G. G. Gibson, D. F. P. M., P. Minnis, G. G. Gibson, and F. M. Denn, 1992: Orbital analysis and instrument viewing considerations for the Earth Observing System (EOS) satellite. Astrodynamics 1991. Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, B. KaufmanEd., 1215-1228.

G. G. Gibson, D. F. Y., F. M. Denn, and t. E. S. Team, 1988: First estimates of the diurnal variation of longwave radiation from the multiple-satellite Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 69, 1144-1151.

G. L. Potter, V. R., B. Subasilar, C. H. Whitlock, D. F. Young, and Y. Zhou, 1995: Absorption of solar radiation by clouds: Observations versus models. Science, 267, 496-499.

Gabella, M., J. Joss, and G. Galli, 2001: Accuracy of rainfall estimates by two radars in the same Alpine envorinment using gage adjustment. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5139.

Gabella, M., S. Pavone, and G. Perona, 2001: Errors in the Estimate of the Practical Correlation Dimension of Raindrop Spatial Distribution. J. App. Meteor., 40, 664.

Gabella, M., S. Pavone, and G. Perona, 2001: Errors in the Estimate of the Fractal Correlation Dimension of Raindrop Spatial Distribution. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 664-668.

Gabilly, A., 1949: On the role that turbulence can play in the coalescence of cloud droplets. Ann. Geophys., 5, 232-234.

Gabor, D., 1946: Theory of communication. J. Inst. Electr. Eng., 93, 429-457.

Gabriel, A., G. Schmitz, and R. Geprägs, 1999: The Tropopause in a 2D Circulation Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 4059-4068.

Gabriel, K. R., 1979: Some statistical issues in weather experimentation. Comm. Stat.: A-Theory and Methods, 8, 975-1015.

Gabriel, K. R., 1981: On the roles of physicists and statisticians in weather modification experimentation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 62, 62-69.

Gabriel, K. R., 2000: Parallels between Statistical Issues in Medical and Meteorological Experimentation. J. App. Meteor., 39, 1822.

Gabriel, K. R., 2002: Confidence Regions and Pooling-Some Statistics for Weather Experimentation. J. App. Meteor., 41, 505-518.

Gabriel, P., S. Lovejoy, A. Davis, D. Schertzer, and G. L. Austin, 1990: Discrete angle radiative transfer. Part II: Renormalization approach for homogeneous and fractal clouds. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11717-11728.

Gabriel, P. G., S. Lovejoy, D. Schertzer, and G. L. Austin, 1988: Multfractal analysis of resolution dependence in satellite imagery. Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1373-1376.

Gabriel, P. M. and K. F. Evans, 1996: Domain averaged solar radiative fluxes calculated by first order closures in two-dimensional media. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 858-877.

Gabriel, P. M. and K. F. Evans, 1996: Simple radiative transfer methods for calculating domain-averaged solar fluxes in inhomoge-neous clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 858-877.

Gabriel, P. M., S. C. Tsay, and G. L. Stephens, 1993: A Fourier-Riccati approach to radiative transfer. Part I: Fundaments. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3125-3147.

Gabriel, R. K. and D. Rosenfeld, 1990: The second Israeli rainfall stimulation experiment: Analysis of precipitation on both targets. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 1055-1067.

Gac?ic´, M., 1980: Some characteristics of the response of the Adriatic Sea coastal region to the atmospheric forcing. Acta Adriatica, 21, 239-254.

Gac?ic´, M., T. S. Hopkins, and A. Lascaratos, 1992: Aspects of the response of the Mediterranean Sea to longterm trends in atmospheric forcing. Climatic Change and the Level of the Seas. L. Jeftic ´, J. Milliman, and G. Sestini Eds.

Gac?ic´, M. and Z. Vuc?ak, 1982: Note on inertial oscillations in the North Adriatic. Notes. Inst, Oceanogr. Fish., 46.

Gadd, A., 1978: A split explicit integration scheme for numerical weather prediction. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 569-582.

Gadd, A. and J. F. Keers, 1970: Surface exchange of sensible and latent heat in a 10-level model atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 96, 297-306.

Gadd, A. J., 1978: A split explicit integration scheme for numerical weather prediction. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 569-582.

Gadd, A. J., 1980: Two refinements of the split explicit integration scheme. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 215-220.

Gadd, A. J. and J. F. Kears, 1970: Surface exchanges of sensible and latent heat in a 10-level model atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 96, 297-308.

Gadgil, S., A. Guruprasad, and J. Srinivasan, 1992: Systematic bias in the NOAA global outgoing longwave radiation data set. J. Climate, 5, 867-875.

Gadgil, S., P. V. Joseph, and N. V. Joshi, 1984: Ocean-atmosphere coupling over monsoon regions. Nature, 312, 141-143.

Gadgil, S. and N. V. Joshi, 1983: Climatic clusters of the Indian region. J. Climatol., 3, 47-63.

Gadgil, S. and J. Srinivasan, 1990: Low frequency variation and tropical convergence zones. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 44, 119-132.

Gadgil, S. C., P. V. Joseph, and N. V. Joshi, 1984: Ocean-atmosphere coupling over monsoon regions. Nature, 312, 141-143.

Gadian, A. M., 1978: The dynamics of and the heat transfer by baroclinic eddies and large-scale stationary topographically forced long waves in the Martian atmosphere. Icarus, 33, 454-465.

Gadsden, M. and W. Schro¨der, 1989: Noctilucent Clouds. Physics and Chemistry in Space Planetology. Vol. 18, Springerverlag, 165.

Gaertner, M. A., O. B. Christensen, J. A. Prego, J. Polcher, C. Gallardo, and M. Castro, 2001: The impact of deforestation on the hydrological cycle in the western Mediterranean: an ensemble study with two regional climate models. Climate Dynamics, 17, 857-874.

Gaffen, D. J., 1992: Observed annual and interannual variations in tropospheric water vapor. Ph.d. thesis. University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.

Gaffen, D. J., 1993: Historical changes in radiosonde instruments and practices. WMO instruments and observing method Rep. No. 50. WMO/ TD No. 541, 123.

Gaffen, D. J., 1993: Temporal inhomogeneities in the radiosonde records. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3667-3676.

Gaffen, D. J. and T. P. Barnett, 1992: A comparison of observations and model simulations of tropospheric water vapor. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2775-2780.

Gaffen, D. J., T. P. Barnett, and W. P. Elliot, 1991: Space and time scales of glo-bal tropospheric moisture. J. Climate, 4, 989-1008.

Gaffen, D. J., T. P. Barnett, and W. P. Elliott, 1991: Space and time scales of global tropospheric moisture. J. Climate, 4, 989-1008.

Gaffen, D. J. and W. P. Elliott, 1993: Column water vapor con tent in clear and cloudy skies. J. Climate, 6, 2278ñ2-287.

Gaffen, D. J. and W. P. Elliott, 1993: Effects of conversion al-gorithms on reported upper-air dewpoint depressions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 1323-1325.

Gaffen, D. J., W. P. Elliott, and A. Robock, 1992: Relationships between tropospheric water vapor and surface temperature as observed by radiosondes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1839-1842.

Gaffen, D. J., A. Robock, and W. P. Elliott, 1992: Annual cycles of tropospheric water vapor. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 18185-18193.

Gaffin, D. M., 2002: Unexpected Warming Induced by Foehn Winds in the Lee of the Smoky Mountains. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 907-915.

Gage, K. S., 1979: Evidence of a k '13 low inertial range in mesoscale two-dimensional turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1950-1954.

Gage, K. S., 1990: Radar observations of the free atmosphere: Structure and dynamics. Radar in Meteorology. D. AtlasEd., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 534-565.

Gage, K. S., J. R. M. Afee, D. A. Carter, W. L. Ecklund, A. C. Riddle, G. C. Reid, and B. B. Balsley, 1991: Longterm mean vertical motions over the tropical Pacific: Wind-profiling Doppler radar measurements. Science, 254, 1771-1773.

Gage, K. S. and B. B. Balsley, 1978: Doppler radar probing of the clear atmosphere. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 59, 1074-1093.

Gage, K. S. and J. L. Green, 1979: Tropopause detection of partial specular reflection with a very-high-frequency radar. Science, 203, 1238-1240.

Gage, K. S. and G. D. Nastrom, 1986: Theoretical interpretation of atmospheric wavenumber spectra of wind and temperature observed by commercial aircraft during GASP. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 729-740.

Gage, K. S., C. R. Williams, and D. A. Carter, 2000: Doppler Radar Profilers as Calibration Tools for Scanning Radars. J. App. Meteor., 39, 2209.

Gage, K. S., C. R. Williams, W. L. Clark, P. E. Johnston, and D. A. Carter, 2002: Profiler Contributions to Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Ground Validation Field Campaigns. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 19, 843-863.

Gage, K. S., C. R. Williams, and W. L. Ecklund, 1994: UHF wind profilers: A new tool for diagnosing tropical convective cloud systems. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 2289-2294.

Gage, K. S., C. R. Williams, W. L. Ecklund, and P. E. Johnston, 1999: Use of Two Profilers during MCTEX for Unambiguous Identification of Bragg Scattering and Rayleigh Scattering. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3679-3691.

Gagin, A., 1972: Effect of supersaturation on the ice crystal production by natural aerosols. J. Rech. Atmos., 6, 175-185.

Gagin, A., 1975: Ice phase in winter continental cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1604-1614.

Gagin, A. and and, 1981: The second Israeli randomized cloud seeding experiment: Evaluation of the results. J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 1301-1311.

Gagin, A. and M. Aroyo, 1969: A thermal diffusion chamber for the measurement of ice nuclei concentrations. J. Rech. Atmos., IV, 115-122.

Gagin, A. and J. Neumann, 1974: Rain stimulation and cloud physics in Israel. Weather and Climate Modification. W. N. HessEd., Wiley-Interscience, 454-459.

Gagin, A. and J. Neumann, 1981: The second Israeli randomized cloud seeding experiment: Evaluation of results. J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 1301-1311.

Gagin, A., D. Rosenfeld, and R. E. Lopez, 1985: The relationship between height and precipitation characteristics of summertime convective cells in south Florida. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 84-94.

Gagin, A., D. Rosenfeld, W. L. Woodley, and R. E. Lopez, 1986: Results of seeding for dynamic effects on rain cell properties in FACE-II. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 3-13.

Gal-Chen, T., 1978: A method for the initialization of the anelastic equations: Implications for matching models with observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 587-606.

Gal-Chen, T., 1982: Errors in fixed and moving frame of references: Applications for convectional and Doppler radar analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2279-2300.

Gal-Chen, T., 1988: A theory for the retrievals of virtual temperature from remote measurements of horizontal winds and thermal radiation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1302-1319.

Gal-Chen, T. and R. A. Kropfli, 1984: Buoyancy and pressure perturbation derived from dual-Doppler radar observations of the planetary boundary layer: Applications for matching models with observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3007-3020.

Gal-Chen, T., B. D. Schmidt, and L. W. Uccellini, 1986: Simulation experiments for testing the assimilation of geostationary satellite temperature retrievals into a numerical prediction model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1213-1230.

Gal-Chen, T. and C. J. Somerville, 1975: On the use of a coordinate transformation for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. J. Comput. Phys., 17, 209-228.

Gal-Chen, T. and R. C. J. Somerville, 1975: On the use of a coordinate transformation for the solution of the Navier-stokes equations. J. Comput. Phys., 17, 209 228.

Gal-Chen, T. and R. C. J. Somerville, 1975: Numerical solution of the Navier-Stokese quations with topography. J. Comput. Phys., 17, 276-309.

Gal-Chen, T. and R. C. J. Somerville, 1975: On the use of a coordinate transformation for the solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. J. Comput. Phys., 17, 209-228.

Gal-Chen, T. and R. Sommerville, 1975: On the use of a coordinate transformation for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. J. Comput. Phys., 17, 209-228.

Gal-Chen, T., M. Xu, and W. L. Eberhard, 1992: Estimations of Atmospheric boundary layer fluxes and other turbulence parameters from Doppler lidar data. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 409-418.

Gale, J. J., W. A. Gallus, and K. A. Jungbluth, 2002: Toward Improved Prediction of Mesoscale Convective System Dissipation. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 856-872.

Galea, E. R. and N. C. Markatos, 1991: The mathematical modelling and simulation of fire development in aircraft. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 34, 181-197.

Galinsky, V. L. and V. Ramanathan, 1998: 3D Radiative Transfer in Weakly Inhomogeneous Medium. Part I: Diffusive Approximation. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2946-2959.

Gall, R., J. Tuttle, and P. Hildebrand, 1998: Small-Scale Spiral Bands Observed in Hurricanes Andrew

Hugo, and Erin. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1749-1766.

Gall, R., K. Young, R. Schotland, and J. Schmitz, 1992: The recent maximum temperature anomalies in Tucson: Are they real or an instrumental problem? J. Climate, 5, 657-665.

Gall, R. L., 1976: The effects of released latent heat in growing baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1686-1701.

Gall, R. L., R. R. Williams, and T. L. Clark, 1987: On the minimum scale of fronts. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2562-2574.

Gall, R. L., R. T. Williams, and T. L. Clark, 1988: Gravity waves generated during frontogenesis. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2205-2219.

Gallagher Iii, F. W., 2001: Ground Reflections and Green Thunderstorms. J. App. Meteor., 40, 776.

Gallagher, M. W., K. M. Beswick, and T. W. Choularton, 1992: Measurement and modelling of cloudwater deposition to a snow-covered forest canopy. Atmos. Environ., 26A, 289-32903.

Gallagher, M. W., K. M. Beswick, and H. Coe, 2001: Ozone deposition to coastal waters. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 539.

Gallardo, C., A. Arribas, J. A. Prego, M. A. Gaertner, and M. deCastro, 2001: Multi-year simulations using a regional-climate model over the Iberian Peninsula: Current climate and doubled CO2 scenario. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1659-1682.

Galle´e, H., 1995: Simulation of the mesocyclonic activity in the Ross Sea. Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2051-2069.

Galle´e, H., 1996: Mesoscale atmospheric circulations over the southWestern Ross Sea sector. Antarctica. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 112-91141.

Galle´e, H. and and, 1994: Development of a three-dimensional meso-g primitive equations model, katabatic winds simulation in the area of Terra Nova Bay. Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 671-685.

Galle´e, H. and G. Schayes, 1992: Dynamical aspects of katabatic winds evolution in the Antarctic coastal zone. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 59, 141-161.

Galle´e, H. and G. Schayes, 1994: Development of a three-dimensional meso-gama primitive equation model: Katabatic winds simulation in the area of Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 671-685.

Galle´e, H. and G. Schayes, 1994: Development of a three-dimensional mesoscale primitive equation model: Katabatic wind simulations in the area of Terra Nova Bay. Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1-15.

