pezzulli, 1999: Extreme Daily Rainfall Events and Their Impact on Ensemble Forecasts of the Indian Monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1954-1966.

Steppeler, J., H. W. Bitzer, M. Minotte, and L. Bonaventura, 2002: Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Modeling Using a z-Coordinate Representation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2143-2149.

Steranka, J., L. J. Allison, and V. V. Salmonson, 1973: Applications of Nimbus-4 THIR 6.7 mm observations to regional and global moisture and wind field analysis. J. Appl. Meteor., 12, 386-395.

Sterlyadkin, V. V., 1988: Field measurements of raindrop oscillations. Izv. Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 24(6), 449-454.

Stern, M. E., 1975: Minimal properties of planetary eddies. J. Mar. Res., 33, 1-13.

Stern, M. E. and J. S. Malkus, 1953: The flow of a stable atmosphere over a heated island. Part II. J. Meteor., 10, 105-120.

Stern, M. E. and J. S. Turner, 1969: Salt fingers and convecting layers. Deep-Sea Res., 16, 497-511.

Stern, M. E. and J. A. Whitehead, 1990: Separation of a boundary jet in a rotating fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 217, 41-69.

Stern, M. E., J. A. Whitehead, and B.-L. Hua, 1982: The intrusion of a density current along the coast of a rotating fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 123, 237-266.

Stern, W. and K. Miyakoda, 1995: Feasibility of seasonal forecasts inferred from multiple GCM simulations. J. Climate, 8, 1071-1985.

Stern, W. F. and R. T. Pierrehumbert, 1988: The impact of an orographic gravity wave drag parameterization on extended range predictions with a GCM. Preprints, Eighth Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction. Baltimore, MD, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 745-750.

Stern, W. F., R. T. Pierrehumbert, J. Sirutis, J. Ploshay, and K. Miyakoda, 1987: Recent development in the GFDL extended-range forecasting system. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, (special volume for the WMO/ IUGG NWP Symp.), 359-363.

Stettler, M. and W. v. Hoyningen-Huene, 1994: Three years of aerosol extinction measurements with a He.Nelaser in the urban boundary layer of Leipzig, Germany. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 67, 169-180.

Steurer, P. M., 1989: Methods used to create an estimate of the 100year return period of the air freezing index. National Association of Home Builders Frost-protected Shallow Foundation Development Program Phase II Final Rep., 4.

Steurer, P. M. and J. Crandell, 1995: Comparison of the methods used to create an estimate of the air-freezing index. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 9, 64-74.

Stevens, B., 2000: Quasi-Steady Analysis of a PBL Model with an Eddy-Diffusivity Profile and Nonlocal Fluxes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 824-836.

Stevens, B., W. R. Cotton, G. Feingold, and C.-H. Moeng, 1998: "Large-Eddy Simulations of Strongly Precipitating, Shallow, Stratocumulus-Topped Boundary Layers". J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3616-3638.

Stevens, B., J. Duan, J. C. McWilliams, M. Munnich, and J. D. Neelin, 2002: Entrainment, Rayleigh Friction, and Boundary Layer Winds over the Tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 15, 30-44.

Stevens, B., G. Feingold, W. R. Cotton, and R. L. Walko, 1996: Elements of the microphysical structure of numerically simulated nonprecipitating stratocumulus. J. Atmos. Sci. 53, 980-1006.

Stevens, B., C.-H. Moeng, and P. P. Sullivan, 1999: Large-Eddy Simulations of Radiatively Driven Convection: Sensitivities to the Representation of Small Scales. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3963-3984.

Stevens, B., R. L. Walko, W. R. Cotton, and G. Feingold, 1996: On the spurious production of cloud edge supersaturations by Eu-lerian models. Mon. Wea. Rev., in press.

Stevens, D. E., 1979: Vorticity, momentum and divergence budgets of synoptic-scale wave disturbances in the tropical eastern Atlantic. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 535-550.

Stevens, D. E., 1983: On symmetric stability and instability of zonal mean flows near the equator. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 882-893.

Stevens, D. E., J. B. Bell, A. S. Almgren, V. E. Beckner, and C. A. Rendleman, 2000: Small-Scale Processes and Entrainment in a Stratocumulus Marine Boundary Layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 567-581.

Stevens, D. E., R. S. Lindzen, and L. J. Shapiro, 1977: A new model of tropical waves incorporating momentum mixing by cumulus convection. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 1, 365-425.

Stevens, D. P., 1990: On open boundary conditions for three dimensional primative equation ocean circulation models. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 51, 103-133.

Stevens, D. P., 1991: A numerical ocean circulation model of the Norwegian and Greenland Seas. Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 27, Pergamon.

Stevens, D. P. and V. D. Ivchenko, 1996: The zonal momentum balance in a realistic eddy resolving general circulation model of the Southern.

Stevens, D. P. and V. O. Ivchenko, 1996: The zonal momentum balance in a realistic eddy resolving general circulation model of the Southern Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 753-774.

Stevens, D. P. and P. D. Killworth, 1992: The distribution of kinetic energy in the Southern Ocean. A comparison between observations and an eddy resolving general circulation model. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. B, 338, 251-257.

Stevens, N. F., G. Wadge, C. A. Williams, J. G. Morley, J. P. Muller, J. B. Murray, and M. Upton, 2001: Surface movements of emplaced lava flows measured by synthetic aperture radar interferometry (Paper 2000JB900425). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 11,293-11,314.

Stevenson, J. W., 1983: The seasonal variation of the surface mixed layer response to the vertical motions of linear Rossby waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1255-1268.

Stewart, H. J., 1945: Hydrodynamical problems arising from the investigation of the transverse circulation in the atmosphere. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 51, 781Ò7-99.

Stewart, J. B., 1977: Evaporation from the wet canopy of a pine forest. Water Resour. Res., 13, 915-921.

Stewart, J. B., 1995: Turbulent surface fluxes derived from radiometric surface temperature of sparse prairie grass. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

Stewart, J. B., W. P. Kustas, K. S. Humes, W. D. Nichols, M. S. Moran, and H. A. R. d. B. a, 1994: Sensible heat flux-radiometric surface temperature relationship for eight semiarid areas. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 1110-1117.

Stewart, J. B., W. J. Shuttleworth, K. Blythe, and C. R. Lloyd, 1989: FIFE: A comparison between aerodynamic surface temperature and radiometric surface temperature over sparse prairie grass. Proc. 19th Agricultural and Forest Meteorology and 9th Conf. on Biometeorology and Aerobiology, Charleston, SC.

Stewart, M. R. and H. E. Fuelberg, 1986: Relationships between 6.7 micrometer imagery and radiosondederived parameters. Preprints, Second Conf. on Satellite Meteorology/ Remote Sensing and Applications, Williamsburg, VA.

Stewart, R. E., 1984: Deep 0°C isothermal layers within precipitation bands over southern Ontario. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 2567-2572.

Stewart, R. E., 1991: Canadian Atlantic Storms Program: Progress and plans of the meteorological component. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 364-371.

Stewart, R. E. and N. R. Donaldson, 1989: On the nature of rapidly deepening Canadian East Coast winter storms. Atmos.-Ocean, 27, 87-107.

Stewart, R. E. and P. King, 1987: Rain/ snow boundaries over Southern Ontario. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1270-1279.

Stewart, R. E., J. D. Marwitz, J. C. Pace, and R. E. Carbone, 1984: Characteristics through the melting layer of stratiform clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3227-3237.

Stewart, R. E. and G. M. McFarquha, 1987: On the width and motion of a rain/ snow boundary. Water Resour. Res., 23, 343-350.

Stewart, R. E., R. W. Shaw, and G. A. Isaac, 1987: Canadian Atlantic Storms Program: The meteorological field project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 68, 338-345.

Stewart, R. H., 1985: Methods of Satellite Oceanography. University of California Press, 360.

Stewart, R. W., 1969: Turbulence and waves in a stratified atmosphere. Radio Sci., 4, 1269-1278.

Stewart, R. W., 1987: The no-slip constraint and ocean models. (Un-published manuscript). Ocean Modelling, 75, 1-3.

Stewart, R. W. and H. L. Grant, 1962: Determination of the rate of dissipation of turbulent energy near the sea surface in the presence of waves. J. Geophys. Res., 67, 3177-3180.

Stewart, R. W., B. Kjerfve, J. Milliman, and S. N. Dwivedi, 1990: Relative sea-level change: A critical evaluation. UNESCO Marine Science Rep. 54, 22.

Stewart, T. R., 1990: A decomposition of the correlation coefficient and its use in analyzing forecasting skill. Wea. Forecasting, 5, 661-666.

Stewart, T. R., C. M. Hayden, and W. L. Smith, 1985: A note on water-vapor wind tracking using VAS data on McIDAS. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 66, 1111-1115.

Stewart, T. R., W. R. Moninger, J. Grassia, R. H. Brady, and F. H. Merrem, 1989: Analysis of expert judgment in a hail forecasting experiment. Wea. Forecasting, 4, 24-34.

Stewartson, K., 1978: The evolution of the critical layer of a Rossby wave. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 9, 185-200.

Steyaert, L. T. and G. L. Darkow, 1973: Diurnal variations in the ability to infer spatial variability in the thermodynamic properties of the lowest kilometer from surface data. Preprints, Eighth Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 238-243.

Steyn, D. G. and G. McKendry, 1988: Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of a three-dimensional mesoscale numerical model simulation of a sea breeze in complex terrain. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1914-1926.

Stiassnie, M., Y. Agnon, and L. Shemer, 1991: Fractal dimensions of random water surfaces. Physica D, 47, 341-352.

Stiegler, D. J. and T. T. Fujita, 1982: A detailed analysis of the San Marcos, Texas, tornado induced by Hurricane ''Allen'' on 10 August 1980. Preprints, 12th Conf. Severe Local Storms, San Antonio, TX.

Stiegman, A. E., C. J. Bruegge, and A. W. Springsteen, 1993: Ultra-violet stability and contamination analysis of Spectralon diffuse reflectance material. Opt. Eng. 32(4), 799-804.

Stigebrandt, A., 1975: Stationa®r tvalagerstro ®mning i estuarier. Vass-dragsog Havne-laboratoriet, Trondheim. Rep. STF60 A75120. 68.

Stigebrandt, A., 1977: On the effect of barotropic current fluctuations on the two-layer transport capacity of a constriction. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 118-122.