Galle´e, H., O. F. d. G. T., and M. v. d. B. C, 1995: Simulation of atmospheric circulation during the GIMEX 91 experiment using a meso-g primitive equations model. J. Climate, 8, 2843-2859.

Galle´e, H., J. P. v. Ypersele, T. Fichefet, C. Tricot, and A. Berger, 1991: Simulation of the last glacial cycle by a coupled 2D climate-ice sheet model. Part 1: The climate model. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 13139-13161.

Gallée, H. and P. Pettré, 1998: Dynamical Constraints on Katabatic Wind Cessation in Adélie Land, Antarctica. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1755-1770.

Gallee, H., J. P. V. Ypersele, T. Fichefet, C. Tricot, and A. Berger, 1991: Simulation of the last glacial cycle by a coupled sectorially averaged climate-ice sheet model I: The climate model. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 1313-913161.

Gallego, M. C., J. A. Garcia, and M. L. Cancillo, 2001: Characterization of Atmospheric Turbulence by Dynamical Systems Techniques. Bound. Layer Meteor., 100, 375-392.

Gallery, W. O., F. X. Kneizys, and S. A. Clough, 1983: Air mass computer program for atmospheric transmittance/ radiance calculations: FSCATM. AFGL-TR-83-0065. 145pp. [NTIS AD A132108.].

Gallimore, R. G., 1995: Simulated ocean-atmosphere interaction in the North Pacific from a GCM coupled to a constant-depth mixed layer. J. Climate, 8, 1721-1737.

Gallimore, R. G. and and, 1981: A numerical diagnostic model of the zonally averaged circulation in isentropic coordinates. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1870-1890.

Gallimore, R. G. and D. D. Houghton, 1990: Simulation of ocean temperature and heat storage from a GCM coupled to a variable depth upper ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 1312-1332.

Gallimore, R. G. and D. R. Johnson, 1981: The forcing of the meridional circulation of the isentropic zonally averaged circum-polar vortex. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 583-599.

Gallimore, R. G. and D. R. Johnson, 1981: A numerical diagnostic model of the zonally averaged circulation in isentropic coordinates. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1870-1890.

Gallimore, R. G. and D. R. Johnson, 1981: The forcing of the me-ridional circulation of the isentropic zonally averaged circum-polar vortex. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 583-599.

Gallo, K., 1992: Experimental calibrated global vegetation index. NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. Boulder CO, 34.

Gallo, K. P., A. L. McNab, T. R. Karl, J. F. Brown, J. J. Hood, and J. D. Tarpley, 1993: The use of NOAA AVHRR data for assessment of the urban heat island effect. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 899-908.

Galloway, J. N., D. L. Savoie, W. C. Keene, and J. M. Prospero, 1993: The temporal and spatial variability of scavenging ratios for nss sulfate, nitrate, methanesulfonate, and sodium in the Atmosphere over the north Atlantic Ocean. Atmos. Environ., 27A, 235-250.

Gallus Jr, W. A., 2000: The Impact of Step Orography on Flow in the Eta Model: Two Contrasting Examples. Wea. Forecasting, 15, 630.

Gallus Jr, W. A. and M. Segal, 2000: Sensitivity of Forecast Rainfall in a Texas Convective System to Soil Moisture and Convective Parameterization. Wea. Forecasting, 15, 509.

Gallus, W. and J. F. Bresch, 1997: An intense small-scale wintertime vortex in the midwest United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2787-2809.

Gallus, W., Jr. and R. Johnson, 1992: The momentum budget of an intense midlatitude squall line. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 422-450.

Gallus, W. A., Jr. and R. H. Johnson, 1991: The momentum budget of an intense midlatitude squall line. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 422-450.

Gallus, W. A., Jr. and R. H. Johnson, 1995: The dynamics of circulations within the trailing stratiform region of squall lines. Part I: The 10-11 June PRE-STORM system. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2161-2187.

Gallus, W. A., Jr. and R. H. Johnson, 1995: The dynamics of circulations within the trailing stratiform region of squall lines. Part II: Influence of the convective line and ambient environment. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2188-2211.

Gallus, W. A., Jr., and R. H. Johnson, 1991: Heat and moisture budgets of an intense midlatitude squall line. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 122-146.

Gallus, W. A., Jr., and R. H. Johnson, 1992: The momentum budget of an intense midlatitude squall line. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 42-2450.

Gallus, W. A., Jr. and M. Rancic, 1996: A non-hydrostatic version of the NMCís regional Eta model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 495-513.

Gallus, W. A. and M. Segal, 2001: Impact of Improved Initialization of Mesoscale Features on Convective System Rainfall in 10-km Eta Simulations. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 680-696.

Galmarini, S. and P. Thunis, 1999: On the Validity of Reynolds Assumptions for Running-Mean Filters in the Absence of a Spectral Gap. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1785-1796.

Galmiche, M. and J. C. R. Hunt, 2002: The formation of shear and density layers in stably stratified turbulent flows: linear processes. J. Fluid Mech., 455, 243-262.

Galmiche, M., O. Thual, and P. Bonneton, 2002: Direct numerical simulation of turbulence-mean field interactions in a stably stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 455, 213-242.

Galperin, B., L. H. Kantha, S. Hassid, and A. Rosati, 1988: A quasiequilibrium turbulent energy model for geophysical flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 55-62.

Galperin, B., L. H. Kantha, S. Hassid, and A. Rosati, 1988: A quasi-equilibrium turbulent energy model for geophysical flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 55-62.

Galperin, B., S. A. Orzag, and Eds., 1993: Large Eddy Simulation of Complex Engineering and Geophysical Flows. Cambridge University Press, 600.

Galway, J. G., 1956: The lifted index as a predictor of latent instability. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 37, 528-529.

Galway, J. G., 1985: J. P. Finley: The first severe storms forecaster. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 66, 1389-1395.

Galway, J. G., 1989: The evolution of severe thunderstorm criteria within the Weather Service. Wea. Forecasting, 4, 585-592.

GalyLacaux, C., G. R. Carmichael, C. H. Song, J. P. Lacaux, H. A. Ourabi, and A. I. Modi, 2001: Heterogeneous processes involving nitrogenous compounds and Saharan dust inferred from measurements and model calculations (Paper 2000JD900778). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,559-12,578.

Gamache, J. F., 1990: Microphysical observations in summer MO-NEX convective and stratiform clouds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1238-1249.

Gamache, J. F. and R. A. Houze, Jr., 1982: Mesoscale air motions associated with a tropical squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 118-135.

Gamache, J. F. and R. A. Houze, Jr., 1983: Wter budget of a mesoscale convective system in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1835-1850.

Gamache, J. F. and R. A. Houze, Jr., 1985: Further analysis of the composite wind and thermodynamic structure of the 12 September GATE squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1241- 1259.

Gamache, J. F., R. A. Houze, and Jr., 1982: Mesoscale air motions associated with a tropical squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 118-135.

Gamache, J. F., R. A. Houze, and Jr., 1983: Water budget of a mesoscale convective system in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1835-1850.

Gamache, J. F., R. A. Houze, and Jr., 1985: Further analysis of the composite wind and thermodynamic structure of the 12 September GATE squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1241-1259.

Gamache, J. F., F. D. M. Jr., and F. Roux, 1995: Comparison of three airborne Doppler sampling techniques with airborne in situ wind observations. J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol., 12, 171-181.

Gamache, J. F. and R. A. H. Jr., 1983: Water budget of a meso-scale convective system in the Tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1835-1850.

Gamage, N. and W. Blumen, 1993: Comparative analysis of low-level cold fronts: Wavelet, Fourier, and empirical orthogonal function decompositions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2867-2878.

Gamage, N. and C. Hagelberg, 1993: Detection and analysis of microfronts and associated coherent events using localized transforms. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 750-756.

Gambheer, A. V. and G. S. Bhat, 2000: Life Cycle Characteristics of Deep Cloud Systems over the Indian Region Using INSAT-1B Pixel Data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 4071.

Gambheer, A. V. and G. S. Bhat, 2001: Diurnal variation of deep cloud systems over the Indian region using INSAT-1B pixel data. Meteor. Atmos. Phy., 78, 215-226.

Gambo, K., 1978: Notes on the turbulence closure model for atmospheric boundary layers. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 56, 466-480.

GameroCastano, M. and V. Hruby, 2002: Electric measurements of charged sprays emitted by cone-jets. J. Fluid Mech., 459, 245-276.

Gamo, M., S. Yamamoto, and O. Yokoyama, 1982: Airborne measurements of the free convective internal boundary layer during the sea breeze. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 60, 1284-1298.

Gamo, M., S. Yamamoto, O. Yokoyama, and H. Yoshikado, 1983: Structure of the free convective internal boundary layer above the coastal area. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 61, 110124.

Gan, M. A. and and, 1994: The influence of the Andes Cordillera on transient disturbances. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1141-1157.

Gan, M. A. and V. B. Rao, 1991: Surface cyclogenesis over South America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1293-1302.

Gan, M. A. and V. B. Rao, 1994: The influence of the Andes Cordillera on transient disturbances. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 114-11157.

Gan, T. Y., 1995: Trends in air temperature and precipitation for Canada and northeastern USA. Int. J. Climatol., 15, 111-51134.

Gandin, L. S., 1963: Objective Analysis of Meteorological Fields. GidroMeteor. Izda.

Gandin, L. S., 1963: Applied Optimal Estimation. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 242.

Gandin, L. S., 1963: Objective Analysis of Meteorological Fields. (Translated by Israel Program for Scientific Translations). Gid-rometeorologicheskoe.

Gandin, L. S., 1988: Complex quality control of meteorological observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 1 16, 1137-1156.

Gandin, L. S., L. L. Morone, and W. G. Collins, 1993: Two years of comprehensive hydrostatic quality control at the National Meteorological Center. Wea. Forecasting, 8, 57ñ-72.

Gandin, L. S. and A. H. Murphy, 1992: Equitable skill scores for categorical forecasts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 361-370.

Gandu, A. W. and J. E. Geisler, 1991: A primitive equations model study of the effect of topography on the summer circulation over tropical South America. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1822-1836.

Gangoiti, G., L. Alonso, M. Maruri, M. Navazo, and G. PerezLanda, 2002: UHF Radar Detection and Numerical Simulation of an Episode of Foehn and Lee Waves over the Northern Coast of Iberia. J. App. Meteor., 41, 230-240.

Gangopadhyay, A., 1990: Wind forcing of the Gulf Stream: A spacetime analysis. Ph.D thesis. University of Rhode Island, 192.

Gangopadhyay, A., P. Cornillon, and L. B. Jackson, 1989: Autoregressive modeling for the spectral analysis of oceanographic data. J. Geophys. Res., 94(11), 16215-16226.

Ganor, E., 1991: The composition of clay minerals transported to Israel as indicators of Saharan dust emission. Atmos. Environ., 25A, 2657-2664.

Ganor, E. and Y. Mamane, 1982: Transport of Saharan dust across the eastern Mediterranean. Atmos. Environ., 10, 1079-1084.

Gans, R., 1912: U ¨ ber die Form ultrmikroskopischer Goldteilchen. Ann. Phys., 37, 881-900.

Gao, B. C., A. F. H. Goetz, and W. J. Wiscombe, 1993: Cirrus cloud detection from airborne imaging spectrometer data using the 1.38 mm water vapor band. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 301-304.

Gao, B.-C., E. R. Westwater, B. B. Stankov, D. Birkenheuer, and A. F. H. Goetz, 1992: Comparison of column water vapor measurements using downward-looking optical and infrared imaging spectrometry and upward-looking microwave radiometry. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 1193-1201.

Gao, J., M. Xue, K. Brewster, F. Carr, and K. K. Droegemeier, 2001: A three dimensional variational data assimilation scheme for storm-scale models. Preprints, 14th Conf. on Num. Wea. Pred., Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, Amer. Meteor. Soc., J71-J73.

Gao, J., M. Xue, K. Brewster, F. Carr, and K. K. Droegemeier, 2002: New Development of a 3DVAR system for a nonhydrostatic NWP modeol. Preprint, 15th Conf. Num. Wea. Pred. and 19th Conf. Wea. Aanl. Forecasting, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Gao, J., M. Xue, K. Brewster, and K. K. Droegemeier, 2002: Three-dimensional variational analysis with recursive filter for Doppler radar data. Mon. Wea. Rev., To be submitted.

Gao, J., M. Xue, and K. K. Droegemeier, 2002: A Three-dimensional variational single-Doppler velocity retrieval method with simple conservation equation constraint. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., Submitted.

Gao, J., M. Xue, K. K. Droegemeier, and A. Shapiro, 2001: A 3-D variational method for single-Doppler velocity retrieval applied to a supercell storm case. Preprints, 30th Int. Conf. Radar Meteor., Munich, Germany, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 456-458.

Gao, J., M. Xue, A. Shaprio, and K. K. Droegemeier, 1999: Three-dimensional variational wind retrievals from single-Doppler radar. Preprints, 29th Int. Conf. Radar Meteor., Montreal, Canada.

Gao, J., M. Xue, A. Shaprio, K. K. Q. Xu, and Droegemeier, 1999: Three-dimensional simple adjoint retrieval using WSR-88D radar data. Preprints, 8th Conf. Mesoscale Meteor., Boulder CO.

Gao, J., M. Xue, Z. Wang, and K. K. Droegemeier, 1998: The initial condition and explicit prediction of convection using ARPS adjoint and other retrievals methods with WSR-88D data. 12th Conf. Num. Wea. Pred., Phoenix AZ, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 176-178.

Gao, J. D., S. Weygandt, M. Xue, A. Shapiro, Q. Xu, and K. K. Droegemeier, 1998: Application of a simple adjoint wind retrieval to a tornadic supercell storm. Preprint, 19th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Minneapolis, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Gao, J.-D., M. Xue, A. Shapiro, and K. K. Droegemeier, 1999: A variational method for the analysis of three-dimensional wind fields from two Doppler radars. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2128-2142.

Gao, J.-D., M. Xue, A. Shapiro, Q. Xu, and K. K. Droegemeier, 2001: Three-dimensional simple adjoint velocity retrievals from single Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 18, 26-38.

Gao, K., D.-L. Zhang, M. W. Moncrieff, and H.-R. Cho, 1990: Mesoscale momentum budget in a midlatitude squall line: A numerical case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1011-1028.

Gao, W., 1995: The vertical change of coefficient b, used in the relaxed eddy accumulation method for flux measurement above and within a forest canopy. Atmos. Environ., 29, 2339-2347.

Gao, W. and B. Li, 1993: Wavelet analysis of coherent structures at the atmosphereforest interface. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 1717-1725.

Gao, W., Shaw, R. H., and K. T. P. U, 1989: Observation of organized structure in turbulent flow within and above a forest canopy. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 47, 349-377.