Stigebrandt, A., 1981: A mechanism governing the estuarine circulation in deep, strongly stratified f jords. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci., 13, 197-211.

Stigebrandt, A., 1987: Computations of the flow of dense water into the Baltic from hydrographical measurements in the Arkona Basin. Tellus, 39A, 170-177.

Stigebrandt, A., 1990: On the response of the horizontal mean vertical distribution in a f jord to low-frequency density fluctuations in the coastal water. Tellus, 42A, 605-614.

Stiller, O. and G. C. Craig, 2001: A scaling hypothesis for moist convective updraughts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1551-1570.

Stillinger, D. C., K. N. Helland, and C. E. v. Atta, 1983: Experiments on the transition of homogeneous turbulence to internal waves in a stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 131, 91-122.

Stimson, M. and G. B. Jeffery, 1926: The motion of two spheres in viscous fluid. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A111, 110-116.

Stiriba, Y., 2002: A Nonlinear Flux Split Method for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws. J. Compu. Phy., 176, 20-39.

Stith, J. L. and R. L. Benner, 1987: Applications of fast response continuous SF6 analyzers to in situ cloud studies. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 599-612.

Stith, J. L., D. A. Burrows, and P. J. DeMott, 1994: Initiation of ice: Comparison of numerical model results with observations of ice development in a cumulus cloud. Atmos. Res., 32, 13-30.

Stith, J. L., A. G. Detwiler, R. F. Reinking, and P. L. Smith, 1990: Investigating transport, mixing and the formation of ice in cumuli with gaseous tracer techniques. Atmos. Res., 25, 195-216.

Stith, J. L., J. E. Dye, A. Bansemer, A. J. Heymsfield, C. A. Grainger, W. A. Petersen, and R. Cifelli, 2002: Microphysical Observations of Tropical Clouds. J. App. Meteor., 41, 97-117.

Stith, J. L., D. A. Griffith, R. L. Rose, J. A. Flueck, J. R. M. Jr., and P. L. Smith, 1986: A preliminary study of transport, dif-fusion and ice activation in cumulus clouds using an atmospheric tracer. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 1959-1970.

Stith, J. L. and M. K. Politovich, 1989: Observations of the effects of entrainment and mixing on the droplet size spectra in a small cumulus. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 908-919.

Stith, J. L., J. Scala, R. Reinking, and and, 1996: Combined use of three techniques for studying transport and dispersion in cumuli. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 1387-1401.

Stith, J. L., J. Scala, R. Reinking, and B. Martner, 1994: Three techniques for studying the transport and dispersion of seeding material. Preprints, Sixth WMO Conf. on Weather Modification, Paestum, Italy.

Stobie, J. G., F. Einaudi, and L. W. Uccelini, 1983: A case study of gravity waves-convective storm interaction: 9 May 1979. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2804-2830.

Stockdale, T., D. Anderson, M. Davey, P. Delecluse, A. Kattenberg, Y. Kitamura, M. Latif, and T. Yamagata, 1993: Intercomparison of tropical ocean GCMs. TOGA-NEG Rep. WCRP-79. Geneva, Switzerland, 63.

Stockdale, T., M. Latif, G. Burgers, and J.-O. Wolff, 1994: Some sensitivities of a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM. Tellus, 46A, 367-380.

Stockdale, T. N., 1997: Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Forecasts in the Presence of Climate Drift. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 809-818.

Stocker, R. A., R. A. Pielke, A. J. Verdon, and J. T. Snow, 1990: Characteristics of plume releases as depicted by balloon launchings and model simulations. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 53-62.

Stocker, T. F. and L. A. Mysak, 1991: Climate fluctuations on the century timescale: A review of high-resolution proxy data and possible mechanisms. Clim. Change, 20, 227-250.

Stocker, T. F. and D. G. Wright, 1991: A zonally averaged ocean model for the thermohaline circulation. Part II: Interocean circulation in the Pacific-Atlantic basin system. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1725-1739.

Stocker, T. F., D. G. Wright, and L. A. Mysak, 1992: A zonally averaged, coupled ocean-atmosphere model for paleoclimate studies. J. Climate, 5, 773-797.

Stocks, C. M., 1998: Intercomparision of Icing Aviation Impact Variables Forecasts Produced During Realtime Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction, School of Meteorology, University of Oklahomapp,

Stockton, C. W. and D. M. Meko, 1983: Drought recurrence in the Great Plains as reconstructed from longterm tree-ring records. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 17-29.

Stoew, B., G. Elgered, and J. M. Johannsson, 2001: An assessment of estimated of integrated water vapor from ground-based GPS data. Meteor. Atmos. Phy., 77, 99-108.

Stoffelen, A. and D. L. T. A. a, 1994: Characterisation of ERS-1 scatterometer measurements and wind retrieval. Proc. Second ERS-1 Symp.-Space at the Service of Our Environment, Hamburg, Germany.

Stoffelen, A. and D. L. T. Anderson, 1992: ERS-1 scatterometer calibration and validation activities at ECMWF: A. The quality and characteristics of the radar backscatter measurements. Proc. of the ERS-1 Geophysical Validation Campaign RENE 1991, Penhors, European Space Agency.

Stoffelen, A. and G. J. Cats, 1991: The impact of Seasat-A scatterometer data on high-resolution analyses and forecasts: The development of the QE II storm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2794-2802.

Stohl, A., L. Haimberger, M. P. Scheele, and H. Wernli, 2001: An intercomparison of results from three trajectory models. Meteor. Appl., 8, 127-136.

Stoker, C., 2001: Introduction to the special section: The Marsokhod Silver Lake field experiment (Paper 2000JE001485). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 7637-7638.

Stoker, C. R., and coauthors, 2001: The 1999 Marsokhod rover mission simulation at Silver Lake, California: Mission overview, data sets, and summary of results (Paper 1999JE001178). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 7639-7664.

Stokes, G. G., 1846: Report on recent researches in hydrodynamics. Rep. 16th Meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., England, Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci.

Stokes, G. M. and S. E. Schwartz, 1994: The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program: Programmatic background and design of the cloud and radiation test bed. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 1201-1221.

Stokes, J. R., L. J. W. Graham, and D. V. Boger, 2001: Swirling flow of viscoelastic fluids. Part 1. Interaction between inertia and elasticity. J. Fluid Mech., 67.

Stokes, J. R., L. J. W. Graham, and D. V. Boger, 2001: Swirling flow of viscoelastic fluids. Part 2. Elastic effects. J. Fluid Mech., 117.

Stolzenburg, M., 1990: Characteristics of the bipolar pattern of lightning locations observed in 1988 thunderstorms. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 71, 1331-1338.

Stolzenburg, M., 1994: Observations of high ground flash densities of positive lightning in summertime thunderstorms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1740-1750.

Stolzenburg, M. and T. C. Marshall, 1994: Testing models of thunderstorm charge distributions with Coulomb's law. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25912-25932.

Stolzenburg, M., T. C. Marshall, and W. D. Rust, 2001: Serial soundings of electric field through a mesoscale convective system (Paper 2001JD900074). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,731-12,380.

Stolzenburg, M., T. C. Marshall, W. D. Rust, and B. F. Smull, 1994: Horizontal distribution of electrical and meteorological conditions across the stratiform region of a mesoscale convective system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1777-1797.

Stolzenburg, M. R. and P. H. McMurry, 1991: An ultrafine aerosol condensation nucleus counter. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 14, 48-65.

Stommel, H., 1947: Entrainment of air into a cumulus cloud. Part I. J. Appl. Meteor., 4, 91-94.

Stommel, H., 1948: The westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents. Eos Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 29, 202-206.

Stommel, H., 1950: The Gulf Stream: A brief history of the ideas con cerning its cause. Sci. Mon., 75, 242Ò2-53.

Stommel, H., 1957: A survey of ocean current theory. Deep-Sea Res., 4, 149-184.

Stommel, H., 1958: The abyssal circulation. Deep-Sea Res., 5, 80-82.

Stommel, H., 1960: Wind-drift near the equator. Deep-Sea Res., 6, 298-302.

Stommel, H., 1961: Thermohaline convection with two stable re-gimes of flow. Tellus, 13, 224-228.

Stommel, H., 1962: On the smallness of sinking regions in the ocean. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 48, 766-772.

Stommel, H., 1979: Determination of watermass properties of water pumped down from the Ekman layer to the geostrophic flow below. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 76, 3051-3055.

Stommel, H., 1982: Is the South Pacific helium-3 plume dynamically active? Earth Plan. Sci. Lett., 61, 63-67.

Stommel, H., 1989: The Slocum Mission. Oceanus, 32, 93Ò9-6.

Stommel, H. and and, 1960: On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean-II. An idealized model of the circulation pattern and amplitude in oceanic basins. Deep-Sea Res., 6, 217-233.

Stommel, H., and, and A. J. Faller, 1958: Some examples of stationary flow patterns in bounded basins. Tellus, 10, 179-187.

Stommel, H. and A. B. Arons, 1960: On the abyssal circulation of the World Ocean. I. Stationary planetary flow patterns on a sphere. Deep-Sea Res., 6, 140-154.

Stommel, H., H. Bryden, and P. Mangelsdorf, 1973: Does some of the Mediterranean outflow come from great depth? Pure Appl. Geophys., 105, 879-889.

Stommel, H. and H. G. Farmer, 1953: Control of salinity in an es-tuary by a transition. J. Mar. Res., 12, 13-20.

Stommel, H., P. Niiler, and D. Anati, 1978: Dynamic topography and recirculation of the North Atlantic. J. Mar. Res., 36, 449-468.

Stommel, H. and F. Schott, 1977: The beta-spiral and the determination of the absolute velocity field from hydrographic station data. Deep-Sea Res., 24, 325-329.

Stommel, H. M., 1965: The Gulf Stream: A Physical and Dynamical Description. University of California Press, 248.

Stone, D. A., A. J. Weaver, and R. J. Stouffer, 2001: Projection of Climate Change onto Modes of Atmospheric Variability. J. Clim., 14, 3551-3565.

Stone, E. M., W. J. Randel, and J. L. Stanford, 1999: Transport of Passive Tracers in Baroclinic Wave Life Cycles. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1364-1381.

Stone, H. M. and S. Manabe, 1968: Comparison among various numerical models designed for computing infrared cooling. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 735-741.

Stone, M., 1974: Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions. J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B, 36, 111-147.

Stone, P., 1972: A simplified radiativedynamical model for the static stability of rotating atmospheres. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 405-418.