Gao, X. and S. Sorooshian, 1994: A stochastic precipitation disaggregation scheme for GCM applications. J. Climate, 7, 23-8247.

Gao, Y.-X., M.-C. Tang, S.-W. Luo, Z.-B. Shen, and C. Li, 1981: Some aspects of recent research on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau meteorology. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 62, 31-35.

Gaponenko, V. R., A. V. Ivanov, Y. S. Kachanov, and J. D. Crouch, 2002: Swept-wing boundary-layer receptivity to surface non-uniformities. J. Fluid Mech., 461, 93-126.

Garand, L., 1983: Some improvements and complements to the in-frared emissivity algorithm including a parameterization of the absorption in the continuum region. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 23-0244.

Garand, L., 1993: A pattern recognition technique for retrieving humidity profiles from Meteosat or GOES imagery. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 1592-1607.

Garand, L., C. Grassotti, J. Halle, and G. L. Klein, 1992: On differences in radiosonde humidity-reporting practices and their implications for numerical weather prediction and remote sensing. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1417-1423.

Garbey, M. and D. TromeurDervout, 2001: Parallel Algorithms with Local Fourier Basis. J. Comput. Phy., 173, 575-599.

Garbow, B. S., J. M. Boyle, J. J. Dongarra, and C. B. Moler, 1977: Matrix Eigensystem Routines-EISPACK Guide Extension. Springerverlag, 343.

Garci´a Diez, E. L., J. L. Labajo, and F. d. Pablo, 1993: Some Meteorological conditions associated with forest fires in Galicia (Spain). Int. J. Biometeo., 37, 194-199.

Garci´a Diez, E. L., L. R. Soriano, F. d. Pablo, and A. G. a. Diez, 1994: An objective forecasting model for the daily outbreak of forest fires based on meteorological considerations. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, deliv-519-526.

Garci´a, O., L. Bosart, and G. DiMego, 1978: On the nature of winter season rainfall in the Dominican Republic. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 961-982.

Garcia, O., 1985: Atlas of Highly Reflective Clouds for the Glo-bal Tropics. 1971-1983. U.S. Dept. of Commerce Environmental Research Labs, 365.

Garcia, R. R., 1991: Parameterization of planetary wave breaking in the middle atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1405-1419.

Garcia, R. R. and and, 1994: A new numerical model of the middle atmosphere. 2: Ozone and related species. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12937-12952.

Garcia, R. R. and B. A. Boville, 1994: ''Downward control'' of the mean meridional circulation and temperature distribution of the polar winter stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2238-2245.

Garcia, R. R. and M. L. Salby, 1987: Transient response to localized episodic heating in the Tropics. Part II: Far field behavior. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 499-530.

Garcia, R. R. and S. Solomon, 1985: The effect of breaking gravity waves on the dynamics and chemical composition of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 3850-3868.

Garcia, R. R. and S. Solomon, 1987: A possible relationship between interannual variability in Antarctic ozone and the quasi-biennial oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 848-851.

García-Bonnelly, J. U., 1958: Hurricanes which caused damage on the island of Hispaniola. Final report of the Caribbean hurricane seminar. Ciudad Trujillo D.N., Dominican Republic, 401.

GarciaSchafer, J. E. and A. Linan, 2001: Longitudinal acoustic instabilities in slender solid propellant rockets: linear analysis. J. Fluid Mech., 437, 229-254.

Garcke, J. and M. Griebel, 2000: On the Computation of the Eigenproblems of Hydrogen and Helium in Strong Magnetic and Electric Fields with the Sparse Grid Combination Technique. J. Comp. Phys., 165, 694.

Gardiner, B. A., 1994: Wind and wind forces in a plantation spruce forest. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 67, 161-186.

Gardiner, B. A. and J. Hallett, 1985: Degradation of incloud forward scattering spectrometer probe measurements in the presence of ice particles. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2, 171-180.

Gardiner, B. G. and Coauthors, 1993: European intercomparison of ultraviolet spectrometers. Environ. Technol., 14, 25-43.

Gardiner, C. W., 1983: Handbook of Stochastic Methods. Springerverlag. 432.

Gardiner, C. W., 1985: Handbook of Stochastic Methods for Physics. Chemistry, and the Natural Sciences. 2d ed., Springerverlag.

Gardiner, C. W., 1990: Handbook of Stochastic Methods. 2d ed. Springerverlag. 442.

Gardiner, D. A. and B. F. Bombay, 1965: An approximation to Stuand dent's t. Technometrics, 7, 71-72.

Gardner, C. M., J. P. Bell, J. D. Cooper, M. G. Hodnett, and N. Gardner, 1991: Soil water content. Soil Analysis: Physical Meth-ods. K. A. Smith and C. E. MullinsEds., 1-73.

Gardner, C. S. and N. F. Gardner, 1993: Measurement distortion in aircraft, space shuttle, and balloon observations of atmospheric density and temperature perturbation spectra. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1023-1033.

Gardner, C. S. and D. G. Voelz, 1987: Lidar studies of the nighttime sodium layer over Urbana, Illinois. Part II: Gravity waves. J. Geophys. Res., 92.

Gardner, W. A., 1986: The spectral correlation theory of cyclostationary time-series. Signal Processing, 11, 13-36.

Gardner, W. A., 1988: Statistical Spectral Analysis: A Nonprobabilistic Theory. Prentice Hall, 456.

Gardner, W. A., 1994: An introduction to cyclostationary signals. Cyclostationarity in Communications and Signal Processing. W. A. GardnerEd. IEEE Press, 504.

Gardner, W. A., 1994: Cyclostationarity in Communications and Signal Processing. IEEE Press, 504.

Gardner, W. A. and L. E. Franks, 1975: Characterization of cyclostationary random processes. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 21, 4-14.

Gardner, W. A. and L. E. Franks, 1975: Characterization of cyclostationary random signal processes. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 21, 4-14.

Garen, D. C., G. L. Johnson, and C. L. Hanson, 1994: Mean areal precipitation for daily hydrologic modeling in mountainous regions. Water Resour. Bull., 30, 481-491.

Gargett, A., 1989: Ocean turbulence. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 21, 419-451.

Gargett, A. E., 1984: Vertical eddy diffusivity in the ocean interior. J. Mar. Res., 42, 359-393.

Gargett, A. E., 1989: Ocean turbulence. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 21, 419-451.

Gargett, A. E., P. J. Hendricks, T. B. Sanford, T. R. Osborn, and A. J. W. III, 1981: A composite spectrum of vertical shear in the upper ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1258-1271.

Gargett, A. E. and G. Holloway, 1992: Sensitivity of the GFDL Ocean Model to different diffusivities for heat and salt. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 1158-1177.

Gargett, A. E. and J. N. Moum, 1995: Mixing efficiencies in turbulent tidal fronts: Results from direct and indirect measurements of density flux. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2583-2608.

Gargett, A. E. and R. W. Schmitt, 1982: Observations of salt fingers in the central waters of the eastern North Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8017-8029.

Garikipati, K. and V. S. Rao, 2001: Recent Advances in Models for Thermal Oxidation of Silicon. J. Compu. Phy., 174, 138-170.

Garinger, L. P. and K. R. Knupp, 1993: Seasonal tornado climatology for the southeastern United States. The Tornado: Its Structure. Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards.

Garland, J. A. and J. B. Rae, 1970: An integrating nephelometer for atmospheric studies and visibility warning devices. J. Sci. instrum., 3, 275-280.

Garner, S. N., 1994: Mentoring lessons. Women's Studies Quarterly, 22, 6-14.

Garner, S. T., 1986: A radiative upper boundary condition adapted for f-plane models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1570-1577.

Garner, S. T., 1989: Fully Lagrangian numerical solutions of unbalanced frontogenesis and frontal collapse. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 717-739.

Garner, S. T., 1995: Permanent and transient upstream effects in nonlinear stratified flow over a ridge. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 227-246.

Garner, S. T., 1999: Blocking and Frontogenesis by Two-Dimensional Terrain in Baroclinic Flow. Part I: Numerical Experiments. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1495-1508.

Garner, S. T., 1999: Blocking and Frontogenesis by Two-Dimensional Terrain in Baroclinic Flow. Part II: Analysis of Flow Stagnation Mechanisms. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1509-1523.

Garner, S. T., N. Nakamura, and I. M. Held, 1992: Nonlinear equilibration of two-dimensional Eady waves: A new perspective. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1984-1996.

Garner, S. T. and A. J. Thorpe, 1992: The development of organized convection in a simplfied squall line model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 101-124.

Garnier, A. and M. L. Chanin, 1992: Wind measurements from 15 to 50 km with a Doppler Rayleigh lidar. 16th Int. Laser Radar Conf. (NASA CP-3158), Cambridge, MA, AMS, USAF, OSA, NASA, 341-344.

Garnier, E., O. Métais, and M. Lesieur, 1998: Synoptic and Frontal-Cyclone Scale Instabilities in Baroclinic Jet Flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1316-1335.

Garnier, E., P. Sagaut, and M. Deville, 2001: A Class of Explicit ENO Filters with Application to Unsteady Flows. J. Comp. Phy., 170, 184-204.

Garrand, L., 1988: Automated recognition of oceanic cloud patterns. Part I: Methodology and application to cloud climatology. J. Climate, 1, 20-39.

Garratt, J. and P. Taylor, 2001: Editorial. Bound. Layer Meteor., 100, 1-2.

Garratt, J. R., 1977: Review of drag coefficients over oceans and continents. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 915-929.

Garratt, J. R., 1978: Flux profile relations above tall vegetation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 199-211.

Garratt, J. R., 1978: Transfer characteristics for a heterogeneous surface of large aerodynamic roughness. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 491-502.

Garratt, J. R., 1979: Comments on the paper ''Analysis of flux-profile relationships above tall vegetation-An alternative view.''. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 105, 1079-1082.

Garratt, J. R., 1980: Surface influence upon vertical profiles in the atmospheric nearsurface layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 803-819.

Garratt, J. R., 1992: The Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Cambridge University Press, 316.

Garratt, J. R., 1992: The internal boundary layer-A review. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 50, 171-203.

Garratt, J. R., 1993: Sensitivity of climate simulations to land-surface an atmospheric boundary-layer treatments-a review. J. Cli-mate, 6, 419-449.

Garratt, J. R., 1993: Sensitivity of climate simulations to land surface and atmospheric boundary layer treatments-A review. J. Climate, 6, 419-449.

Garratt, J. R., 1994: Incoming shortwave fluxes at the surface-A comparison of GCM results with observations. J. Climate, 7, 72-80.

Garratt, J. R., 1994: The Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Cambridge University Press, 316.

Garratt, J. R., 1995: Observed screen (air ) and GCM surface/ screen temperaturesimplications for outgoing longwave fluxes at the surface. J. Climate, 8, 1360-1368.

Garratt, J. R., 2001: Clear-Sky Longwave Irradiance at the Earth's Surface--Evaluation of Climate Models. J. Climate, 14, 1647.

Garratt, J. R., 2001: Clear-Sky Longwave Irradiance at the Earth's Surface-Evaluation of Climate Models. J. Climate, 14, 1647-1670.

Garratt, J. R., P. B. Krummel, and E. A. Kowalczyk, 1993: The surface energy balance at local and regional scales-a comparison of general circulation model results with observations. J. Climate, 6, 1090-1109.

Garratt, J. R. and W. L. Physick, 1986: Numerical study of atmospheric gravity currents. I: Simulations and observations of cold fronts. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 59, 282-300.

Garratt, J. R. and W. L. Physiek, 1983: Low-level wind response to mesoscale pressure systems. Bound -Layer Meteor., 27, 69-87.

Garratt, J. R. and R. A. Pielke, 1989: On the sensitivity of mesoscale models to surface-layer parameterization constants. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 48, 377-387.

Garratt, J. R., R. A. Pielke, W. F. Miller, and T. J. Lee, 1990: mesoscale model response to random, surface-based perturbationsA sea breeze experiment. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 52, 313-334.

Garratt, J. R., L. D. Rotstayn, and P. B. Krummel, 2002: The atmospheric boundary layer in the CSIRO global climate model: simulations versus observations. Climate Dynamics, 19, 397-416.

Garratt, J. R. and M. Segal, 1988: On the contribution of atmospheric moisture to dew formation. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 45, 20-9236.

Garreaud, R. D., 1999: Multiscale Analysis of the Summertime Precipitation over the Central Andes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 901-921.

Garreaud, R. D., 1999: Cold Air Incursions over Subtropical and Tropical South America: A Numerical Case Study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2823-2853.

Garreaud, R. D., 2000: Intraseasonal Variability of Moisture and Rainfall over the South American Altiplano. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3337.

Garreaud, R. D. and P. Aceituno, 2001: Interannual Rainfall Variability over the South American Altiplano. J. Climate, 14, 2779-2789.

Garreaud, R. D., J. A. Rutllant, and H. Fuenzalida, 2002: Coastal Lows along the Subtropical West Coast of South America: Mean Structure and Evolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 75-88.

Garreaud, R. D. and J. M. Wallace, 1997: The Diurnal March of Convective Cloudiness over the Americas. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 3157-3171.

Garreaud, R. D. and J. M. Wallace, 1998: Summertime Incursions of Midlatitude Air into Subtropical and Tropical South America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2713-2733.

Garrett, A. J., 1980: Orographic cloud over the eastern slopes of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii, related to insolation and wind. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 931-941.

Garrett, A. J., 1982: A parameter study of interactions between convective clouds, the convective boundary layer, and a forested surface. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1041-1059.

Garrett, A. J., 1983: Drainage flow prediction with a one-dimensional model including canopy, soil and radiation parameterization. J. Appl. Meteor., 22, 79-91.

Garrett, A. J., 1983: Treatment of ground-air and water-air exchange. AMS/EPA Specialty Conference on Air Quality Modeling of the Nonstationary, Nonhomogeneous Urban Boundary layers, AMS.

Garrett, A. J. and I. F. G. Smith, 1982: A two dimensional dynamical drainage flow model with Monte Carlo transport and diffusion calculations.

Garrett, A. J. M., 2001: Comment on "A model of ball lightning as a magnetic knot with linked streamers" by A. F. Ranada, M. Soler, and J. L. Trueba. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2977.

Garrett, C., 1982: On spindown in the ocean interior. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 989-993.

Garrett, C., 1983: Variable sea level and strait flows in the Mediterranean: A theoretical study of the response to meteorological forcing. Oceanol. Acta, 6, 79-87.

Garrett, C., M. Bormans, and K. Thompson, 1990: Is the exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar maximal or submaximal? The Physical Oceanography of Sea Straits. L. J. PrattEd., Kluwer Academic, 271-294.

Garrett, C. and W. Munk, 1972: Oceanic mixing by breaking internal waves. Deep-Sea Res., 19, 823-832.

Garrett, C. and W. Munk, 1975: Space-time scales of internal waves: A progress report. J. Geophys. Res., 80, 291-297.

Garrett, C., R. Outerbridge, and K. Thompson, 1993: Interannual variability in Mediterranean heat and buoyancy fluxes. J. Climate, 6, 900-910.

Garrett, C., K. Speer, and E. Tragou, 1995: The relationship between water mass formation and the surface buoyancy flux, with application to the Phillips Red Sea model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1696-1705.

Garrett, C. J. R. and W. H. Munk, 1975: Space-time scales of internal waves: A progress report. J. Geophys. Res., 80, 29-1297.

Garrett, J. R. and R. A. Brost, 1981: Radiative cooling within and above the nocturnal boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2730-2746.

Garrett, J. R. and B. B. Hicks, 1973: Momentum, heat and water vapor transfer to and from natural and artificial surfaces. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 99, 680-687.

Garriott, E. B., 1990: West Indian hurricanes. Weather Bureau Bulletin H., U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington.

Garstang, M., 1966: Sensible and latent heat exchange in low latitude synoptic scale systems. Tellus, 19, 492-508.

Garstang, M., 1967: Sensible and latent heat heat exchange in lowlatitude synoptic-scale systems. Tellus, 19, 492-509.

Garstang, M., 2000: Editorial. J. App. Meteor., 39, 1809.

Garstang, M., G. D. Emmitt, and B. Kelbe, 1981: Rain augmentation in Nelspruit (RAIN). Rep. to the Water Research Commission. Pretoria, South Africa, 266.

Garstang, M. and C. D. Kummerow, 2000: Editorial. J. App. Meteor., 39, 1961.

Garstang, M., R. A. Pielke, and and, 1980: Coastal zone wind energy. Part II. Validation of the coastal zone wind power potential: A summary of the field experiment. DOE Contract DE-AS06-76ET20274, 43.

Garstang, M., R. A. Pielke, J. Gusdorf, C. Lindsey, and J. W. Snow, 1980: Coastal zone wind energy. Part III. A procedure to determine the wind power potential of the coastal zone. DOE Contract DE-AS0676ET20274, 28.

Garstang, M., R. A. Pielke, and J. W. Snow, 1980: A comparison of model predicted to observed winds in the coastal zone.

Garstang, M., R. A. Pielke, and J. W. Snow, 1980: Coastal zone wind energy. Part I. Potential wind power density fields based on 3D model simulations of the dominant wind regimes for three East and Gulf Coast areas. DOE Contract DE-AS0676ET20274, 31.

Garstang, M. and P. D. Tyson, 1996: Atmospheric circulation, vertical structure and transport. Fire in Southern African Savannas: Ecological and Atmospheric Perspectives. B. W. van Wilgen, M. O. Andreae, J. G. Goldammer.

Garstang, M., P. D. Tyson, E. Browell, and R. Swap, 1996: Large scale transports of biogenic and biomass burning products. Biomass Burning and Global Change. J. LevineEd., MIT Press, in press.

Garstang, M., P. D. Tyson, H. Cachier, and L. Radke, 1996: Atmospheric transports of particulate and gaseous products by fire. Sediment Records of Biomass Burning and Global Change. J. ClarkEd., Springerverlag, in press.

Garstang, M., P. D. Tyson, and G. D. Emmitt, 1975: The structure of heat islands. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 13, 139-165.

Garstang, M., P. D. Tyson, R. Swap, M. Edwards, P. Ka°llberg, and J. A. Lindesay, 1996: Horizontal and vertical transport of air over southern Africa. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

Garvey, D. M., 1975: Testing of cloud seeding materials at the Cloud Simulation and Aerosol Laboratory, 1971-1973. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 883-890.

Garwood, R. A., 1991: Enhancements to deep turbulent entrainment. Deep Convection and Deep Water Formation in the Oceans. P. Chu and J. C. GascardEds., Elsevier, 197-213.

Garwood, R. W., 1977: An oceanic mixed layer model capable of simulating cyclic states. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 455-468.

Garwood, R. W., 1991: Enhancements to deep turbulent entrainment. Deep Convection and Deep Water Formation in the Oceans. P. Chu and J. C. GascardEds., Elsevier Science, 197-213.

Garwood, R. W., S. M. Isabari, and P. C. Gallacher, 1994: Thermobaric convection. The Role of the Polar Oceans in Shaping the Global Environment. Amer. Geophys. Union Monogr., Amer. Geophys. Union, 85.

Garwood, R. W. and Jr., 1977: An oceanic mixed layer model capable of simulating cyclic states. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 455-468.

Gary, J. M., 1973: Estimate of truncation error in transformed coordinate primitive equation atmospheric models. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 223-233.

Garzoli, S. and C. Maillard, 1979: Winter circulation in the Sicily and Sardinia straits region. Deep-Sea Res., 26, 933-954.

Garzoli, S. L., 1993: Geostrophic velocity and transport variability in the Brazilmalvinas confluence. Deep-Sea Res., 40, 137-91403.

Garzoli, S. L. and A. A. Bianchi, 1987: Time-space variability of the local dynamics of the Malvinas/ Brazil Confluence as revealed by inverted echo sounders. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 1914-1922.

Garzoli, S. L. and Z. Garraffo, 1989: Transports, frontal motions and eddies at the Brazil Malvinas currents confluence. Deep-Sea Res., 36, 681-703.

Garzoli, S. L., Z. Garraffo, G. Podesta, and O. Brown, 1992: Analysis of a general circulation model product. Part 1: Frontal systems in the Brazil/ Malvinas and Kuroshio/ Oyashio regions. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20117-20138.

Garzoli, S. L. and E. J. Katz, 1983: The forced annual reversal of the Atlantic North Equatorial countercurrent. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 2082-2093.

Gascard, J.-C., 1973: Vertical motions in a region of deep water formation. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 1011-1027.

Gascard, J.-C., 1978: Mediterranean deep water formation baroclinic instability and oceanic eddies. Oceanol. Acta, 1, 315-330.

Gascard, J. C., 1978: Mediterranean deep water formation, baroclinic instability and oceanic eddies. Oceanol. Acta, 1(3), 315-330.

Gascard, J. C., 1991: Open ocean convection and deep water formation revisited in the Mediterranean. Labrador, Greenland, and Weddell Seas. Deep Convection and Deep Water Formation in the Oceans.

Gascard, J. C. and A. R. Clarke, 1983: The formation of Labrador Sea Water. Part II: Mesoscale and smaller scale processes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1779-1797.

Gascard, J. C. and R. A. Clarke, 1983: The formation of Labrador Sea water. Part II: Mesoscale and smaller scale processes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1779-1797.

Gascard, J. C. and C. Richez, 1985: Water masses and circulation in the Western Alboran Sea and in the Strait of Gibraltar. Prog. Oceanogr., 15, 157-216.

Gascard, J.-C. and C. Richez, 1985: Water masses and circulation in the western Alboran sea and in the Strait of Gibraltar. Progress in Oceanography. Vol. 15, Pergamon, 157-216.

Gascon, L. and J. M. Corberan, 2001: Construction of Second-Order TVD Schemes for Nonhomogeneous Hyperbolic Conservation Laws. J. Comput. Phy., 172, 261-297.

Gash, J. H. C. and W. J. Shuttleworth, 1991: Tropical deforestation: Albedo and the surfaceenergy balance. Clim. Change, 19, 12-3133.

Gash, J. H. C., W. J. Shuttleworth, C. R. Lloyd, J.-C. Andre´, J.-P. Goutorbe, and J. Gelpe, 1989: Micrometeorological measurements in Les Landes Forest during HapexMobilhy. Agric. For. Meteor., 46, 131-147.

Gash, J. H. C., J. S. Wallace, C. R. Lloyd, A. J. Dolman, M. V. K. Sivakumar, and C. Renard, 1991: Measurements of evaporation from fallow Sahelian Savannah at the start of the dry season. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 749-760.

Gasiewski, A. J., 1992: Numerical sensitivity analysis of passive EHF and SMMW channels to tropospheric water vapor, clouds, and precipitation. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 30, 859-870.

Gasiewski, A. J., 1993: Microwave radiative transfer in hydrometeors. Atmospheric Remote Sensing by Microwave Radiometry. M. A. Jans-senEd., John Wiley and Sons, 92-144.

Gasiewski, A. J., J. W. Barrett, P. G. Bonanni, and D. H. Staelin, 1990: Aircraft-based radiometric imaging of tropospheric temperature profiles and precipitation using the 118.75 GHz oxygen resonance. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 620-632.

Gasiewski, A. J. and D. H. Staelin, 1989: Statistical precipitation cell parameter estimation using passive 118-GHz O2 observations. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 18367-18378.

Gasiewski, A. J. and D. H. Staelin, 1990: Numerical modelling of passive microwave O2 observations over precipitation. Radio Sci., 25, 21-7235.

Gaskell, W. and A. J. Illingworth, 1980: Charge transfer accompa-nying individual collisions between ice particles and its role in thunderstorm electrification. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 841-854.

Gaskell, W. and A. J. I. Illingworth, 1980: Charge transfer accompanying individual collisions between ice particles and its role in thunderstorm electrification. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 841-854.

Gaspar, P., 1988: Modeling the seasonal cycle of the upper ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 161-179.

Gaspar, P., J.-C. Andre, and J.-M. Lefevre, 1990: The determination of the latent and sensible heat fluxes at the sea surface viewed as an inverse problem. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16169-16178.

Gaspar, P., Y. Gregoris, and J.-M. Lefevre, 1990: A simple eddy kinetic energy model for simulations of the oceanic vertical mixing: Tests at station Papa and longterm upper ocean study site. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16179-16193.

Gaspar, P., F. Ogor, P.-Y. LeTraon, and O.-Z. Zanife, 1994: Estimating the sea state bias of the TOPEX and POSEIDON altimeters from crossover differences. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 2498-124994.

Gaspar, P. and C. Wunsch, 1989: Estimates from altimeter data of baroclinic Rossby waves in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1821-1844.

Gasparovic, R. F. and J. R. Apel, 1988: An overview of the SAR internal wave signature experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 12304-12316.

Gast, P. R., 1960: Thermal radiation. Handbook of Geophysics. USAF Cambridge Research Laboratories, MacMillan and Co., 1-32.

Gaster, M., 1962: A note on a relation between temporally increasing and spatial increasing disturbances in hydrodynamics stability. J. Fluid Mech., 14, 222-224.

Gates, D., 1980: Biophysical Ecology. Springerverlag, 611.

Gates, W. L., 1976: The numerical simulation of ice age climate with a global general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 184-41873.

Gates, W. L., 1992: An AMS continuing series: Global change, AMIP: The atmospheric model intercomparison project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1962-1970.

Gates, W. L., 1995: An overview of AMIP and preliminary results. Pro-ceeding of the First International AMIP Scientific Conference. W. L. Gates Ed. World Meteorological Organization, 1-8.

Gates, W. L., E. S. Batten, A. B. Kahle, and A. B. Nelson, 1971: A documentation of the Mintz-Arakawa two-level atmospheric general circulation model. R-877-ARPA. Rand, Santa Monica, California. 408.

Gates, W. L. and Coauthors, 1995: Climate modelsvalidation. IPCC Second Scientific Assessment of Climate Change. J. J. Houghton, L. G. Meiro Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell Eds., Cambridge University Press, 229-284.

Gates, W. L., J. F. B. Mitchell, G. J. Boer, U. Cubasch, and V. P. Meleshko, 1992: Climate modelling. climate prediction and model validation, Climate Change 1992. The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment. J. T. Houghton, B. A. Callander.

Gates, W. L. and A. B. Nelson, 1975: A new (revised) tabulation of the Scripps topography on a 17 global grid. Part I: Terrain heights. Tech. Rep. R-1276-1-ARPA, The Rand Corporation, 132.

Gates, W. L., P. R. Rowntree, and Q.-C. Zeng, 1990: Validation of climate models. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (IPCC) : Scientific Assessment of Climate Change, J. T. Houghton, G. J. Jenkins.

Gates, W. L. and M. E. Schlesinger, 1977: Numerical simulation of the January and July global climate with a two-level atmospheric model. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 36-76.

Gauss, C. F., 1963: Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections; originally published as Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium in Sectionibus Conicus solem Ambientium (1809). 142pp. [First translation, by C. H. Davis, published by Little.

Gauthier, P., 1990: Effect of detuning on the development of marginally unstable baroclinic vortices. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 999-1011.

Gauthier, P., 1992: Chaos and quadri-dimensional data assimilation: A study based on the Lorenz model. Tellus, 44A, 2-17.

Gauthier, P. and J. N. Thepaut, 2001: Impact of the Digital Filter as a Weak Constraint in the Preoperational 4DVAR Assimilation System of Meteo-France. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2089-2102.

Gautier, C., 1978: Some evidence of cool surface water pools asso-ciated with mesoscale downdrafts during GATE. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 162-166.

Gautier, C., G. R. Diak, and S. Masse, 1980: A simple model to estimate incident solar radiation at the sea surface. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 1005-1012.

Gautier, C. and K. B. Katsaros, 1984: Insolation during STREX. I: Comparison between surface measurements and satellite estimates, J. Geophys. Res., 89.

Gautier, C. and M. Landsfeld, 1997: Surface Solar Radiation Flux and Cloud Radiative Forcing for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP): A Satellite, Surface Observations, and Radiative Transfer Model Study. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1289-1307.

Gavrilov, M. B., 2002: Comments on "A More Extensive Investigation of the Use of Ensemble Forecasts for Dispersion Model Evaluation". J. Appl. Meteor., 41, 899.

Gavrilov, M. B. and I. A. Toi, 1999: Dispersion Characteristics of Discrete Quasigeostrophic Modes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2197-2203.

Gavrilov, N. M. and S. Fukao, 1999: A Comparison of Seasonal Variations of Gravity Wave Intensity Observed by the MU Radar with a Theoretical Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3485-3494.

Gavrilova, M. K., 1963: Radiation climate of the Arctic. GidroMeteorologichskeo Izd. 178pp. (English translation by Israel Prog. for Scientific Translation, 19-66).

Gavrilyuk, S. and R. Saurel, 2002: Mathematical and Numerical Modeling of Two-Phase Compressible Flows with Micro-Inertia. J. Compu. Phy., 175, 326-360.

Gawarkiewicz, G. and D. C. Chapman, 1992: The role of stratification in the formation and maintenance of shelf-break fronts. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 753-772.

Gawarkiewicz, G. and D. C. Chapman, 1995: A numerical study of dense water formation and transport on a shallow. sloping continental shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 100(C3).

Gayet, J.-F., 1988: Calibration of PMS FSSP and 1D-C probes for cloud droplet measurements. Int. Cloud Physics Conf., Bad Homburg, Germany.

Gayet, J. F., 1976: Sur les performances de L'ASSP-100 de Knol-lenberg pour la granulometrie des nuages. J. Rech. Atmos., 10, 105-118.