Stone, P., 1978: Baroclinic adjustment. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 561-571.

Stone, P. H., 1966: Frontogenesis by horizontal wind deformation fields. J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 455-465.

Stone, P. H., 1966: On non-geostrophic baroclinic instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 390-400.

Stone, P. H., 1970: On non-geostrophic baroclinic stability. Part II. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 721-726.

Stone, P. H., 1972: A simplified radiativedynamical model for the static stability of rotating atmospheres. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 405-418.

Stone, P. H., 1973: The effect of large-scale eddies on climatic change. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 521-529.

Stone, P. H., 1978: Baroclinic adjustment. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 561-571.

Stone, P. H., 1978: Constraints on dynamical transports of energy on a spherical planet. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 2, 123-139.

Stone, P. H. and L. Branscome, 1992: Diabatically forced, nearly inviscid eddy regimes. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 355-367.

Stone, P. H. and R. M. Chervin, 1984: The influence of ocean surface temperature gradient and continentality on the Walker Circulation. Part II: Prescribed global changes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1524-1534.

Stone, P. H., S. Chow, and W. J. Quirk, 1977: The July climate and a comparison of the January and July climates simulated by the GISS general circulation model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 170-194.

Stone, P. H., S. J. Ghan, D. Spiegel, and S. Rambaldi, 1982: Shortterm fluctuations in the eddy heat flux and baroclinic stability of the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1734-1746.

Stone, P. H. and D. A. Miller, 1980: Empirical relations between seasonal changes in meridional temperature gradients and meridional fluxes of heat. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1708-1721.

Stone, P. H., W. J. Quirk, and R. C. J. Somerville, 1974: The effect of small-scale vertical mixing of horizontal momentum in a general circulation model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 102, 765-771.

Stone, P. H. and J. S. Risbey, 1990: On the limitations of general circulation climate models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 2173-2176.

Stone, P. H. and M.-S. Yao, 1990: Development of a two-dimensional zonally averaged statisticaldynamical model. Part III: The parameterization of the eddy fluxes of heat and moisture. J. Climate, 3, 726-740.

Stone, P. H. and M.-S. Yao, 1991: Vertical eddy heat fluxes from model simulations. J. Climate, 4, 304-317.

Stone, R. C., 1989: Weather types at Brisbane, Queensland: An example of the use of principal component and cluster analysis. Int. J. Climatol., 9, 3-32.

Stone, R. C. and A. Auliciems, 1992: SOI phase relationships with rainfall in eastern Australia. Int. J. Climatol., 12, 625-636.

Stone, R. C. and G. L. Hammer, 1992: Seasonal climate forecasting in crop management. Proc. Sixth Australian Agronomy Conference, Ar-midale, New South Wales.

Stone, R. S., 1993: Properties of Austral winter clouds derived from radiometric profiles at the South Pole. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12961-12971.

Stooksbury, D. A. and P. J. Michaels, 1991: Cluster analysis of southeastern U.S. climate stations. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 44, 143-150.

Storch, H. V., 1978: Construction of optimal numerical filters fitted for noise damping in numerical simulation models. Co trib. Atmos. Phys., 51(2), 189-197.

Storch, J.-S. v., 1999: The Reddest Atmospheric Modes and the Forcings of the Spectra of These Modes. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1614-1626.

Storr, D. and H. L. Ferguson, 1972: The distribution of precipitation in some mountainous Canadian watersheds. Distribution of Precipitation in Mountainous Areas. II. Report 326, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva.

Stoss, L. A. and S. L. Mullen, 1995: The dependence of short-range 500-mb height forecasts on the initial flow regime. Wea. Forecasting, 10, 353-368.

Stossel, A., P. Lemke, and W. B. Owens, 1990: Coupled sea ice-mixed layer simulations for the southern ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 95(C6), 9527-9538.

Stothers, R. B., 1989: Turbulent atmospheric plumes above line sources with an application to volcanic fissure eruptions on the terrestrial planets. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2662-2670.

Stothers, R. B., 2001: Major optical depth pertubations to the stratosphere from volcanic eruptions: Stellar extinction period, 1961-1978. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2993.

Stott, P. A., S. F. B. Tett, and J. F. B. Mitchell, 2001: Attribution of twentieth century temperature change to natural and anthropogenic causes. Climate dynamics, 17, 1.

Stouffer, R. J., S. Manabe, and K. Bryan, 1989: Interhemispheric asymmetry in climate response to a gradual increase of atmospheric CO2. Nature, 342, 660-662.

Stouffer, R. J., S. Manabe, and K. Y. Vinnikov, 1994: Model assessment of the role of natural variability in recent global warming. Nature, 367, 634-636.

Stout, G. E. and H. W. Hiser, 1955: Rdar scope interpretations of wind hail and heavy rainstorms between 27 May and 8 June 1954. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 36, 519-527.

Stout, G. E. and F. A. Huff, 1953: Radar records Illinois tornadogenesis. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 34, 281-284.

Stout, G. E. and E. A. Mueller, 1968: Survey of relationships between rainfall rate and radar reflectivity in the measurement of precipitation. J. Appl. Meteor., 7, 465-474.

Stout, J., J. Steranka, and R. A. Petersen, 1984: Vertical displacements of the mid-tropospheric water vapor boundary in the tropics derived from the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) 6.7 mm channel. Preprints, Conf. on Satellite / Remote Sensing and Applications, Clearwater Beach, FL.

Stow, S. R., A. P. Dowling, and T. P. Hynes, 2002: Reflection of circumferential modes in a choked nozzle. J. Fluid Mech., 467, 215-240.

Stowe, L. L., R. M. Carey, and P. P. Pellegrino, 1992: Monitoring the Mt. Pinatubo aerosol layer with NOAA/ 11 AVHRR data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 159-162.

Stowe, L. L. and Coauthors, 1989: NIMBUS-7 global cloud climatology. Part II: First year results. J. Climate, 2, 671-709.

Stowe, L. L., H. Jacobowitz, G. Ohring, K. R. Knapp, and N. R. Nalli, 2002: The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder Atmosphere (PATMOS) Climate Dataset: Initial Analyses and Evaluations. J. Climate, 15, 1243-1260.

Stowe, L. L., H. Y. M., Yeh, T. F. Eck, C. G. Wellemeyer, H. L. Kyle, and t. N.-C. J. D. E. and, 1989: Nimbus-7 global cloud climatology. Part II: First year results. J. Climate, 2, 671-709.

Stowe, L. L., E. P. McClain, R. Carey, P. Pellegrino, G. G. Gutman, P. Davis, C. Long, and S. Hart, 1991: Global distribution of cloud cover derived from NOAA/ AVHRR operational satellite data. Adv. Space Res., 11, 351-354.

Stowe, L. L., G. G. Wellemeyer, F. F. Eck, and H. Y. M. Y. t. N.-C. D. P. Team, 1988: Nimbus-7 global cloud climatology. Part I: Algorithms and validation. J. Climate, 1, 445-470.

Strabala, K. I., S. A. Ackerman, and W. P. Menzel, 1994: Cloud properties inferred from 8-12-mm data. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 212-229.

Strahl, J. L. S. and P. J. Smith, 2001: A Diagnostic Study of an Explosively Developing Extratropical Cyclone and an Associated 500-hPa Trough Merger. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2310-2328.

Strain, J., 2001: A Fast Semi-Lagrangian Contouring Method for Moving Interfaces. J. Comp. Phy., 170, 373-394.

Straka, J., J. Wurman, and E. Rasmussen, 1995: Observations of the low-levels of tornadic dtorms using a portable X-band Dopplar radar. Preprints, Conference on Radar Meteorology, Vail, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Straka, J. M. and J. R. Anderson, 1993: The numerical simulations of microburst producing thunderstorms: Some results from storms observed during the COHMEX experiment. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1329-1348.

Straka, J. M. and J. R. Anderson, 1993: Numerical simulations of microburst producing storms: Some results from storms observed during COHMEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1329-1348.

Straka, J. M. and E. N. Rasmussen, 1996: Toward improving microphysical parameterizations of conversion parameterizations. J. Appl. Meteor.

Straka, J. M., R. B. Wilhelmson, L. J. Wicker, J. R. Anderson, and K. K. D. a, 1993: Numerical solutions of a nonlinear density current: A benchmark solution and comparisons. Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 17, 1-22.

Straka, J. M., R. B. Wilhelmson, L. J. Wicker, J. R. Anderson, and K. K. Droegemeier, 1993: Numerical solutions of a non-linear density current: A benchmark solution and comparisons. Int. J. Numer. Methods, 17, 1-22.

Stramma, L., 1984: Geostrophic transport in the warm water sphere of the eastern subtropical North Atlantic. J. Mar. Res., 42, 537-558.

Stramma, L., 1989: The Brazil current south of 23 deg.S. Deep-Sea Res., 36, 639-646.

Stramma, L. and G. Siedler, 1988: Seasonal changes in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 8111-8118.

Strand, O. N. and E. R. Westwater, 1968: Minimum rms estimation of the numerical solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 5, 287-295.

Strang, G., 1968: On the construction and comparison of difference schemes. SIAM J. Num. Anal., 5, 506-517.

Strapp, J. W., F. Albers, A. Reuter, A. V. Korolev, U. Maixner, E. Rashke, and Z. Vukovic, 2001: Laboratory Measurements of the Response of a PMS OAP-2DC. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 1150-1170.

Strapp, J. W., H. G. Leighton, and G. A. Isaac, 1979: A comparison of model calculations of ice crystal growth with observations following silver iodide seeding. Atmos.-Ocean, 17, 234-252.

Strapp, J. W., R. A. Stuart, and G. A. Isaac, 1996: A Canadian climatology of freezing precipitation, and a detailed study using data from St. John's Newfoundland. Proc. FAA International Conf. on Aircraft Inflight Icing, Springfield, VA.

Strass, V. H., 1992: Chlorophyll patchiness caused by mesoscale up-welling at fronts. Deep-Sea Res., 39, 75-96.

Strass, V. H., 1994: Mesoscale instability and upwelling. Part II: Testing the diagnostics of vertical motion with a three-dimensional ocean front model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1759-1767.

Straub, D. N., P. D. Killworth, and M. Kawase, 1993: A simple model of mass driven abyssal circulation over a general bottom topography. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1454-1469.