Gayet, J. F., G. Febvre, G. Brogniez, H. Chepfer, W. Renger, and P. Wendling, 1996: Microphysical and optical properties of cirrus and contrails: Cloud field study on 13 October 1989. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 126-138.

Gayet, J.-F., P. A. Brown, and F. Albers, 1993: A comparison of incloud measurements obtained with six PMS 2D-C probes. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 180-194.

Gayet, J.-F., P. R. A. Brown, and F. Albers, 1993: A comparison of incloud measurements obtained with six PMS 2D-C probes. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 180-194.

Gaynor, J. E. and P. A. Mandics, 1978: Analysis of the tropical marine boundary layer during GATE using acoustic sounder data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 223-232.

Gaynor, J. E. and C. F. Ropelewski, 1979: Analysis of the convectively modified GATE boundary layer using in situ and acoustic sounder data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 985-993.

Gaynor, J. E. and E. F. Ropelewski, 1979: Analysis of convectively modified GATE boundary layer using in situ and acoustic sounder data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 985-993.

Gaza, R. S. and L. F. Bosart, 1990: Trough-merger characteristics over North America. Wea. Forecasting, 5, 314-331.

Gazis, P. R. and T. Roush, 2001: Autonomous identification of carbonates using near-IR reflectance spectra during the February 1999 Marsokhod field tests (Paper 1999JE001148). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 7765-7774.

Gazzilli, G., S. Palmieri, A. M. Siani, and G. R. Casale, 2001: In search of mountain sites suitable for wind farms in the Mediterranean area using diagnostic wind model. Meteor. Appl., 8, 205-208.

Ge, G. and H. Chaoying, 2001: Climate Change and Its Impact on Water Resources in North China. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18, 718-732.

Ge, L. and J. Zhang, 2001: High Accuracy Iterative Solution of Convection Diffusion Equation with Boundary Layers on Nonuniform Grids. J. Comp. Phy., 171, 560-578.

Gear, C. W., 1971: Numerical Initial Value Problems in Ordinary Differential Equations. Prentice-Hall. 253.

Gebert, W. A., D. J. Graezyk, and R. W. Krug, 1987: Average annual runoff in the United States 1951-1980. Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-710, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston.

Gebhardt, T. and S. Grossmann, 1994: Chaos transition despite linear stability. Phys. Rev. E, 50, 3705-3711.

Gedzelman, S. D., 1978: Forecasting skill of beginners. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 59, 1305-1309.

Gedzelman, S. D., 1979: Reply to ''Comment on forecasting skill of beginners'' and ''Rebuttal to forecasting skill of beginners.''. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 60, 1208-1209.

Gedzelman, S. D., 1983: Shortperiod atmospheric gravity waves: A study of their statistical properties and source mechanisms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1293-1299.

G'edzelman, S. D. and W. L. Donn, 1979: Atmospheric gravity waves and coastal cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 667-681.

Gedzelman, S. D. and R. A. Rilling, 1978: Shortperiod atmospheric gravity waves: A study of their dynamic and synoptic features. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 196-210.

Geernaert, G., 1987: Drag coefficient modeling for the near coastal zone. Dyn. Atmos. Ocean. 11, 207-222.

Geernaert, G., 1987: Drag coefficient modeling for the near coastal zone. Dyn. Atmos. Ocean., 11, 207-222.

Geernaert, G. L., 1987: On the importance of the drag coefficient in air-sea interactions. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 11, 19-38.

Geernaert, G. L., 1990: Bulk parameterizations for the wind stress and heat fluxes. Surface Waves and Fluxes. Vol. 1. Current Theory. G. L. Geernaert and W. J. Plant Eds., Kluwer Academic, 336.

Geernaert, G. L., K. L. Davidson, S. E. Larsen, and T. Mikkelsen, 1988: Wind stress measurements during the tower ocean wave and radar dependence experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 93(C11), 1391-313923.

Geernaert, G. L., F. Hansen, M. Courtney, and T. Herbers, 1993: Directional attributes of the ocean surface wind stress vector. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16571-16582.

Geernaert, G. L., K. B. Katsaros, and K. Richter, 1986: Variation of the drag coefficient and its dependence on sea state. J. Geophys. Res., 91(C6), 7667-7679.

Geernaert, G. L. and S. Larsen, 1993: On the role of humidity in estimating marine surface layer stratification and scatterometer cross section. J. Geophys. Res. 98 (C1), 927-932.

Geernaert, G. L., S. E. Larsen, and F. Hansen, 1987: Measurements of the wind stress, heat flux, and turbulence intensity during storm conditions over the North Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 92(C12), 1312-713139.

Geernaert, G. L. and W. J. Plant, 1990: Current Theory. Vol. 1. Surface Waves and Fluxes, Kluwer Academic, 336.

Geerts, B., 2001: Estimating Downburst-Related Maximum Surface Wind Speeds by Means of Proximity Soundings in New South Wales, Australia. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 261-269.

Geesthacht, G., i. G. Kapitza, H., and D. P. Eppel, 1992: The non-hydrostatic mesoscale model GESIMA. Part I: Dynamical equations and tests. Contr. Phys. Atmos., 65, 129-146.

Geesthacht, G. and F. Tzschichholz, 1992: Scattering of light by two-dimensional deterministic Koch islands. Physica A, 191, 545-548.

Gehrels, T., T. Coffeen, and D. Owings, 1964: Wavelength dependence of polarization. III: The lunar surface. Astron. J., 69, 82-6852.

Geiger, R., 1965: Climate Near the Ground. Harvard University Press, 611.

Geiger, R., 1966: The Climate Near the Ground. Harvard University Press. 493.

Geindreau, C. and J. L. Auriault, 2002: Magnetohydrodynamic flows in porous media. J. Fluid Mech., 466, 343-364.

Geisler, J. E., 1970: Linear theory of the response of a two layer ocean to a moving hurricane. Geophys. Fluid Dyn., 1, 249-272.

Geisler, J. E., 1981: A linear model of the Walker circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1390-1400.

Geisler, J. E., M. L. Blackmon, G. T. Bates, and S. Munoz, 1985: Sensitivity of January climate response to the magnitude and position of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1037-1049.

Geisler, J. E. and F. P. Bretherton, 1969: The sea-breeze forerunner. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 82-95.

Geisler, J. E. and R. E. Dickinson, 1974: Numerical study of an interactiong Rossby wave and barotropic zonal flow near a critical level. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 946-955.

Gelaro, R., R. Buizza, T. N. Palmer, and E. Klinker, 1998: Sensitivity Analysis of Forecast Errors and the Construction of Optimal Perturbations Using Singular Vectors. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1012-1037.

Gelaro, R., C. A. Reynolds, and G. D. Rohaly, 2000: A Predictability Study Using Geostationary Satellite Wind Observations during NORPEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3789.

Gelaro, R., T. Rosmond, and R. Daley, 2002: Singular Vector Calculations with an Analysis Error Variance Metric. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1166-1186.

Gelb, A. and Ed., 1974: Applied Optimal Estimation. The MIT Press, 374.

Gelb, A. and J. P. Gleeson, 2001: Spectral Viscosity for Shallow Water Equations in Spherical Geometry. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2346-2360.

Gelbard, F. and K. J. Malloy, 2001: Modeling Quantum Structures with the Boundary Element Method. J. Comput. Phy., 172, 19-39.

Gelci, R., H. Cazale´, and J. Vassal, 1956: Utilization des diagrammes de propagation a` la pre´vision e´nerge´tique de la houle. Bulletin d'information du commite´ central d'oce´anographie et d'e´tudes des coˆ tes 8. 169-197.

Gelci, R., H. Cazale´, and J. Vassal, 1957: Pre´vision de la houle. La me´thode des densite´s spectroangulaires. Bull. Inf. Comite´ Central Oceanogr. Etude Coˆ tes, 9, 416-435.

Geldmeier, M. F. and G. M. Barnes, 1997: The "Footprint" under a Decaying Tropical Mesoscale Convective System. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2879-2895.

Geleyn, J.-F., 1985: On a simple, parameter-free partition between moistening and precipitation in the Kuo scheme. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 405-407.

Geleyn, J.-F., 1988: Interpolation of wind, temperature and humidity values from the model levels to the height of measurements. Tellus, 40, 347-351.

Geleyn, J. F. and A. Hollingsworth, 1979: An economical analytical method for the computation of the interaction between scattering and line absorption of radiation. Beitr. Phys. Atmosph., 52, 1-16.

Geleyn, J. F. and H. J. PreuB, 1983: A new data set of satellite derived surface albedo values for operational use at ECMWF. Archiv. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklimatol., Series A, 32.

Geleyn, J.-F., and coauthors, 1994: Atmospheric parameterization schemes in Me´te´o France's Ar-pe`ge NWP model. ECMWF Seminar Proc. Parameterization of Sub-Grid Scale Physical Processes, Reading England ECMWF, 385-402.

Geleyn, J.-F., A. Hense, and H. J. Preuss, 1982: A comparison of model generated radiation fields with satellite measurements. Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 55. 253-286.

Geleyn, J.-F. and A. HoHingsworth, 1979: Economical analytical method for the computation of the interaction between scattering and line absorption of radiation. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 52, 1-16.

Gel'fan, A. N., 1989: Comparison of two methods of calculating soil freezing depth. Sov. Meteor. Hydrol., 2, 78-83.

Gelfgat, A. Y., P. Z. BarYoseph, and A. Solan, 2001: Three-dimensional instability of axisymmetric flow in a rotating lid-cylinder enclosure. J. Fluid Mech., 438, 363-378.

Geller, M. A., E. R. Nash, M.-F. Wu, and J. A. Rosenfield, 1992: Residual circulations calculated from satellite data: Their relations to observed temperature and ozone distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1127-1137.

Geller, M. A., W. Shen, M. Zhang, and W.-W. Tan, 1997: Calculations of the Stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation for Time-Varying Wave Forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 883-894.

Geller, M. A., H. Tanaka, and D. C. Fritts, 1975: Production of turbulence in the vicinity of critical levels for internal gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 2125-2135.

Gelman, M. E., A. J. Miller, K. W. Johnson, and R. M. Nagatani, 1986: Detection of long term trends in global stratospheric temperature from NMC analyses derived from NOAA satellite data. Adv. Space Res., 6, 17-26.

Gelpke, V. and H. R. Kunsch, 2001: Estimation of motion from sequences of images: Daily variability of Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ozone data (Paper 2001JD900088). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 11,825-11,834.

Geneva, S. B., D. S., U. S. Bhatt, and M. A. Alexander, 1995: A modeling study of the interannual variability in the wintertime North Atlantic Ocean. J. Climate, 8, 3067-3083.

Geneva, S. ó., F. Mesinger, and T. L. Black, 1995: The pressure advection term and additive splitting in split-explicit models. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121, 953ñ9-57.

Geng, Q. and M. Sugi, 2001: Variability of the North Atlantic Cyclone Activity in Winter Analyzed from NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis Data. J. Clim., 14, 3863-3873.

Geng, Q., A. Sumi, and A. Numaguti, 2000: Role of Transients in the Dynamics of East Asian Summer Seasonal Mean Circulation Anomalies. A Study of 1993 and 1994. J. Climate, 13, 3511.

Gent, P. and M. A. Cane, 1989: A reduced gravity, primitive equation model of the upper equatorial ocean. J. Comput. Phys., 81, 444-480.

Gent, P. R., 1991: The heat budget of the TOGA-COARE domain in an ocean model. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3323-3330.

Gent, P. R., 1993: The energetically consistent shallow-water equations. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1323-1325.

Gent, P. R. and and, 1995: Eliassen-Palm fluxes and the momentum.

Gent, P. R., A. P. Craig, C. M. Bitz, and J. W. Weatherly, 2002: Parameterization Improvements in an Eddy-Permitting Ocean Model for Climate. J. Climate, 15, 1447-1459.

Gent, P. R. and J. C. McWilliams, 1983: Consistent balanced models in bounded and periodic domains. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 7, 67-93.

Gent, P. R. and J. C. McWilliams, 1990: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150-155.

Gent, P. R., K. O'Neill, and M. A. Cane, 1983: A model of the semiannual oscillations in the equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 2148-2160.

Gent, P. R., J. Willebrand, T. J. McDougal, and J. C. McWilliam, 1995: Parameterizing eddy-induced tracer transports in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 463-474.

Gent, P. R., J. Willebrand, T. J. McDougall, and J. C. Mc-Williams, 1995: Parameterizing eddy-induced tracer transports in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 463-474.

Genthon, C., 1994: Antarctic climate modeling with general circulation models of the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1295-312961.

Genthon, C. and A. Braun, 1995: ECMWF analyses and predictions of the surface climate of Greenland and Antarctica. J. Climate, 8, 2324-2332.

Genthon, C., G. Krinner, and E. Cosme, 2002: Free and Laterally Nudged Antarctic Climate of an Atmospheric General Circulation Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1601-1616.

Gentile, N. A., 2001: Implicit Monte Carlo Diffusion-An Acceleration Method for Monte Carlo Time-Dependent Radiative Transfer Simulations. J. Comput. Phy., 172, 543-571.

Gentry, R. C., 1983: Genesis of tornadoes associated with hurricanes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1793-1805.

Gentry, R. C. and P. L. Moore, 1954: Relation of local and general wind interaction near the sea coast to time and location of air-mass showers. J. Meteor., 11, 507-511.

Geogakakos, K. P. and M. D. Hudlow, 1984: Quantitative precipitation forecast techniques for use in hydrologic forecasting. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 65, 1186-1200.

Geophys. Res., i. p. Y., G. S., D. V. Ledvina, and C. W. Fairall, 1992: Influence of precipitating convection on the surface energy budget observed during a TOGA pilot cruise in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. (Oceans), 97, 9595-9603.

Geophys. Res., s. S., O., and T. Rossby, 1995: Seasonal and low-frequency variations in dynamic height anomaly and transport of the Gulf Stream. Deep-Sea Res., 42(1), 149-164.

Georgakakos, K. P., 1986: A generalized stochastic hydrometeorological model for flood and flash-flood forecasting. 1: Formulation. Water Resour. Res., 22(13), 2083-2095.

Georgakakos, K. P. and D.-H. Bae, 1994: Climatic variability of soil water in the American Midwest. Part 2: Spatio-temporal analysis. J. Hydrol., 162, 379-390.

Georgakakos, K. P., D.-H. Bae, and D. R. Cayan, 1995: Hydroclimatology of continental watersheds: Temporal analyses. Water Resour. Res., 31(3), 655-675.

Georgakakos, K. P. and O. W. Baumer, 1995: Measurement and analysis of soil water data. J. Hydrol., in press.

George, J. E. and W. M. Gray, 1976: Tropical cyclone motion and surrounding parameter relationships. J. Appl. Meteor., 15, 1252-1264.

George, R., R. E. Flick, and R. T. Guza, 1994: Observations of turbulence in the surf zone. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 810-810.

George, W. K., P. D. Beuther, and R. E. Arndt, 1984: Pressure spectra in turbulent free shear flows. J. Fluid Mech., 148, 155-191.

George, W. L. and J. A. Warren, 2002: A Parallel 3D Dendritic Growth Simulator Using the Phase-Field Method. J. Compu. Phy., 177, 264-283.

Georgelin, M. and E. Richard, 1996: Numerical simulation of flow diversion around the Pyrenees: A tramontana case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 687-700.

Georgelin, M., E. Richard, M. Petitdidier, and A. Druilhet, 1994: Impact of subgrid scale orography parameterization on the simulation of orographic flows. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1509-1522.

Georgelin, M., E. Richard, M. Petitdidier, and A. Druilhet, 1994: Impact of subgrid-scale orography parameterization on the simulation of orographic flows. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1509-1522.

Georgii, H. W. and W. A. M. ller, 1974: On the distribution of am-monia in the middle and lower troposphere. Tellus, 26, 18-0184.

Georgii, H. W. and F. X. Meixner, 1980: Measurement of the tropospheric and stratospheric SO2 distribution. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 743-37438.

Georgii, W.-H., 1978: Large scale spatial and temporal distribution of sulfur compounds. Atmos. Environ., 12, 681-690.

Georgopoulos, P. G. and J. H. Seinfeld, 1982: Statistical distributions of air pollution concentrations. Environ. Sci. Technol., 16, 401A-416A.

Gera, B. S. and S. P. Singal, 1990: Sodar in air pollution meteorology. Atmos. Environ., 24A, 2003-2009.

Gerald, D. B. and J. E. Janowiak, 1995: Atmospheric circulation associated with the Midwest flood of 1993. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 681-685.

Gerber, H., 1986: Tethered balloon measurements at San Nicolas Island (Oct. 1984) : Instrumentation. data summary, preliminary data interpretation. Naval Research Laboratory Rep. No. 8972, Washington.

Gerber, H., B. G. Arends, and A. S. Ackerman, 1994: New microphysics sensor for aircraft use. Atmos. Res., 31, 235-252.

Gerber, H., S. Chang, and T. Holt, 1989: Evolution of a marine boundary-layer jet. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1312-1326.

Gerber, H. S., S. W. Chang, and T. Holt, 1989: Evolution of a marine boundary layer jet. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1312-1326.

Gerdes, R., 1993: A primitive equation ocean circulation model using a general vertical coordinate transformation. Part II: Application to an overflow problem. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 14702-14726.

Gerdes, R. and C. W. bber, 1991: Seasonal variability of the North Atlantic Ocean-A model intercomparison. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1300-1322.

Gerdes, R. and C. K. berle, 1995: On the influence of Denmark Strait overflow water in a numerical model of the North Atlantic general circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2624-2642.

Gerdes, R. and C. K. berle, 1995: On the influence of DSOW in a numerical model of the North Atlantic general circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2624-2642.

Gerdes, R., C. K. berle, and J. Willebrand, 1991: The influence of numerical advection schemes on the results of ocean general circulation models. Climate Dyn., 5, 211-226.

Gerdes, R., A. Biastoch, and R. Redler, 2001: Fresh water balance of the Gulf Stream system in a regional model study. Climate Dynamics, 18, 17-28.

Gerdes, R. and C. Ko¨berle, 1995: On the influence of DSOW in a numerical model of the North Atlantic general circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2624-2642.

Gerdes, R., C. Koberle, and J. Willebrand, 1991: The influence of numerical advection schemes on the results of ocean general circulation models. Climate Dyn., 5, 211-226.

Gerkema, T., 2000: A linear stability analysis of tidally generated sand waves. J. Fluid Mech., 303.

Gerling, T. W., 1986: Structure of the surface wind field from the Seasat SAR. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 2308-2320.

Gerlinger, P., H. Mobus, and D. Bruggemann, 2001: An Implicit Multigrid Method for Turbulent Combustion. J. Comp. Phys., 167, 247.

Germann, U. and J. Joss, 2001: Variograms of Radar Reflectivity to Describe the Spatial Continuity of Alpine Precipitation. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1042-1059.

Germann, U. and J. Joss, 2002: Mesobeta Profiles to Extrapolate Radar Precipitation Measurements above the Alps to the Ground Level. J. App. Meteor., 41, 542-557.

Germano, M., U. Piomelli, P. Moin, and W. H. Cabot, 1991: A dynamic subgrid-scale eddy viscosity model. Phys. Fluids, A3, 1760-1765.

Germany, G. A., D. Lummerzheim, and P. G. Richards, 2001: Impact of model differences on quantitative analysis of FUV auroral emissions: Total ionization cross sections (Paper 2000JA000354). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,837-12,844.

Germany, M. H. and D., 1969: Het tekenen van golfkaarten. Naut. Tech. Tijdschr., 22, 454-459.

Germany. Foster, D. J., Jr., and R. D. Davy, 1988: Global snow depth climatology. USAF publication USAFETAC/ TN-88/ 006. Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, 48.

Germany.] Du¨ menil, L. and E. Todini, 1992: A rainfall-runoff scheme for use in the Hamburg climate model. Advances in Theoretical hydrology, a Tribute to James Dooge. European Geophysical So-ciety Series of Hydrological Sciences, Vol. 1, Elsevier.

Geron, C. D., A. B. Guenther, and T. E. Pierce, 1994: An improved model for estimating emissions of volatile organic compounds from forests in the eastern United States. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12773-12791.

Gerritsma, M. I. and T. N. Phillips, 2000: Spectral Element Methods for Axisymmetric Stokes Problems. J. Comp. Phys., 164, 81.

Gerrity, J., 1977: The LFM model-1976: A documentation. NOAA Tech. Memo. NWS NMC-60.

Gerrity, J. P., Jr., T. L. Black, and R. E. Treadon, 1994: The numerical solution of the Mellor-Yamada level 2.5 turbulent kinetic energy equation in the eta model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 164-01646.

Gershunov, A., N. Schneider, and T. Barnett, 2001: Low-Frequency Modulation of the ENSO-Indian Monsoon Rainfall Relationship: Signal or Noise? J. Climate, 14, 2486-2492.

Gerst, S. and P. Quay, 2000: The deuterium content of atmospheric molecular hydrogen: Method and initial measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26433.

Gerst, S. and P. Quay, 2001: Deuterium component of the global molecular hydrogen cycle. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5021.

Gerstell, M. F., J. Crisp, and D. Crisp, 1995: Radiative forcing of the stratosphere by SO2 gas, silicate ash, and H2SO4 aerosols shortly after the 1982 eruptions of El Chicho´n. J. Climate, 8, 1060-1070.

Gery, M. W., G. Z. Whitten, J. P. Killius, and M. C. Dodge, 1989: A photochemical kinetics mechanism for urban and regional computer modeling. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 12925-12956.

Gery, M. W., G. Z. Whitten, J. P. Killus, and M. C. Dodge, 1989: A photochemical kinetics mechanism for urban and regional scale computer modeling. J. Geophys. Res., 94(D10), 1292-512956.

Gery, M. W., G. Z. Whitten, J. P. Killus, and M. C. Dodge, 1989: A pollution kinetics mechanism for urban and regional scale computer modeling. J. Geophys. Res., 94(D10), 12925-12956.

Gettelman, A., W. J. Randel, S. Massie, F. Wu, W. G. Read, and J. M. Russell, 2001: El Nino as a Natural Experiment for Studying the Tropical Tropopause Region. J. Climate, 14, 3375-3392.

Gettelman, A. and A. H. Sobel, 2000: Direct Diagnoses of Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 16-Mar.

Getting, I. C. and G. C. Kennedy, 1970: The effect of pressure on the emf of chromelalumel and platinum-platinum 10% rhodium thermocouples. J. Appl. Phys., 41, 4552-4562.

GEWEX, 1994: Utility and Feasibility of a Cloud Profiling Radar: Report of the GEWEX Topical Workshop, 46 pp.

Ghadiali, S. N., D. Halpern, and D. P. Gaver, 2001: A Dual-Reciprocity Boundary Element Method for Evaluating Bulk Convective Transport of Surfactant in Free-Surface Flows. J. Comp. Phy., 171, 534-559.

Ghan, S., R. Easter, and F.-M. Breon, 2001: Evaluation of aerosol indirect radiative forcing in MIRAGE. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5317.

Ghan, S., N. Laulainen, and R. Leung, 2001: Evaluation of aerosol direct radiative forcing in MIRAGE. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5295.

Ghan, S. J., C. Chuang, and J. E. Penner, 1993: A parameterization of cloud droplet concentration. Part I: Single aerosol type. Atmos. Res., 30, 197-221.

Ghan, S. J., C. C. Chuang, R. C. Easter, and J. E. Penner, 1995: A parameterization of cloud droplet nucleation. Part II: Multiple aerosol types. Atmos. Res., 36, 39-54.

Ghan, S. J., C. C. Chuang, and J. E. Penner, 1993: A parameterization of cloud droplet nucleation. Part I: Single aerosol type. Atmos. Res., 30, 198-221.

Ghan, S. J. and R. C. Easter, 1992: Computationally efficient approximations to stratiform cloud microphysics parameterization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1572-1582.

Ghan, S. J., R. C. Easter, and R. A. Zaveri, 2001: A physically based estimate of radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosol. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5279.

Ghan, S. J., G. Guzman, and H. Abdul-Razzak, 1998: Competition between Sea Salt and Sulfate Particles as Cloud Condensation Nuclei. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3340-3347.

Ghan, S. J., L. R. Leung, and J. McCaa, 1999: A Comparison of Three Different Modeling Strategies for Evaluating Cloud and Radiation Parameterizations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1967-1984.

Gherzi, E., 1930: Microseisms associated with storms. Gerlands Beitr. Geophys., 25, 145ñ1-47.

Gherzi, E., 1938: On the constitution of typhoons. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 19, 59ñ-66.

Ghidaoui, M. S. and A. A. Kolyshkin, 2002: A quasi-steady approach to the instability of time-dependent flows in pipes. J. Fluid Mech., 465, 301-330.

Ghidersa, B. and J. Dulsek, 2000: Breaking of axisymmetry and onset of unsteadiness in the wake of a sphers. J. Fluid Mech., 33.

Ghil, M., 1976: Climate stability for a Sellers-type model. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 3-20.

Ghil, M., 1987: Dynamics, statistics and predictability of planetary flow regimes. Irreversible Phenomena and Dynamical Systems Analysis in Geosciences. C. Nicolis and G. NicolisEds., D. Reidel, 241-283.

Ghil, M., 1988: Nonlinear approaches to low-frequency variability. Dynamics of Low-Frequency Phenomena in the Atmosphere. G. Branstator, R. Madden, and J. TribbiaEds.

Ghil, M., 1989: Meteorological data assimilation for oceanographers. Part I: Description and theoretical framework. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 13, 171-218.

Ghil, M. and and, 1991: Intraseasonal oscillations in the global Atmosphere. Part II: Southern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 780-790.

Ghil, M. and F. Chen, 1994: Can interdecadal and centennial variability be driven by flux corrections in an OGCM? Amer. Geophys. Union, Fall Meeting 1994, San Francisco.

Ghil, M. and S. Childress, 1987: Topics in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics: Atmospheric Dynamics. Dynamo Theory and Climate Dynamics. Springerverlag, 485.

Ghil, M., S. Cohn, J. Tavantzis, K. Bube, and E. Issacson, 1981: Applications of estimation theory to numerical weather prediction. Dynamic Meteorology: Data Assimilation Methods, Bengtsson, M. G. a. E. K., Ed., Springer-Verlag, 139-224.

Ghil, M. and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, 1991: Data assimilation in Meteorology and oceanography. Adv. Geophys., 33, 141-266.

Ghil, M. and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, 1991: Data assimilation in Meteorology and oceanography. Advances in Geophysics. Vol. 33, Academic Press, 141-266.

Ghil, M., S. L. Marcus, J. O. Dickey, and C. L. Keppenne, 1991: AAM the Movie. NTSC videocassette AVC-91-063-T1M. Caltech/.

Ghil, M. and K. Mo, 1991: Intraseasonal Oscillation in the Global Atmosphere. Part II: Southern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 780-790.

Ghil, M. and K. Mo, 1991: Intraseasonal oscillations in the global atmosphere. Part I: Northern Hemisphere and Tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 752-779.

Ghil, M. and K.-C. Mo, 1991: Intraseasonal oscillations in the global atmosphere. Part I: Northern Hemisphere and tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 752-779.

Ghil, M. and K. C. Mo, 1991: Intraseasonal oscillations in the global atmosphere. Part I: Northern Hemisphere and Tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 752-779.

Ghil, M., A. Mullhaupt, and P. Pestiaux, 1987: Deep water formation and quaternary glaciations. Climate Dyn., 2, 1-10.

Ghil, M. and R. Vautard, 1991: Interdecadal oscillations and the warming trend in global temperature time series. Nature, 350, 324-327.

Ghim, Y. S. and J. H. Seinfeld, 1988: Trajectory models and the deformation of air parcels. Atmos. Environ., 22, 25-29.

Ghosal, S., 2002: Lubrication theory for electro-osmotic flow in a microfluidic channel of slowly varying cross-section and wall charge. J. Fluid Mech., 459, 103-128.

Ghosh, S., P. R. Jonas, and R. Wood, 2000: Some impact of pollutants on the development and optical properties of stratocumulus clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2851.

Giangrande, S. E., D. M. Babb, J. Verlinde, E. Hanna, P. Valdes, and J. McConnell, 2001: Processing Millimeter Wave Profiler Radar Spectra

Patterns and Variations of Snow Accumulation over Greenland, 1979-98, from ECMWF Analyses, and Their Verification. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 1577-1583.

Giannini, A., J. C. H. Chiang, M. A. Cane, Y. Kushnir, and R. Seager, 2001: The ENSO Teleconnection to the Tropical Atlantic Ocean: Contributions of the Remote and Local SSTs to Rainfall Variability in the Tropical Americas. J. Climate, 14, 4530-4544.

Gibbins, C. J., 1990: A survey and comparison of relationships for the determination of the saturation vapour pressure over plane surfaces of pure water and of pure ice. Ann. Geophys., 8, 859-886.

Gibbons, A., 1992: Key issue: Mentoring. Science, 255, 136-81369.

Gibbons, A., 1992: Key issue: Tenure. Science, 255, 1-386.

Gibbons, A., 1992: Key issue: Two-career science marriage. Science, 255, 1380-1381.

Gibbons, D. E. and G. E. Wukelic, 1989: Application of LANDSAT Thematic Mapper data for coastal thermal plume analysis at Dia-blo Canyon. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens., 55(6), 903-909.