Straub, D. N. and P. B. Rhines, 1990: Effects of large-scale topography on abyssal circulation. J. Mar. Res., 48, 223-253.

Strauch, R. G., D. A. Merritt, K. P. Moran, K. B. Earnshaw, and D. v. d. Kamp, 1984: The Colorado wind-profiling network. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 1, 37-49.

Strauch, R. G., B. L. Weber, A. S. Frisch, C. G. Little, D. A. Merritt, K. P. Moran, and D. C. Welsh, 1987: The precision and relative accuracy of profiler wind measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 563-571.

Straughan, B., 2001: Surface-Tension-Driven Convection in a Fluid Overlying a Porous Layer. J. Comp. Phy., 170, 320-337.

Straume, A. G., 2001: A More Extensive Investigation of the Use of Ensemble Forecasts for Dispersion Model Evaluation. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 425-445.

Straus, D. M. and J. Shukla, 1997: Variations of Midlatitude Transient Dynamics Associated with ENSO. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 777-790.

Straus, D. M. and J. Shukla, 2002: Does ENSO Force the PNA? J. Climate, 15, 2340-2358.

Straus, D. M. and Q. Yang, 1997: Vertical Structure and Dominant Horizontal Scales of Baroclinic Waves in the NASA DAO and NCEP Reanalyses. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 3266-3278.

Straus, D. M. and Y. Yi, 1998: Interactions of Synoptic and Planetary Waves: Scale-Dependent Forcing of a GCM. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 876-894.

Strauss, B., 1995: Changes to the operational forecasting system. ECMWF Newslett., 68, p. -2.

Stravisi, F., 1977: Bora driven circulation in Northern Adriatic. Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl., 19, 95-102.

Strebel, D. E., D. R. Landis, K. F. Huemmrich, and B. W. Meeson, 1994: Collected data of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment. Vol. 1. Surface Observations and Nonimage Data Sets, NASA Goddard.

Strebel, D. E., D. R. Landis, K. F. Huemmrich, J. A. Newcomer, and B. W. Meeson, 1998: The FIFE Data Publication Experiment. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1277-1283.

Strebel, D. E., D. R. Landis, K. R. Huemmrich, J. A. Newcomer, and B. W. Meeson, 1988: The FIFE data publication experiment. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1277-1283.

Street, R. B., B. F. Findlay, and P. T. Y. Louie, 1986: An applied climatology of drought in the prairies provinces. Rep. 86-4, Can. Clim. Cent., Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, ON, Canada.

Street-Perrott, F. A., J. F. B. Mitchell, D. S. Marchand, and J. S. Brunner, 1990: Milankovitch and albedo forcing of the tropical monsoons: A comparison of geological evidence and numerical simulations for 9000 yBP. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 81, 407-427.

Streten, N. A., 1963: Some observations of Antarctic katabatic winds. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 42, 1-23.

Streten, N. A., 1978: A quasiperiodicity in the motion of the South Pacific cloud band. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1211-1214.

Streten, N. A. and A. J. Troup, 1973: A synoptic climatology of observed cloud vorticies over the southern hemisphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 99, 56-72.

Streten, N. A. and A. J. Troup, 1973: A synoptic climatology of satellite observed cloud vortices over the Southern Hemisphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 99, 56-72.

Stro ® m, J., F. S. der, J. Heintzenberg, T. Anderson, P. Wendling, and B. Strauss, 1994: Recent measurements in cirrus clouds and contrails using the MISU CVI-payload during ICE94. Seventh EUCREX-2 Workshop, Lille, France, Universite¥ des Sciences et Technologies de Lille. 83-85.

Ström, J., B. Strauss, T. Anderson, F. Schröder, J. Heintzenberg, and P. Wendling, 1997: In Situ Observations of the Microphysical Properties of Young Cirrus Clouds **. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2542-2553.

Strommen, N. D. and J. R. Harman, 1978: Seasonally changing patterns of lake-effect snowfall in western lower Michigan. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 503-509.

Strong, C., F.-F. Jin, and M. Ghil, 1995: Intraseasonal oscillations in a barotropic model with annual cycle, and their predictability. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2627-2642.

Strong, C. M., F.-F. Jin, and and, 1995: Intraseasonal oscillations in a barotropic model with annual cycle, and their predictability. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2627-2642.

Strong, C. M., F.-F. Jin, and M. Ghil, 1993: Intraseasonal variability in a barotropic model with seasonal forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2965-2986.

Strong, G. S., 1996: The Regional Evaporation Study: 1. An atmospheric moisture budget approach. Proc. Int. Symp. on Precipitation and Evaporation, Bratislava, Slovakia.

Strothers, R. B., 1989: Turbulent atmospheric plumes above line sources with an application to volcanic fissure eruptions on the terrestrial planets. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2662-2670.

Stroud, D. and F. P. Pan, 1978: Self-consistent approach to electro-magnetic wave propagation in composite media: Application to model granular metals. Phys. Rev. B, 17, 1602-1610.

Stroud, W. G., W. Nordberg, and W. R. Bandeen, 1959: Rocketgrenade observation of atmospheric heating in the Arctic. J. Geophys. Res., 64, 1342-1343.

Strugnell, N. C. and W. Lucht, 2001: An Algorithm to Infer Continental-Scale Albedo from AVHRR Data, Land Cover Class, and Field Observations of Typical BRDFs. J. Climate, 14, 1360.

Stuart, R. A. and G. A. Isaac, 1994: A comparison of temperatureprecipitation relationships from observations and as modeled by the general circulation model of the Canadian Climate Centre. J. Climate, 7, 277-282.

Stuart, R. A. and A. S. Judge, 1991: On the applicability of GCM estimates to scenarios of global warming in the Mackenzie Valley area. Climatol. Bull., 25, 147-169.

Stubenrauch, C., N. A. Scott, and A. Chedin, 1996: Cloud field identification for earth radiation budget studies. Part I: Cloud field classification using HIRS-MSU sounder measurements. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 416-427.

Stubenrauch, C. J., V. Briand, and W. B. Rossow, 2002: The Role of Clear-Sky Identification in the Study of Cloud Radiative Effects: Combined Analysis from ISCCP and the Scanner of Radiation Budget. J. App. Meteor., 41, 396-412.

Stubenrauch, C. J., J. P. Duvel, and R. S. Kandel, 1993: Determination of long wave anisotropic emission factors from combined broadand narrowband radiance measurements. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 848- 8-56.

Stubenrauch, C. J., G.Se`ze, N. A. Scott, A. Chedin, M. Desbois, and R. S. Kandel, 1996: Cloud field identification for earth radiation budget studies. Part II: Cloud field classification for the ScaRaB radiometer. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 428-443.

Stubley, G. D. and D. R. Rooney, 1986: The sensitivity of ke model computations of the neutral planetary boundary layer to baroclinicity. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 37, 53-70.

Stuhlmann, R., P. Minnis, and G. L. Smith, 1985: Cloud bidirectional reflectance functions: A comparison of experimental and theoretical results. Appl. Opt., 24, 396-401.

Stuhlmann, R., E. Raschke, and U. Schmid, 1993: Cloud-Generated Radiative Heating from METEOSAT Data. IRS '92: Cur-rent Problems in Atmospheric Radiation. A. Deepak. 69-75.

Stull, R. B., 1973: Inversion-rise model based on penetrative convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1092-1099.

Stull, R. B., 1976: The energetics of entrainment across a density interface. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1260-1267.

Stull, R. B., 1976: Internal gravity waves generated by penetrative convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1279-1286.

Stull, R. B., 1976: Mixed layer depth model based on turbulent energetics. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1268-1278.

Stull, R. B., 1983: Integral scales for the nocturnal boundary layer. Part I: empirical depth relationships. J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 22, 673-686.

Stull, R. B., 1984: Transilient turbulence theory. Part I: The concept of eddy mixing across finite distances. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3351-3367.

Stull, R. B., 1984: Models and measurements of the interaction between the mixed layer and fair-weather cumulus clouds. Part 2: Some preliminary measurements. Trans. from the APCA Specialty Conf. Environmental Impact of Natural Emissions, Research Triangle Park, NC.

Stull, R. B., 1985: Predictability and scales of motion. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 66, 432-436.

Stull, R. B., 1985: A fair-weather cumulus cloud classification scheme for mixed-layer studies. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 49-56.

Stull, R. B., 1986: Airborne scientist flight logs NCAR King Air N312D. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 63.

Stull, R. B., 1988: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology. Kluwer Academic, 666 pp.

Stull, R. B., 1991: Static stability: An update. Bull. Amer. Mereor. Soc., 72, 1521-1529.

Stull, R. B., 1992: Impact of boundary-layer clouds-A case study of cover hours. J. Climate, 5, 390-394.

Stull, R. B., 1993: Review of non-local mixing in turbulent atmospheres: Transilient turbulence theory. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 62, 21-96.

Stull, R. B., 1994: A convective transport theory for surface fluxes. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3-22.

Stull, R. B. and and, 1985: A case study of the accuracy of routine fair-weather cloud base reports. Natl. Wea. Dig., 10, 19-24.

Stull, R. B. and A. G. M. Driedonks, 1987: Applications ofthe transilient turbulence parameterization to atmospheric boundary-layer simulations. Bound-Layer Meteor., 40, 209-239.

Stull, R. B. and E. W. Eloranta, 1984: Boundary layer experiment-1983. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 65, 450-456.

Stumpf, G., C. Marzban, and E. N. Rasmussen, 1995: The new NSSL mesocyclone detection algorithm: A paradigm shift in the understanding of storm-scale circulation detection. Preprints, 27th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Vail, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Stupfel, B., 2001: A Hybrid Finite Element and Integral Equation Domain Decomposition Method for the Solution of the 3-D Scattering Problem. J. Comput. Phy., 172, 451-471.

Sturges, W., 1992: The spectrum of Loop Current variability from gappy data. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 1245-1256.

Sturges, W. and J. P. Blaha, 1976: A western boundary current in the Gulf of Mexico. Science, 192, 367-369.

Sturges, W., J. C. Evans, S. Welsh, and W. Holland, 1993: Separation of warm core rings in the Gulf of Mexico. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 250-268.

Sturges, W. T., H. P. McIntyre, and V. Stroud, 2001: Methyl bromide, other brominated methanes, and methyl iodide in polar firn air. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 1595.

Sturgis, W. and B. G. Hong, 1995: Wind forcing of the Atlantic thermocline along 327N at low frequencies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1706-1715.