Gibbons, J. D., 1976: Nonparametric Methods for Quantitative analysis. Holt. Rinehart, and Winston, 463.

Gibou, F., R. P. Fedkiw, L. T. Cheng, and M. Kang, 2002: A Second-Order-Accurate Symmetric Discretization of the Poisson Equation on Irregular Domains. J. Compu. Phy., 176, 205-227.

Gibson, C. H., 1968: Fine structure of scalar fields mixed by turbulence. I. Zero-gradient points and minimal gradient surfaces. Phys. Fluids, 11, 2305-2315.

Gibson, C. H., 1980: Fossil temperature, salinity, and vorticity turbulence in the ocean. Marine Turbulence. J. NihoulEd., Elsevier, 22-1257.

Gibson, C. H., 1991: Turbulence, mixing, and heat flux in the ocean main thermocline. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 20403-20420.

Gibson, C. H. and W. H. Schwartz, 1963: The universal equilibrium spectra of turbulent velocity and scalar fields. J. Fluid Mech., 16, 36-5384.

Gibson, C. H. and W. H. Schwartz, 1965: The universal spectra of turbulent velocity and scalar fields. J. Fluid Mech., 16, 365-384.

Gibson, C. V., 1993: Case study and numerical simulation of a winter storm over the Great Basin. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Meteorology, University of Utah.

Gibson, H. M. and T. H. V. Haar, 1990: Cloud and convection frequencies over the southeast United States as related to small-scale geographic features. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2215-2227.

Gibson, M. M., 1963: Spectra of turbulence in a round jet. J. Fluid Mech., 15, 161-173.

Gibson, M. M. and B. E. Launder, 1978: Ground effects on pressure fluctuations in the atmospheric boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech., 86, 491-511.

Giddings, T. E., Z. Rusak, and J. Fish, 2001: A transonic small-disturbance model for the propagation of weak shock waves in heterogeneous gases. J. Fluid Mech., 429, 255.

Gierasch, P. J. and B. J. Conrath, 1993: Dynamics of the atmospheres of the outer planets: Post-Voyager measurement objectives. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 5459-5469.

Gierens, K. M., 1993: A fast six-flux radiative transfer model for application in finite cloud models. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 66, 7388.

Gierens, K. M., 1993: A fast six-flux radiative transfer method for application in finite cloud models. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 66, 7-387.

Gierens, K. M., 1994: The influence of radiation on the diffusional growth of ice crystals. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 67, 181-193.

Gierens, K. M. and J. Ström, 1998: A Numerical Study of Aircraft Wake Induced Ice Cloud Formation. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3253-3263.

Giese, B. and J. Carton, 1994: The seasonal cycle in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 7, 1208-1217.

Giese, B. and D. Cayan, 1993: Surface heat flux parameterizations and tropical Pacific sea surface temperature simulation. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 6979-6989.

Giese, B. S. and J. A. Carton, 1994: The seasonal cycle in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 7, 1208-1217.

Giese, B. S. and D. R. Cayan, 1993: Surface heat flux parameterizations and tropical Pacific sea surface temperature simulations. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 6979-6989.

Giese, B. S. and D. R. Cayan, 1993: Surface heat flux parameterizations in tropical sea surface temperature simulations. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 6979-6989.

Giese, B. S. and D. E. Harrison, 1991: Eastern equatorial Pacific response to three composite westerly wind types. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3239-3248.

Gifford, F. A., 1976: Turbulent diffusion-typing schemes: A review. Nucl. Saf, 17, 68-86.

Gifford, F. A., 1976: Turbulent diffusion typing schemes-A review. Nucl. Saf., 17, -68.

Gifford, F. A., 1982: Horizontal diffusion in the atmosphere: A Lagrangian-dynamical theory. Atmos. Environ., 16, 505-512.

Gifford, F. A., 1982: Horizontal diffusion in the atmosphere: A Lagrangiandynamical theory. Atmos. Environ., 16, 505-512.

Gifford, F. A., 1986: Atmospheric diffusion in the range 20 to 2000 kilometers. Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application V. C. De Wis-pelaere, F. A. Schiermeier, and N. V. GillaniEds.

Gifford, F. A., 1989: Does atmospheric turbulence have an outer scale? Agric. Forest Meteor., 47, 155-161.

Gifford, F. A., S. Barr, R. C. Malone, and E. J. Mroz, 1988: Tropospheric relative diffusion to hemispheric scales. Atmos. Environ., 22, 1871-1879.

Gigalovskaya, T. N., E. P. Mahonko, A. I. Shilina, V. V. Egorov, S. T. Malakhov, and R. I. Pervunina, 1974: Microelements in the Atmosphere and Natural Waters (in Russian). Trans. Inst. Experimental Meteor., 2, 3-184.

Gil, A., J. Segura, and N. M. Temme, 2002: Evaluation of the Modified Bessel Function of the Third Kind of Imaginary Orders. J. Compu. Phy., 175, 398-411.

Giladi, E. and J. B. Keller, 2001: A Hybrid Numerical Asymptotic Method for Scattering Problems. J. Compu. Phy., 174, 226-247.

Gilbert, G. K., 1884: Finley's tornado predictions. Amer. Meteor. J., 1, 166-172.

Gilchrist, A., 1977: An experiment on extended-range prediction using a general circulation model and including the influence of sea surface temperature anomalies. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 50, 25-40.

Gilchrist, A., 1977: The simulation of the Asian summer monsoon by general circulation models. Pure Appl. Geophys., 115, 143-11448.

Gilchrist, A., 1986: Long-range forecasting. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 567-592.

Gilchrist, A., P. R. Rowntree, and B. B. Shaw, 1985: Large-scale numerical modeling. The GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) Monographs. GARP Publ. Ser., No. 25, World Meteor. Org.

Gilgen, H., C. H. Whitlock, F. Koch, G. Mueller, A. Ohmura, D. Steiger, and R. Wheeler, 1993: Technical plan for Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) data management. World Climate Research Program. WMO/TD 443, 49.

Gilhousen, D. B., 1987: A field evaluation of NDBC moored buoy winds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 94-104.

Gilhousen, D. B., 1994: The value of NDBC observations during March 1993's ''Storm of the Century.''. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 255-264.

Gill, A., 1980: Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 447-462.

Gill, A., 1982: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Academic Press, 662.

Gill, A., 1985: Elements of coupled ocean-atmosphere models for the tropics. Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models. J. NihoulEd., Elsevier, 303-327.

Gill, A., 1986: Dynamics of the Atmosphere and Ocean. Part I. Mir. 415.

Gill, A. and P. Niiler, 1973: The theory of the seasonal variability in the ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 141-177.

Gill, A. and E. M. Rasmusson, 1983: The 1982-1983 climate anomaly in the equatorial Pacific. Nature, 305, 229-234.

Gill, A. E., 1968: A linear model of the Antarctic Circumpolar Cur-rent. J. Fluid Mech., 32, 465-488.

Gill, A. E., 1968: Similarity theory and geostrophic adjustment. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 94, 586-588.

Gill, A. E., 1973: Circulation and bottom water production in the Weddell Sea. Deep-Sea R es., 20, 111-140.

Gill, A. E., 1976: Adjustement under gravity in a rotating channel. J. Fluid Mech., 77, 603-621.

Gill, A. E., 1977: Coastally trapped waves in the atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 103, 431-440.

Gill, A. E., 1979: Comments on stochastic models of climate variability. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 3, 481-483.

Gill, A. E., 1980: Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 447-462.

Gill, A. E., 1980: Some simple solutions for a heat-induced tropical circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 447-462.

Gill, A. E., 1982: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Academic Press, 662 pp.

Gill, A. E., 1982: Spontaneously growing hurricane-like disturbances in a simple baroclinic model with latent heat release. Intense Atmospheric Vortices. L. Bengtsson and M, J. LighthillEds., Springerverlag.

Gill, A. E., 1982: Studies of moisture effects in simple atmospheric models: The stable case. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 19, 119-152.

Gill, A. E., 1983: An estimation of sea level and surface current anomalies during the 1972 El Nin˜ o and consequent thermal effects. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 586-607.

Gill, A. E., 1983: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Academic Press.

Gill, A. E., 1985: Elements of coupled ocean-atmosphere models for the Tropics. Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models. J. C. J. NihoulEd., Elsevier Oceanography Series, Vol. 40.

Gill, A. E. and K. Bryan, 1971: Effects of geometry on the circulation of a three-dimensional Southern-Hemisphere ocean model. Deep-Sea Res., 18, 685-721.

Gill, A. E. and A. J. Clarke, 1974: Wind-induced upwelling, coastal cur-rents and sea-level changes. Deep-Sea Res., 21, 325-345.

Gill, A. E., M. K. Davey, E. R. Johnson, and P. F. Linden, 1986: Rossby adjustment over a step. J. Mar. Res., 44, 713-738.

Gill, A. E., J. S. A. Green, and A. J. Simmons, 1974: Energy partition in the large-scale ocean circulation and the production of mid-ocean eddies. Deep-Sea Res., 21, 499-528.

Gill, A. E. and P. P. Niiler, 1973: The theory of seasonal variability. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 141-178.

Gill, A. E. and P. P. Niiler, 1973: The theory of the seasonal variability in the ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 141-177.

Gill, A. E. and P. J. Philips, 1986: Nonlinear effects on heat-induced circulation of the tropical atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 69-91.

Gill, A. E. and E. M. Rasmusson, 1983: The 1982-1983 climate anomaly in the equatorial Pacific. Nature, 305, 229-234.

Gill, A. E. and E. H. Schumann, 1974: The generation of long shelf waves by the wind. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 4, 83-90.

Gill, A. S. and J. S. Turner, 1976: A comparison of seasonal thermocline models with observations. Deep-Sea Res., 23, 391-401.

Gill, E. and J. Walsh, 1992: Extraction of ocean wave parameters from HF backscatter received by a four-element array: Analysis and application. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng., 17, 37-6386.

Gill, P. E. and W. Murray, 1979: Conjugate-gradient methods for large-scale nonlinear optimization. Tech. Rep. SOL 79-15, Systems Optimization Laboratory, Department of Operations Research.

Gill, P. E., W. Murray, and M. H. Wright, 1981: Practical Optimization. Academic Press, 401.

Gill, S. and D. L. Porter, 1980: Theoretical offshore tide range derived from a simple Defant tidal model compared with observed offshore tides. International Hydrographic Review. Monaco, LVII(1), 155-167.

Gill, S. K. and T. N. Mero, 1990: Next Generation Water Level Measurement System: Implementation into the NOAA National Water Level Observation Network. Towards an Integrated system for Measuring Long Term Changes in Global Sea Level. Workshop Rep., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole.

Gill, S. K., T. N. Mero, and B. B. Parker, 1992: NOAA operational experience with acoustic sea level measurement. Sea Level Measurement and Quality Control. Joint IAPSO/ IOC Workshop, Paris, France.

Gillani, N. V., W. R. Leaitch, J. W. Strapp, and G. A. Isaac, 1995: Field observations in continental stratiform clouds: Partitioning of cloud particles between droplets and unactivated interstitial aerosols. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

Gille, J. C. and J. M. R. I. a, 1984: The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere: Experiment description, performance and results. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5125-5140.

Gille, J. C. and and, 1994: HIRDLS instrument requirements document. HIRDLS Project Document SC-HIR-18, 19.

Gille, J. C. and J. J. Barnett, 1992: The High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS)-An instrument for the study of global change. The Use of EOS for Studies of Atmospheric Physics. J. C. Gille and G. ViscontiEds., Elsevier, 433-450.

Gille, J. C. and Coauthors, 1984: Validation of temperature retrievals obtained by the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) experiment on Nimbus 7. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5147-5160.

Gille, J. C. and F. B. House, 1971: On the inversion of limb radiance measurements. Part I: Temperature and thickness. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1427-1442.

Gille, J. C. and J. M. R. III, 1984: The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) experiment description, performance, and results. J. Geophys. Res., 89(D4), 5125-5140.

Gille, J. C. and L. V. Lyjak, 1984: An overview of wave-mean flow interactions during the winter of 1978-79 derived from LIMS observations. Dynamics of the Middle Atmosphere. J. R. Holton and T. MatsunoEds., Terrapub, 289-306.

Gille, J. C., L. V. Lyjak, and A. K. Smith, 1987: The global residual mean circulation in the middle atmosphere for the northern winter period. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1437-1432.

Gille, J. C. and J. M. Russell, 1984: The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere-Experiment, description and results. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5125-5140.

Gille, S. T., 1994: Mean sea surface height of the Antarctic Circum-polar Current from Geosat data: Method and application. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18255-18273.

Gille, S. T., 1995: Dynamics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current: Evidence for topographic effects from altimeter data and numerical model output. Ph.D. thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2-17.

Gillespie, D. T., 1975: Three models of the coalescence growth of cloud droplets. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 600-607.

Gillespie, J. B., S. G. Jennings, and J. D. Lindberg, 1978: Use of an average refractive index in atmospheric propagation calculations. Appl. Opt., 17, 989-991.

Gillette, D. A., J. Adams, A. Endo, and D. Smith, 1980: Thresh-old velocities for input of soil particles into the air by desert soils. J. Geophys. Res., 85(C10), 5621-5630.

Gillette, D. A. and W. Chen, 2001: Particle production and aeolian transport from a "supply-limited" source in the Chihuahuan desert, New Mexico, United States. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5267.

Gillies, J. A., N. Lancaster, and D. M. Crawley, 2000: Field determination of drag forces and shear stress partitioning effects for a desert shrub (Sarcobatus vermiculatus, greasewood). J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24871.

Gillooly, J. F. and T. G. J. Dyer, 1979: Spatial variations in the rainfall during abnormally wet and dry years. South. Afr. J. Sci., 75, 261-262.

Gilman, C. S., 1988: A study of the Gulf Stream downstream of Cape Hatteras 1975-1986. M.S. thesis, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island.

Gilman, D. L., 1986: Expressing uncertainty in long-range forecasts. Namias Symposium. John O. RoadsEd., Scripps Institution of Oceanography Ref. Ser. 86-17, 174-187.

Gilman, D. L., F. J. Fuglister, and J. M. M. Jr., 1963: On the power spectrum of "Red Noise". J. Atmos. Sci., 20, 182-184.

Gilman, P. A., 1964: On the mean meridional circulation in the presence of a steady state, symmetric, circumpolar vortex. Tellus, 16, 160-167.

Gilman, P. A., 1965: The mean meridional circulation of the southern hemisphere inferred from momentum and mass balance. Tellus, 17, 277-284.

Gilmore, E. C. and J. S. Rogers, 1958: Heat units as a method of measuring maturity in corn. Agron. J., 50, 611-615.

Gilmore, M. S. and L. J. Wicker, 1998: The Influence of Midtropospheric Dryness on Supercell Morphology and Evolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 943-958.