Sturm, B., M. Kuzmic¥, and M. Orlic¥, 1992: An evaluation and interpretation of CZCSderived patterns on the Adriatic shelf. Oceanol. Acta, 15, 13-23.

Sturrock, A. M., T. C. Winter, and D. O. Rosenberry, 1992: Energy budget evaporation from Williams Lake: A closed lake in north central Minnesota. Water Resour. Res., 28, 1605-1617.

Stuvier, M., P. D. Quay, and H. G. Ostlund, 1983: Abyssal water carbon-14 distribution and the age of the world oceans. Science, 219, 849-851.

Su, C. C., 1989: Electromagnetic scattering by a dielectric body with arbitrary inhomogeneity and anisotropy. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., AP-37, 384-389.

Su, H., S. S. Chen, and C. S. Bretherton, 1999: Three-Dimensional Week-Long Simulations of TOGA COARE Convective Systems Using the MM5 Mesoscale Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2326-2344.

Su, H. and J. D. Neelin, 2002: Teleconnection Mechanisms for Tropical Pacific Descent Anomalies during El Nino. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2694-2712.

Su, Y. C. and J. N. Chung, 2000: Linear stability analysis of mied-convection flow in a vertical pipe. J. Fluid Mech., 141.

Su, Z., T. Schmugge, W. P. Kustas, and W. J. Massman, 2001: An Evaluation of Two Models for Estimation of the Roughness Height for Heat Transfer between the Land Surface and the Atmosphere. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1933-1951.

Suarez, M. and I. M. Held, 1979: The sensitivity of an energy balance climate model to variations in the orbital parameters. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 4825-4836.

Suarez, M. J., A. Arakawa, and D. A. Randall, 1983: The parameterization of the planetary boundary layer in the UCLA general circulation model: Formulation and results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 2224-2243.

Suarez, M. J. and P. S. Schopf, 1988: A delayed action oscillator for ENSO. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3283-3287.

Suchman, D., B. A. Auvine, and B. H. Hinton, 1979: Some economic effects of private meteorological forecasting. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 60, 1148-1156.

Suchman, D. and D. Martin, 1976: Wind sets from SMS images: An assessment for quality of GATE. J. Appl. Meteor., 15, 1265-1278.

Sud, Y. and A. Molod, 1988: The roles of dry convection, cloud-radiation feedback processes and the influence of recent improvements in the parameterization of convection in the GLA AGCM. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2366-2387.

Sud, Y. C. and and, 1988: The roles of dry convection, cloud-radiation feedback processes, and the influence of recent improvements in the parameterization of convection in the GLA GCM. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2366-2387.

Sud, Y. C. and and, 1993: A rain-evaporation and downdraft parameterization to complement a cumulus updraft scheme and its evaluation using GATE data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 3019-3039.

Sud, Y. C., W. C. Chao, and and, 1993: Dependence of rainfall on vegetation: Theoretical considerations, simulation experiments, observations, and inferences from simulated atmospheric soundings. J. Arid Environ., 25, 5-18.

Sud, Y. C., W. C. Chao, and G. K. Walker, 1991: Contributions to the implementation of Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization in the GLA GCM. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1573-1586.

Sud, Y. C., W. C. Chao, and G. K. Walker, 1992: Role of a cumulus parameterization scheme in maintaining atmospheric circulation and rainfall in the nine-layer Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres General Circulation Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 594-611.

Sud, Y. C. and M. J. Fennessy, 1984: Influence of evaporation in semi-arid regions on the July circulation: A numerical study. J. Climatol., 4, 383-398.

Sud, Y. C., D. M. Mocko, G. K. Walker, and R. D. Koster, 2001: Influence of Land Surface Fluxes on Precipitation: Inferences from Simulations Forced with Four ARM-CART SCM Datasets. J. Clim., 14, 3666-3691.

Sud, Y. C. and A. Molod, 1986: Rain-evaporation parameterization for the GLA GCM. GMSB/ NASA Res. Rev.-1985, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt.

Sud, Y. C. and A. Molod, 1988: A GCM simulation study of the influence of Saharan evapotranspiration and surface albedo anomalies on July circulation and rainfall. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2388-2400.

Sud, Y. C., P. J. Sellers, Y. Mintz, M. D. Chou, G. K. Walker, and W. E. Smith, 1990: Influence of the biosphere on the global circulation and hydrological cycle-A GCM simulation experiment. Agric. Forest Meteor., 52, 133-180.

Sud, Y. C., P. J. Sellers, Y. Mintz, M.-D. Chou, G. K. Walker, and W. E. Smith, 1990: Influence of the biosphere on the global circulation and the hydrologic cycle-A GCM simulation experiment. Forest Meteor., 52, 133-179.

Sud, Y. C., J. Shukla, and Y. Mintz, 1988: Influence of land surface roughness on atmospheric circulation and precipitation: A sensitivity study with a general circulation model. J. Appl. Meteor., 27, 1036-1054.

Sud, Y. C. and W. E. Smith, 1984: Ensemble formulation of surface fluxes and improvement in evapotranspiration and cloud parameterization in a GCM. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 29, 185-210.

Sud, Y. C. and W. E. Smith, 1985: Influence of local land surface processes on the Indian monsoon: A numerical study. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 1015-1036.

Sud, Y. C. and G. K. Walker, 1999: Microphysics of Clouds with the Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert Scheme (McRAS). Part I: Design and Evaluation with GATE Phase III Data. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3196-3220.

Sud, Y. C. and G. K. Walker, 1999: Microphysics of Clouds with the Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert Scheme (McRAS). Part II: Implementation and Performance in GEOS II GCM. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3221-3240.

Sud, Y. C., G. K. Walker, J.-H. Kim, G. E. Liston, and P. J. Sellers, 1995: Biogeophysical consequences of a tropical deforestation sce-nario: A GCM simulation study. J. Climate, in press.

Sud, Y. C., G. K. Walker, and W. E. Smith, 1991: An analysis of a GCM simulation of the atmospheric response to the observed sea surface temperature anomalies of January and February 1983. J. Climate, 4, 108-115.

Sudani, N., M. Sato, T. Karasawa, J. Noda, A. Tate, and M. Watanabe, 2002: Irregular effects on the transition from regular to Mach reflection of shock waves in wind tunnel flows. J. Fluid Mech., 459, 167-186.

Sudarshan, E. C. G. and N. Mukunda, 1974: Classical Dynamics: A Modern Perspective. John Wiley , Sons. 615.

Suga, T. and K. Hanawa, 1990: The mixed-layer climatology in the northwestern part of the North Pacific subtropical gyre and the formation area of subtropical mode water. J. Mar. Res., 48, 543-566.

Sugawara, H., K. Narita, and T. Mikami, 2001: Estimation of Effective Thermal Property Parameter on a Heterogeneous Urban Surface. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 79, 1169-1181.

Sugi, M., 1986: Dynamic normal mode initialization. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 64, 623-636.

Sugi, M., A. Noda, and N. Sato, 2002: Influence of the Global Warming on Tropical Cyclone Climatology: An Experiment with the JMA Global Model. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 249-272.

Sugita, M. and W. Brutsaert, 1990: Regional surface fluxes from remotely sensed skin temperature and lower boundary layer measurements. Water Resour. Res., 26, 2937-2944.

Sugita, M. and W. Brutsaert, 1990: Wind velocity measurements in the neutral boundary layer above hilly prairie. J. Geophys. Res., 95(D6), 7617-7624.

Sugita, M. and Coauthors, 1993: Tsukuba 92: An intensive field campaign to address scale issues in hydrology and boundary layer meteorology. (1) Fluxes from land surfaces into the atmosphere. J. Japan Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 23, 127-137.

Sugita, M., T. Hiyama, N. Endo, and S.-F. Tian, 1995: Flux determination over a smooth surface under strongly unstable conditions. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 73, 145-158.

Sugita, M. and A. Kubota, 1994: Radiometrically determined skin temperature and scalar roughness to estimate surface heat flux. Part II: Performance of parameterized scalar roughness for the determination of sensible heat. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 70, 1-12.

Suh, K. D., Y.-Y. Kim, and D. Y. Lee, 1994: Equilibrium-range spectrum of waves propagating on currents. J. Waterw., Port, Coastal Ocean Div.

Suh, Y. K. and Y. H. Choi, 2002: Study on the spin-up of fluid in a rectangular container using Ekman pumping models. J. Fluid Mech., 458, 103-132.

Sui, C. H. and K.-M. Lau, 1992: Multiscale phenomena in the tropical atmosphere over the western Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 407-430.

Sui, C. H., K. M. Lau, and X. Li, 1996: Convective-radiative interaction in simulated diurnal variations of tropical cumulus ensemble. J. Atmos. Sci., 5-3.

Sui, C.-H., M.-D. Cheng, X. Wu, and M. Yanai, 1989: Cumulus ensemble effects on the large-scale vorticity and momentum fields of GATE. Part II: Parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1609-1629.

Sui, C.-H. and K.-M. Lau, 1989: Origin of low-frequency (intra-seasonal) oscillations in the tropical atmosphere. Part II: Structure and propagation of mobile wave-CISK modes and their modification by lower boundary forcings. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 37-56.

Sui, C.-H. and K.-M. Lau, 1992: Multiscale phenomena in the tropical atmosphere over the western Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 407-430.

Sui, C.-H., K.-M. Lau, Y. N. Takayabu, and D. A. Short, 1997: Diurnal Variations in Tropical Oceanic Cumulus Convection during TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 639-655.

Sui, C.-H., K.-M. Lau, W.-K. Tao, and J. Simpson, 1994: The tropical water cycle and energy budget in a cumulus ensemble model. Part I: Equilibrium climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 711-728.

Sui, C.-H., X. Li, and K.-M. Lau, 1998: Radiative-Convective Processes in Simulated Diurnal Variations ofTropical Oceanic Convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2345-2359.

Sui, C.-H., X. Li, K.-M. Lau, and D. Adamec, 1997: Multiscale Air-Sea Interactions during TOGA COARE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 448-462.

Sui, C.-H. and M. Yanai, 1986: Cumulus ensemble effects on the large-scale vorticity and momentum fields of GATE. Part I: Observational evidence. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1618-1642.

Suleiman, A. and R. Crago, 2002: Analytical Land-Atmosphere Radiometer Model. J. App. Meteor., 41, 177-187.

Sullivan, B. E., B. D. Terry, and N. W. Junker, 1993: The use of dynamical model guidance in short-range forecasting. Preprints, 13th Conf. on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Vienna, VA.

Sullivan, C. L., 1986: Hurricanes of the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Gulf Publishing Co. 139.

Sullivan, P. P., J. C. McWilliams, and C.-H. Moeng, 1994: A subgrid-scale model for large-eddy simulations of planetary boundary-layer flows. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 71, 247-276.

Sullivan, P. P., C.-H. Moeng, B. Stevens, D. H. Lenschow, and S. D. Mayor, 1998: Structure of the Entrainment Zone Capping the Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3042-3064.

Sullivan, R. D., 1959: A two-cell vortex solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. J. Aerosp. Sci., 26, 767-768.

Sullivan, T. J., J. S. Ellis, C. S. Foster, K. T. Foster, R. L. Baskett, J. S. Nasstrom, and W. S. Schalk, 1993: Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability: Real-time modeling of airborne hazardous materials. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 2343-2361.

Sumathipala, W. L. and T. Murakami, 1988: Intraseasonal fluctuations in low-level meridional winds over the south China Sea and the western Pacific and monsoonal convection over Indonesia and northern Australia. Tellus, 40A, 205-129.

Sumi, A. and M. Kanamitsu, 1984: A study of the systematic errors in a numerical weather prediction model. Part I-General aspects of systematic errors and the relation to transient eddies. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 62, 234-251.

Sun, B., P. Y. Groisman, and F. T. Keimig, 2000: Temporal Changes in the Observed Relationship between Cloud Cover and Surface Air Temperature. J. Climate, 13, 4341.

Sun, B., P. Ya, and I. I. Mokhov, 2001: Recent Changes in Cloud-Type Frequency and Inferred Increases in Convection over the United States and the Former USSR. J. Climate, 14, 1864.

Sun, C., Z. Hao, M. Ghil, and J. D. Neelin, 2002: Data Assimilation for a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model. Part I: Sequential State Estimation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1073-1099.

Sun, D.-Z., 2000: The Heat Sources and Sinks of the 1986--87 El Nino. J. Climate, 13, 3533.

Sun, D. Z. and and, 1993: Water vapor feedback and the iceage snow-line record. Ann. Geophys., 11, 204-215.

Sun, D. Z. and R. S. Lindzen, 1993: Distribution of tropical tropospheric water vapor. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1643-1660.

Sun, D.-Z. and I. M. Held, 1996: A comparison of modeled and observed relationships between interannual variations of water vapor and temperature. J. Climate, 9, 665-675.

Sun, D.-Z. and R. S. Lindzen, 1993: Distribution of tropical tropospheric water vapor. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1643-1660.

Sun, D.-Z. and R. S. Lindzen, 1994: A PV view of the zonal mean distribution of temperature and wind in the extratropical troposphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 757-772.

Sun, D.-Z. and Z. Liu, 1996: Dynamic ocean-atmosphere coupling: A thermostat for the tropics. Science, in press. TOGA COARE IPO 1992: TOGA COARE Operations Plan. UCAR.

Sun, D.-Z. and A. H. Oort, 1995: Humidity-temperature relationships in the tropical troposphere. J. Climate, 8, 1974-1987.

Sun, J., and coauthors, 2002: Intermittent Turbulence Associated with a Density Current Passage in the Stable Boundary Layer. Bound. Layer Meteor., 105, 199 - 219.

Sun, J. and N. A. Crook, 1994: Wind and thermodynamic retrieval from single-Doppler radar measurements of a gust front observed during Phoenix II. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1075-1091.

Sun, J. and N. A. Crook, 1996: Comparison of Thermodynamic Retrieval by the Adjoint Method with the Traditional Retrieval Method. Monthly Weather Review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 308–324.

Sun, J. and N. A. Crook, 1997: Dynamical and microphysical retrieval from Doppler radar observations using a cloud model and its adjoint. Part I: Model development and simulated data experiments. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1642-1661.

Sun, J. and N. A. Crook, 1998: Dynamical and Microphysical Retrieval from Doppler Radar Observations Using a Cloud Model and Its Adjoint. Part II: Retrieval Experiments of an Observed Florida Convective Storm. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 835-852.

Sun, J. and N. A. Crook, 2001: Real-time low-level wind and temperature analysis using single WSR-88D data. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 117-132.

Sun, J., N. A. Crook, and L. J. Miller, 1995: Retrieval of the dynamical and microphysical structure of convective storms in CAPE using a cloud model and its adjoint. 27th Conference on Radar Meteorology.

Sun, J., N. A. Crook, and J. Verlinde, 1994: Dynamical and mirophysical retrieval from Doppler radar observations using a cloud model and its adjoint. Prec. 10th Conf. on Numer. Wea. Predition, Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 466-468.

Sun, J., S. K. Esbensen, and L. Mahrt, 1995: Estimation of surface heat flux. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3162-3171.

Sun, J., D. W. Flicker, and D. K. Lilly, 1991: Recovery of three-dimensional wind and temperature fields from simulated single-Doppler radar data. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 876-890.

Sun, J. and R. A. Houze, Jr., 1992: Validation of a thermodynamic retrieval technique by application to a simulated squall line with trailing stratiform precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1003-1018.

Sun, J. and L. Mahrt, 1994: Spatial distribution of surface fluxes estimated from remotely sensed variables. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 1341-1353.

Sun, J. and L. Mahrt, 1995: Determination of surface fluxes from the surface radiative temperature. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1095-1106.

Sun, J. and L. Mahrt, 1995: Relationship of surface heat flux to microscale temperature variations: Applications to BOREAS. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 76, 291-301.

Sun, J., L. Mahrt, S. K. Esbensen, J. Howell, C. M. Greb, R. Grossman, and M. A. LeMone, 1996: Scale dependence of air-sea fluxes over the western equatorial Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2997-3012.

Sun, J. and F. Roux, 1988: Thermodynamic structure of the trailing-stratiform regions of two west African squall lines. Ann. Geophysicae, 6, 659-670.

Sun, J. and F. Roux, 1989: Thermodynamics of a COPT 81 squall line retrieved from single- Doppler data. Preprints, 24th Conference on Radar Meteorology, Tallahassee, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, 50-53.

Sun, J., D. Vandemark, L. Mahrt, D. Vickers, T. Crawford, and C. Vogel, 2001: Momentum transfer over the coastal zone (Paper 2000JD900696). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,437-12,448.

Sun, J., M. Zhang, and T. Liu, 2001: Spatial and temporal characteristics of dust storms in China and its surrounding regions, 1960-1999: Relations to source area and climate (Paper 2000JD900665). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 10,325-10,334.

Sun, W.-Y., 1978: Stability analysis of deep cloud streets. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 466-483.

Sun, W.-Y., 1980: A forward-backward time integration scheme to treat internal gravity waves. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 402-407.

Sun, W. Y., 1993: Numerical simulation of a planetary boundary layer. Part I: Cloud-free case. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 66, 3-16.

Sun, W.-Y. and C.-Z. Chang, 1986: Diffusion model for a convective layer. Part I: Numerical simulation of convective boundary layer. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 1445-1453.

Sun, W.-Y. and J.-D. Chern, 1993: Diurnal variation of lee vortices in Taiwan and surrounding area. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3404-3430.

Sun, W.-Y. and J. D. Chern, 1994: Numerical experiments of vortices in the wakes of large idealized mountains. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 191-209.

Sun, W.-Y., J.-D. Chern, C.-C. Wu, and W.-R. Hsu, 1991: Numerical simulation of mesoscale circulation in Taiwan and surrounding area. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2558-2573.

Sun, W.-Y. and Y. Ogura, 1979: Boundary-layer forcing as a possible trigger to a squall line formation. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 235-254.

Sun, W.-Y. and Y. Ogura, 1980: Modeling the evolution of the convection planetary boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1558-1572.

Sun, W.-Y. and I. Orlanski, 1981: Large mesoscale convection and sea breeze circulation. Part I: linear stability analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1675-1693.

Sun, W.-Y. and I. Orlanski, 1981: Large mesoscale convection and sea breeze circulation. Part II: nonlinear numerical model. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1694-1709.

Sun, X.-P. and and, 1990: On the areas of shelf-intrusion of the Kuroshio north of Taiwan. Essays on the Investigation of the Kuroshio (II). State Oceanic Administration, Beijing, China.

Sun, X.-P. and Y. Pan, 1987: On the shelf circulation north of Taiwan. Acta. Oceanol. Sinica., 6, 1-20.

Sun, Z. and K. P. Shine, 1994: Studies of the radiative properties of ice and mixed-phase clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 111-137.

Sundararajan, R. and M. Tjernstrom, 2000: Observations and simulations of a non-stationary coastal atmospheric boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 445.

Sundberg, R. L., J. W. Duff, and L. S. Bernstein, 1993: Non-equilibrium infrared emission model for the wake flow of reentry vehicles. J. Spacecr. Rockets, 30, 731-741.

Sundqvist, H., 1978: A parameterization scheme for non-convective condensation including prediction of cloud water content. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 677-690.

Sundqvist, H., 1981: On vertical interpolation and truncation in connexion with use of sigma system models. Atmosphere, 14, 37-52.

Sundqvist, H., 1993: Inclusion of ice phase hydrometeors in cloud parameterization for mesoscale and large scale models. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 66, 137-147.

Sundqvist, H., E. Berge, and J. E. K. ´nsson, 1989: Condensation and cloud parameterization studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1641-1657.

Sundstrom, A. and T. Elvius, 1979: Computational problems related to limited-area modelling. Vol. 17, Vol. 2, Numerical Methods Used in Atmospheric Models, GARP Publication Series, World Meteorological Organization.

Suomi, V. E. and E. W. Barrett, 1952: An experimental radiosonde for the investigation of the distribution of water vapor in the stratosphere. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 23, 272-292.

Suomi, V. E., R. Fox, S. S. Limaye, and W. L. Smith, 1983: McIDAS III: A modern interactive data access and analysis system. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 765-778.

Suomi, V. E., R. J. Fox, S. S. Limaye, and W. L. Smith, 1983: McIDAS III, a modern interactive data analysis facility. J. Appl. Meteor., 22, 766-788.

Super, A. B., 1986: Further exploratory analysis of the Bridger Range winter cloud seeding experiment. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 1926-1933.

Super, A. B., 1990: Winter orographic cloud seeding status in the inter-mountain west. J. Wea. Mod., 22, 106-116.

Super, A. B. and and, 1988: Microphysical effects of wintertime cloud seeding with silver iodide over the Rocky Mountains. Part II: Observations over the Bridger Range, Montana. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 27, 19-25.

Super, A. B. and and, 1992: Investigations of the targeting of ground-released silver iodide in Utah. Part II: Aircraft observations. J. Wea. Mod., 24, 35-48.

Super, A. B. and B. A. Boe, 1988: Microphysical effects of wintertime cloud seeding with silver iodide over the Rocky Mountains. Part III: Observations over the Grand Mesa, Colorado. J. Appl. Meteor., 27, 1166-1182.

Super, A. B. and B. A. Boe, 1988: Wintertime cloud liquid water observations over the Mogollon Rim of Arizona. J. Wea. Mod., 20, 1-8.

Super, A. B. and J. A. Heimbach, 1983: Evaluation of the Bridger Range winter cloud seeding experiment using control gages. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1989-2011.

Super, A. B. and E. W. Holroyd, 1989: Temporal variations of cloud liquid water during winter storms over the Mogollon Rim of Arizona. J. Wea. Modif., 21, 35Ò4-0.

Super, A. B. and E. W. Holroyd, 1990: Temporal variations of cloud liquid water during winter storms over the Mogollon Rim of Arizona. J. Wea. Mod., 21, 35-40.

Super, A. B. and A. W. Huggins, 1992: Investigations of the targeting of ground-released silver iodide in Utah. Part I: Ground observations of silver-insnow and ice nuclei. J. Wea. Mod., 24, 19-34.

Super, A. B., E. W. H. III, and J. T. McPartlan, 1989: Winter cloud seeding potential on the Mogollon Rim. Final Rep. Arizona Department of Water Resources Intergovernmental Agreement IGA-88-6189-000-0051, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO.

Suping, Z. and J. Shangcheng, 2001: Possible Influences of ITCZ in Asian Monsoon Regions on Rainy Season Anomaly of North China. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18, 1018-1028.

Suppiah, R., 1993: ENSO phenomenon and 30-50 day variability in the Australian summer monsoon rainfall. Int. J. Climatol., 13, 837-851.

Suppiah, R., 1994: Synoptic aspects of wet and dry conditions in central Australia. Observations and GCM simulations for 1 1 CO2 and 2 1 CO2 conditions. Climate Dyn., 10, 395-405.

Suppiah, R. and K. J. Hennessy, 1995: Trends in the intensity and frequency of heavy rainfall in tropical Australia and links with the Southern Oscillation. Proc. TOGA95 Conf.

Surgi, N., 1989: Systematic errors of the FSU global spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1751-1766.

Surgi, N., H.-L. Pan, and S. J. Lord, 1998: Improvement of the NCEP Global Model over the Tropics: An Evaluation of Model Performance during the 1995 Hurricane Season. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1287-1305.

Suring, R., 1941: Die Wolken. Akademische verlagsgesellschaft Becker and Erler. Liepzig, 139 pp.

Survey, U. S. G., 1991: Atlas of Mars. Topographic Series. Vol. I-2160, M 15M, U.S. Geological Survey, 3 pp.

Susskind, J., D. Retuter, and M. T. Chaine, 1987: Cloud fields re-trieved from HIRS/MUS data. J. Geophys. Res., 92(D), 4035-4050.

Susskind, J., J. Rosenfield, and and, 1984: Remote sensing of weather and climate parameters from HIRS2/MSU on TIROS-N. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 4677-4697.

Susskind, J., J. Rosenfield, D. Reuter, and M. T. Chahine, 1982: The GLAS physical inversion method for analysis of HIRS2/MSU sounding data. Tech. Memo. No. 84936, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center.

Susskind, J., J. Rosenfield, D. Reuter, and M. T. Chahine, 1984: Remote sensing of weather and climate parameters from HIRS2/ MSU on TIROS-N. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 4677-4698.

Sussmann, R. and K. M. Gierens, 2001: Differences in early contrail evolution of two-engine versus four-engine aircraft: Lidar measurements and numerical simulations. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 4899.

Sutcliffe, R. C., 1937: The sea breeze at Felixstowe: A statistical investigation of pilot-balloon ascents up to 5,500 feet. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 63, 137-146.

Sutcliffe, R. C., 1939: Cyclonic and anticyclonic development. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 65, 518-524.

Sutcliffe, R. C., 1947: A contribution to the problem of development. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 73, 370-383.

Sutherland, B. R., 1996: Internal gravity wave radiation into weakly stratified fluid. Phys. Fluids, 8, 430-441.

Sutherland, B. R., 2000: Internal wave reflection in uniform shear. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 3255.

Sutherland, B. R., 2001: Finite-amplitude internal wavepacket dispersion and breaking. J. Fluid Mech., 343.

Sutherland, B. R. and and, 1994: Turbulence transition and internal wave generation in density stratified jets. Phys. Fluids A, 6, 1267-1284.

Sutherland, B. R. and and, 1995: Internal gravity wave emission into the middle atmosphere from a model tropospheric jet. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3214-3235.

Sutherland, B. R., C. P. Caulfield, and W. R. Peltier, 1994: Internal wave generation and hydrodynamic instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3261-3280.

Sutherland, B. R. and W. R. Peltier, 1992: The stability of stratified jets. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 66, 101-131.

Suttan, S. B., H. Brandt, and B. R. White, 1986: Atmospheric dispersion of a heavier-than-air gas near a two dimensional obstacle. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 35, 125-153.

Suttles, J. T. and Coauthors, 1988: Angular radiation models for the earth-atmosphere system. Vol. 1. Shortwave Radiation. NASA Ref. Publ. RP-1184, 147.

Suttles, J. T., and coauthors, 1988: Angular radiation models for the earth-Atmosphere system. Vol. I: Shortwave radiation. NASA RP 1184, 147.

Suttles, J. T., R. N. Green, G. L. Smith, B. A. Wielicki, I. J. Walker, V. R. Taylor, and L. L. Stowe, 1989: Angular radiation models for the earthatmosphere system Vol. II Longwave radiation. NASA Ref. Publ. RP-1184, 84.

Suttles, J. T., B. A. Wielick, I. J. D. F. Y, B. A. Wielicki, and S. Vemury, 1992: Top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes: Validation of ERBE scanner inversion algo-rithm using Nimbus-7 ERB data. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 784-796.

Sutton, P. J., W. M. L. Morawitz, B. D. Cornuelle, G. Masters, and P. F. Worcester, 1994: The incorporation of acoustic normal mode data into tomographic inversions in the Greenland Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12487-12502.

Sutton, P. J., P. F. Worcester, G. Masters, B. D. Cornuelle, and J. F. Lynch, 1993: Ocean mixed layers and acoustic pulse propagation in the Greenland Sea. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 94, 1517-1526.

Sutton, R. and P. P. Mathieu, 2002: Response of the atmosphere-ocean mixed-layer system to anomalous ocean heat-flux convergence. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1259-1276.

Sutton, R. T., S. P. Jewson, and D. P. Rowell, 2000: The Elements of Climate Variability in the Tropical Atlantic Region. J. Climate, 13, 3261.

Sutyrin, G. G. and G. R. Flierl, 1994: Intense vortex motion on the beta plane: Development of the beta gyres. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 773-790.

Suzuki, A. T. and A. G. M. Schmidt, 2001: Loop Integrals in Three Outstanding Gauges: Feynman, Light-Cone, and Coulomb. J. Comp. Phys., 168, 207.

Suzuki, N., Y. Narimatsu, R. Nagura, F. Sakuma, and A. Ono, 1991: Large integrating sphere of prelaunch calibration system for Japanese Earth Resources Satellite optical sensors. Proc. SPIE, 1493, 48-57.

Svendsen, H. and R. O. R. Y. Thompson, 1978: Wind-driven circulation in flord. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 703-712.

Svendsen, I. A., J. Veeramony, and J. T. Kirby, 2000: The flow in weak turbulent hydraulic jumps. J. Fluid Mech., 25.

Svensson, G., 1996: A numerical model for chemical and meteorological processes in the atmospheric boundary layer. Part I: A model description and a one-dimensional parameter study. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 939-954.

Svensson, G., 1996: A numerical model for chemical and meteorological processes in the atmospheric boundary layer. Part II: A case study of the air quality situation in Athens, Greece. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 955-973.

Svensson, G. and J. H. Seinfeld, 2002: A numerical model of the cloud-topped marine boundary layer with explicit treatment of supersaturation-number concentration correlations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 535-558.

Sverdrup, G. M. and K. T. Whitby, 1977: Determination of submicron atmospheric aerosol size distributions by use of continuous analog sensors. Environ. Sci. Technol., 11, 1171-1176.

Sverdrup, H. H., 1918: U ® ber den Energieverbrauch der Atmospha®re. Series 2. Vol. 2, Vero®ff. Geophys. Inst., 00.

Sverdrup, H. U., 1947: Wind-driven currents in a baroclinic ocean with application to the equatorial currents of the eastern Pacific. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 33, 318-326.

Sverdrup, H. U., 1955: The place of physical oceanography in oceanographic research. J. Mar. Res., 14, 287-294.

Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming, 1942: The Oceans. Prentice-Hall, 1087 pp.

Sverdrup, S. U., 1947: Wind-driven currents in a baroclinic ocean with application to the equatorial currents of the eastern Pacific. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 33, 318-326.

Svoboda, J. and J. Stekl, 1994: Mesoscale modelling of a flow modification caused by orography. Meteor. Z., NF3, 233-241.

Swallow, J., 1967: The Equatorial Undercurrent in the western Indian Ocean in 1964. Stud. Trop. Oceanogr., 5, 15-36.

Swallow, J., M. Fieux, and F. Schott, 1988: The boundary currents east and north of Madagascar. Part 1: Geostrophic currents and transports. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 4951-4962.

Swallow, J. C. and G. F. Caston, 1973: The preconditioning phase of MEDOC 1969-I. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 429-448.

Swallow, J. C. and G. F. Caston, 1973: The preconditioning phase of MEDOC 1969. Part I: Observations. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 429-448. The THETIS Group (F. Schott.

Swallow, J. C., F. Schott, and M. Fieux, 1991: Structure and transport of the East African Coastal Current. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 22245-22257.

Swallow, J. C. and L. V. Worthington, 1961: An observation of a deep countercurrent in the western North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 8, 1-19.

Swan, P. R. and I. Y. Lee, 1980: Meteorological and air pollution modeling for an urban airport. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 534-544.

Swann, H., 2001: Evaluation of the mass-flux approach to parametrizing deep convection. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1239-1260.

Swanson, C. J., B. Julian, G. G. Ihas, and R. J. Donnelly, 2002: Pipe flow measurements over a wide range of Reynolds numbers using liquid helium and various gases. J. Fluid Mech., 461, 51-60.

Swanson, K. and R. T. Pierrehumbert, 1994: Nonlinear wave packet evolution on a baroclinically unstable jet. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 384-396.

Swanson, K. L., 2001: Blocking as a local instability to zonally varying flows. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1341-1356.

Swanson, K. L., 2002: Dynamical Aspects of Extratropical Tropospheric Low-Frequency Variability. J. Climate, 15, 2145-2162.

Swanson, K. L., P. J. Kushner, and I. M. Held, 1997: Dynamics of Barotropic Storm Tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 791-810.

Swanson, K. L. and R. T. Pierrehumbert, 1997: Lower-Tropospheric Heat Transport in the Pacific Storm Track. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1533-1543.

Swanson, R. C. and G. D. Baxter, 1989: The Bullwinkle platform instrumentation system. Proc. 21st Offshore Technology Conf., Houston, TX, Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 6052, 93-100.

Swanson, S., 1994: "A deep freeze from Duluth to Buffalo. " Chicago Tribune. 18 February, sec. 1, p. -1.

Swap, R. J., M. Garstang, S. Greco, R. Talbot, and P. Kallberg, 1992: Saharan dust in the Amazon Basin. Tellus, 44, 133-149.

Swarbrick, S. J., 2001: Applying the relationship between potential vorticity fields and water vapour imagery to adjust initial conditions in NWP. Meteor. Appl., 8, 221-228.

Swaroop, A. A., J. Nappi, H. J. Bloom, and L. M. McMillan, 1988: A method of noise reduction for the improvement of clear column radiance estimation in partly cloudy areas. Proc. Third Conf. Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, Anaheim, CA.

Swarztrauber, P. N., 1979: On the spectral approximation of discrete scalar and vector functions on the sphere. SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 16, 934-949.

Swarztrauber, P. N., 1981: The approximation of vector functions and their derivatives on the sphere. SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 18, 191-210.

Swarztrauber, P. N., 1993: The vector harmonic transform method for solving partial differential equations in spherical geometry. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 3415-3437.

Swaters, G. E., 1991: On the baroclinic instability of cold-core coupled density fronts on a sloping continental shelf. J. Fluid Mech., 224, 361-382.

Sweet, W., R. Fett, J. Kerling, and P. LaViolette, 1981: Air-sea interaction effects in the lower troposphere across the north wall of the Gulf Stream. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1042-1052.

Sweet, W., R. Fett, J. Kerling, and P. L. Violette, 1981: Air-sea interaction effects in the lower troposphere across the north wall of the Gulf stream. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1042-1052.

Swenson, M. S., P. P. Niiler, K. H. Brink, and M. R. Abbott, 1992: Drifter observations of a cold filament off Pt. Arena, California in July 1988. J. Geophys. Res., 97(C3), 3593-3610.

Swift, D. D. and S. C. Riser, 1994: RAFOS floats: Defining and targeting surfaces of neutral buoyancy. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1079-1092.

Swift, J., K. Aagaard, and S.-A. Malmberg, 1980: The contribution of the Denmark Strait overflow to the deep North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 27, 29-42.

Swift, J. H., 1984: The circulation of the Denmark Strait and IcelandScotland overflow waters in the N. Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 31, 1339-1355.

Swift, J. H. and B. Samuels, 1995: Effect of sea ice on the salinity of Antarctic bottom waters. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1980-1997.

Swinbank, R., 1985: The global atmospheric angular momentum balance inferred from analyses made during FGGE. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 977-992.

Swinbank, R. and A. O'Neill, 1994: A stratosphere-troposphere data assimilation system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 686-702.

Swinbank, W. C., 1963: Long-wave radiation from clear skies. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 89, 339-348.

Swithinbank, C., 1973: Higher resolution satellite pictures. Polar Rec., 16, 739-751.

Switzerland.], P. V. J., P. V. Joseph, and W. P. Elliott, 1991: Space and timescales of global tropospheric moisture. J. Climate, 4, 989-1008.

Switzerland.], T. P. B., 1992: A comparison of observations and model simulations of tropospheric water vapor. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2775-2780.

Sykes, R. I. and D. S. Henn, 1988: A large-eddy simulation of turbulent sheared convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1106-1118.

Sykes, R. I. and D. S. Henn, 1988: On the numerical computation of two-dimensional convective flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1961-1964.

Sykes, R. I., D. S. Henn, and W. S. Lewellen, 1993: Surface-layer description under free-convection conditions. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 409-421.

Sykes, R. I. and D. S. H. W. S. Lewellen, 1988: A numerical study of the development of cloud-street spacing. J. Atmos. Sci, 45, 2556-2569.

Sykes, R. I. and W. S. Lewellen, 1982: A numerical study of breaking Kelvin-Helmholtz billows using a Reynolds stress closure model. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1506-1520.

Sykes, R. I., W. S. Lewellen, and and, 1990: Numerical simulation of the boundary-layer eddy structure during the cold-air outbreak of GALE IOP2. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 363-384.

Sykes, R. I., W. S. Lewellen, and D. S. Henn, 1988: A numerical study of the development of cloud-street spacing. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2556-2569.

Sykes, R. I., W. S. Lewellen, and D. S. Henn, 1990: Numerical simulation of the boundary-layer eddy structure during the cold-air outbreak of GALE IOP 2. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 363-373.

Sykes, R. I., W. S. Lewellen, and D. S. Henn, 1990: Numerical simulation of the boundary layer eddy structure during the cold-air outbreak of GALE IOP-2. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 363-374.

Sykes, R. I., W. S. Lewellen, and S. F. Parker, 1986: On the vorticity dynamics of a turbulent jet in a cross flow. J. Fluid Mech., 168, 393-413.

Sykes, R. I., S. F. Parker, D. S. Henn, and W. S. Lewellen, 1994: Turbulent mixing with chemical reaction in the planetary boundary layer. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 825-834.

system. X XVIII COSPAR, T. H., t. N. Timchalk, and A., 1986: Satellite derived moisture profiles. Preprints, Second Conf. on Satellite Meteorology/ Remote Sensing and Applications, Williamsburg, VA.

Szantai, A., E. Desalmand, and M. Desbois, 2001: Monitoring the life cycle of cirrus clouds using Meteosat-4 data during ICE-1989. Meteor. Appl., 8, 153-168.

Szava-Kovats, J., 1938: Verteilung der Luftfeugtigkeit auf die Erde. Ann. Hydrogr., 66, 373-378.

Szeicz, G. and I. F. Long, 1969: Surface resistance of crop canopies. Water Resour. Res., 5, 622-633.

Szeicz, G., J. L. Monteith, and J. d. Santos, 1964: A tube solarimeter to measure radiation among plants. J. Appl. Ecol., 1, 169-174.

Szejwach, G., 1982: Determination of semitransparent cirrus cloud temperature from infrared radiances: Application to METEO-SAT. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 384-393.

Szepesi, D. J. K. E. F., 1987: Background levels of air and precipitation quality for Europe. Atmos. Environ., 21, 1623-1630.

Szeto, K. K. and and, 1994: A numerical investigation of squall lines. Part III: Sensitivity to precipitation processes and the Coriolis force. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1341-1351.

Szeto, K. K. and H.-R. Cho, 1994: A numerical investigation of squall lines. Part II: The mechanics of evolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 425-433.

Szeto, K. K., C. A. Lin, and R. E. Stewart, 1988: Mesoscale circulations forced by melting snow. Part I: Basic simulations and dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1629-1641.

Szeto, K. K. and R. E. S. C. A. Lin, 1988: Mesoscale circulations forced by melting snow. Part II. Application to meteorological features. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1642-1650.

Szeto, K. K. and R. E. Stewart, 1997: Effects of Melting on Frontogenesis. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 689-702.

Szeto, K. K., R. E. Stewart, and C. A. Lin, 1988: Mesoscale circulations forced by melting snow. Part II: Application to meteorological features. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1642-1650.

Szeto, K. K., A. Tremblay, H. Guan, D. R. Hudak, R. E. Stewart, and Z. Cao, 1999: The Mesoscale Dynamics of Freezing Rain Storms over Eastern Canada. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1261-1281.

Szilder, K. and E. P. Lozowski, 2000: Three-dimensional modelling of ice accretion density. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2395.

Szoke, E. J., J. M. B. M. L. Weisman, and T. W. S. F. Caracena, 1984: A subsynoptic analysis of the Denver tomadoes of 3 June 1981. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 790-808.

Szoke, E. J. and E. J. Zipser, 1986: A radar study of convective cells in mesoscale systems in GATE. Part II: Life cycles of convective cells. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 199-218.

Szoke, E. J., E. J. Zipser, and D. P. Jorgensen, 1986: A radar study of convective cells in mesoscale systems in GATE. Part I: Vertical profile statistics and comparison with hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 182-197.

Szumowski, M. J., R. M. Rauber, and H. T. O. III, 1999: The Microphysical Structure and Evolution of Hawaiian Rainband Clouds. Part III: A Test of the Ultragiant Nuclei Hypothesis. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1980-2003.

Szumowski, M. J., R. M. Rauber, H. T. O. III, and K. V. Beard, 1998: The Microphysical Structure and Evolution of Hawaiian Rainband Clouds. Part II: Aircraft Measurements within Rainbands Containing High Reflectivity Cores. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 208-226.

Szunyogh, I., E. Kalnay, and Z. Toth, 1997: A comparison of Lyapunov and optimal vectors in a low resolution GCM. Tellus, 49A, 200-227.

Szunyogh, I. and Z. Toth, 2002: The Effect of Increased Horizontal Resolution on the NCEP Global Ensemble Mean Forecasts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1125-1143.

Szunyogh, I., Z. Toth, A. V. Zimin, S. J. Majumdar, and A. Persson, 2002: Propagation of the Effect of Targeted Observations: The 2000 Winter Storm Reconnaissance Program. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1144-1165.

Szyrmer, W. and I. Zawadzki, 1999: Modeling of the Melting Layer. Part I: Dynamics and Microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3573-3592.