Gilmore, M. S. and L. J. Wicker, 2002: Influences of the Local Environment on Supercell Cloud-to-Ground Lightning, Radar Characteristics, and Severe Weather on 2 June 1995. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2349-2372.

Ginet, G. P. and R. N. Sudan, 1987: Numerical observations of dynamic behavior in two-dimensional compressible convection. Phys. Fluids, 30, 1667-1677.

Ginis, I., R. A. Richardson, and L. M. Rothstein, 1998: Design of a Multiply Nested Primitive Equation Ocean Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1054-1079.

Ginzburg, I. and G. Wittum, 2001: Two-Phase Flows on Interface Refined Grids Modeled with VOF, Staggered Finite Volumes, and Spline Interpolants. J. Comp. Phys., 166, 302.

Giona, M. and S. Cerbelli, 2002: C∞-Interpolation of Discrete Fields on Regular and Irregular Grids. J. Compu. Phy., 176, 145-169.

Giordani, H. and G. Caniaux, 2001: Sensitivity of Cyclogenesis to Sea Surface Temperature in the Northwestern Atlantic. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1273-1295.

Giorgi, F., 1990: Simulations of regional climate using a limited area model nested in a general circulation model. J. Climate, 3, 941-963.

Giorgi, F., 1991: Sensitivity of simulated summertime precipitation over the western United States to different physics parameterizations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2870-2888.

Giorgi, F., 1991: Sensitivity of simulated summertime precipitation over the western United States to dofferent physics parameterizations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2870-2888.

Giorgi, F., 1997: An Approach for the Representation of Surface Heterogeneity in Land Surface Models. Part I: Theoretical Framework. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1885-1899.

Giorgi, F., 1997: An Approach for the Representation of Surface Heterogeneity in Land Surface Models. Part II: Validation and Sensitivity Experiments. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1900-1919.

Giorgi, F., 2002: Variability and trends of sub-continental scale surface climate in the twentieth century. Part I: observations. Climate Dynamics, 18, 675-692.

Giorgi, F., 2002: Variability and trends of sub-continental scale surface climate in the twentieth century. Part II: AOGCM simulations. Climate Dynamics, 18, 693-708.

Giorgi, F. and G. T. Bates, 1989: The climatological skill of a regional model over complex terrain. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 2325-2347.

Giorgi, F., G. T. Bates, and S. J. Nieman, 1992: Simulation of the southern Great Basin using a regional climate model. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1807-1822.

Giorgi, F., G. T. Bates, and S. J. Nieman, 1993: The multiyear surface climatology of a regional atmospheric model over the western United States. J. Climate, 6, 75-95.

Giorgi, F. and X. Bi, 2000: A study of internal variability of a regional climate model. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29503.

Giorgi, F., C. S. Brodeur, and G. T. Bates, 1994: Regional climate change scenarios over the United States produced with a nested regional climate model: Spatial and seasonal characteristics. J. Climate, 7, 375-399.

Giorgi, F. and M. R. Marinucci, 1991: Validation of a regional atmospheric model over Europe: sensitivity of wintertime and summertime simulations to selected physics parameterizations and lower boundary conditions. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 1171-1206.

Giorgi, F. and M. R. Marinucci, 1991: Validation of a regional atmospheric model over Europe: sensitivity of wintertime and sum-mertime simulations to selected physics parameterizations and lower boundary conditions. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 1171-1206.

Giorgi, F. and M. R. Marinucci, 1996: A study of the sensitivity of simulated precipitation to model resolution and its implications for climate studies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 148-166.

Giorgi, F., M. R. Marinucci, and and, 1993: Development of a second generation Region Climate Model (RegCM2). Part II: Convective processes and assimilation of lateral boundary conditions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2814-2832.

Giorgi, F., M. R. Marinucci, and G. T. Bates, 1993: Development of a second generation regional climate model ( RegCM2) : Boundary layer and radiative transfer processes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2794-2813.

Giorgi, F., M. R. Marinucci, and G. T. Bates, 1993: Development of a second generation Region Climate Model (RegCM2). Part I: Boundary layer and radiative transfer processes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2794-2813.

Giorgi, F. and L. O. Mearns, 1991: Approaches to the simulation of regional climate change: A review. Rev. Geophys., 29, 191-216.

Giorgi, F. and L. O. Mearns, 2002: Calculation of Average, Uncertainty Range, and Reliability of Regional Climate Changes from AOGCM Simulations via the "Reliability Ensemble Averaging" (REA) Method. J. Climate, 15, 1141-1158.

Giostra, U., D. Cava, and S. Schipa, 2002: Structure Functions In A Wall-Turbulent Shear Flow. Bound. Layer Meteor., 103, 337-359.

Giovannoni, J. M. and A. Russell, 1995: Impact of using prognostic and objective wind fields on the photochemical modeling of Athens, Greece. Atmos. Environ., 29, 3633-3653.

Giovannoni, J.-M., A. Clappier, and A. G. Russell, 1995: Ozone control strategy modeling and evaluation for Athens, Greece: ROG vs. NOx effectiveness and the impact of using different wind field. preparation techniques, Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 57.

Giovannoni, J.-M. and A. G. Russel, 1995: Impact of using prognostic and objective wind fields on the photochemical modeling of Athens, Greece. Atmos. Environ., 29, 3633-3653.

Giovinetto, M. B. and C. R. Bentley, 1985: Surface balance in ice drainage systems of Antarctica. Antarct. J. U.S., 20, 6-13.

Giovinetto, M. B., D. H. Bromwich, and G. Wendler, 1992: Atmospheric net transport of water vapor and latent heat across 707S. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 917-930.

Giraldo, F. X., 1999: Trajectory Calculations for Spherical Geodesic Grids in Cartesian Space. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1651-1662.

Girard, C., Y. Delage, J. Mailhot, L. Garand, B. Bilodeau, N. Brunet, and G. Pellerin, 1991: Physical parametrization for the first Canadian global forecast model. Ext. Abstracts. Ninth Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, Denver, CO.

Girard, C. and M. Jarraud, 1982: Short and medium range forecast differences between a spectral and a grid-point model. An extensive quasi-operational comparison. ECMWF Tech. Rep. 32, 1-178 pp.

Girmaji, S. S., 2000: Pressure-strain correlation modelling of complex turbulent flows. J. Fluid Mech., 91.

Girskaya, E. I., 1987: Droughts and severe winters in the Northern Hemisphere and solar activity (in Russian). Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Obs. im. A. I. Voeikova, 513, 144-149.

Givoli, D., 2001: High-Order Nonreflecting Boundary Conditions without High-Order Derivatives. J. Comp. Phy., 170, 849-870.

Gjerloev, J. W. and R. A. Hoffman, 2001: The convection electric field in auroral substorms (Paper 1999JA000240). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,919-12,932.

Gladstone, C. and A. W. Woods, 2000: On the application of box models to particle-driven gravity currents. J. Fluid Mech., 187.

Gladstone, C. and A. W. Woods, 2001: On buoyancy-driven natural ventilation of a room with a heated floor. J. Fluid Mech., 441, 293-314.

Gladys?ev, E. G., 1961: Periodically correlated random sequences. Sov. Math., 2, 385-388.

Glahn, H. R., 1968: Canonical correlation and its relationship to dis-criminant analysis and multiple regression. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 23-31.

Glahn, H. R., 1985: Yes, precipitation forecasts have improved. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 66, 820-830.

Glahn, H. R. and J. R. Bocchieri, 1975: Objective estimation of the conditional probability of frozen precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 3-15.

Glahn, H. R. and D. A. Lowry, 1972: The use of model output statistics (MOS) in objective weather forecasting. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 1203-1211.

Glansdorff, P. and I. Prigogine, 1971: Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations. Wiley Interscience, 306 PP.

Glansdorff, P. and I. Prigogine, 1971: Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations. Wiley Interscience. 3-06.

Glantz, M. H., 1977: Climate and weather modification in and around arid lands in Africa. Desertification. M. H. GlantzEd., Westview Press, 307-338.

Glasner, K., 2001: Nonlinear Preconditioning for Diffuse Interfaces. J. Compu. Phy., 174, 695-711.

Glazman, R. E., 1991: Statistical problems of windgenerated gravity waves arising in microwave remote sensing of surface winds. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 29, 135-142.

Glazman, R. E., 1992: Multiwave interaction theory for windgenerated surface gravity waves. J. Fluid Mech., 243, 623-635.

Glazman, R. E., 1993: A cascade model of wave turbulence with applications to surface gravity and capillary waves. ractals, 1(3), 51-3520.

Glazman, R. E., 1995: A simple theory of capillary-gravity wave turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 293, 25-34.

Glazman, R. E., A. Fabrikant, and A. Greysukh, 1996: Statistics of spatio-temporal variations of sea surface height based on Topex altimeter measurements. Int. J. Remote Sens., in press.

Glazman, R. E. and P. B. Weichman, 1989: Statistical geometry of a small surface patch in a developed sea. J. Geophys. Res., 94(C4), 4998-5010.

Gleeson, T. A., 1970: Statistical-dynamical predictions. J. Appl. Meteor., 9, 333-344.

Gleick, P. H., 1987: Regional hydrologic consequences of increases in atmospheric CO2 and other trace gases. Clim. Change, 10, 137-161.

Gleick, P. H., 1987: The development and testing of a water balance model for climate impact assessment: Modeling the Sacramento Basin. Water Resour. Res., 23, 1049-1061.

Gleizon, P., 1994: Etude experimentale sur la formation et la stabilite ´ de tourbillons anticyclonignes engendres par un courant barocline issu d' un de`troit. Application a` la mer d'Alboran. These de doctorat de l'Universite´ Grenoble I, 240.

Glendening, J. W., 1993: Nonlinear displacement of the geostrophic velocity jet created by mass imbalance. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 161-71628.

Glendening, J. W., 1994: Dependence of boundary layer structure near an ice-edge coastal front upon geostrophic wind direction. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5569-5581.

Glendening, J. W., 1994: Dependence of a plume heat budget upon lateral advection. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3517-3530.

Glendening, J. W. and S. D. Burk, 1992: Turbulent transport from an Arctic lead: A large-eddy simulation. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 59, 315-339.

Glenn, S. M. and A. R. Robinson, 1991: A continuous temperature and salinity model across the Gulf Stream. Harvard Open Ocean.

Glenn, S. M. and A. R. Robinson, 1995: Verification of an Operational Gulf Stream Forecasting Model. Quantitative Skill Assessment for Coastal Ocean Models. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Vol. 47, D. LynchEd.

Glennie, K. W., 1970: Desert sedimentary environments. Developments in Sedimentology. Vol. 14, Elsevier, 222.

Glimm, J., J. W. Grove, X. L. Li, W. Oh, and D. H. Sharp, 2001: A Critical Analysis of Rayleigh-Taylor Growth Rates. J. Comp. Phy., 169, 652-677.

Gloersen, P., 1995: Modulation of hemispheric sea-ice cover by ENSO events. Nature, 373, 503-506.

Gloersen, P., W. J. Campbell, D. J. Cavalieri, J. C. Comiso, C. L. Parkinson, and H. J. Zwally, 1992: Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice 1978-1987: Satellite Passive-Microwave Observations and Analysis. NASA, 290.

Glover, D. M. and W. S. Reeburgh, 1987: Radon-222 and radium-226 in southeastern Bering Sea shelf waters and sediment. Contin. Shelf Res., 5, 433-456.

Glover, J. R., 1977: Adaptive noise cancelling applied to sinusoidal interference. IEEE Trans. on Acoustic, Speech and Signal processing, 27.

Glowienka, R., 1985: Studies on the variability of the Icelandic low and Azores high between 1881 and 1983. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 58, 160-170.

Glowinski, R., T. W. Pan, T. I. Hesla, D. D. Joseph, and J. Periaux, 2001: A Fictitious Domain Approach to the Direct Numerical Simulation of Incompressible Viscous Flow past Moving Rigid Bodies: Application to Particulate Flow. J. Comp. Phy., 169, 363-426.

Gluhovsky, A. and E. Agee, 1994: A definitive approach to turbulence statistical studies in planetary boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1682-1690.

Gluhovsky, A. and E. Agee, 1997: An Interpretation of Atmospheric Low-Order Models. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 768-773.

Gluhovsky, A. and E. Agee, 2002: Improving the Statistical Reliability of Data Analysis from Atmospheric Measurements and Modeling. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 761-765.

Gnanadesikan, R., 1977: Methods for Statistical Data Analysis of Multivariate Observations. John Wiley and Sons, 311.

Gochis, D. J., W. J. Shuttleworth, and Z. L. Yang, 2002: Sensitivity of the Modeled North American Monsoon Regional Climate to Convective Parameterization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1282-1298.

Gocho, Y., 1978: Numerical experiment of orographic heavy rainfall due to a stratiform cloud. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 56, 405-423.

Gocho, Y., 1982: Statistical study on the relations among characteristics of rainfall around the Suzuka Mountains and meteorological conditions during warm season. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 60, 739-757.

Godard, S., 1965: Proprietes de l'attenuation par la pluie des ondes radioelectriques dans la bande 0.86 cm. J. Rech. Atmos., 2, 12-1167.

Goddard, J. W. F. and S. M. Cherry, 1984: The ability of dual-polarization radar (co-polar linear ) to predict rainfall rate and microwave attenuation. Radio Sci., 19, 201-208.

Goddard, J. W. F. and S. M. Cherry, 1984: The ability of dual-polarization radar (copolar linear ) to predict rainfall and microwave attenuation. Radio Sci., 19, 201-208.

Goddard, L. and S. J. Mason, 2002: Sensitivity of seasonal climate forecasts to persisted SST anomalies. Climate Dynamics, 19, 619-631.

Godeferd, F. S., C. Cambon, and S. Leblanc, 2001: Zonal approach to centrifugal, elliptic and hyperbolic instabilities in Stuart vortices with external rotation. J. Fluid Mech., 449, 1-38.

Godeferd, F. S., C. Cambon, and J. F. Scott, 2001: Two-point closures and their applications: report on a workshop. J. Fluid Mech., 436, 393-407.

Godfrey, J. S., 1975: On ocean spindown I: A linear experiment. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 399-409.

Godfrey, J. S., 1989: A Sverdrup model of the depth-integrated flow for the World Ocean allowing for island circulations. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 45, 89-112.

Godfrey, J. S. and A. C. M. Beljaars, 1991: On the turbulent fluxes of buoyancy, heat and moisture at the air-sea interface at low wind speed. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 22043-22048.

Godfrey, J. S., G. R. Cresswell, T. J. Golding, and A. F. Pearce, 1980: The separation of the East Australian Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 430-440.

Godfrey, J. S. and E. Lindstrom, 1988: On the heat budget of the equatorial west Pacific surface mixed layer. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8007-8017.

Godfrey, J. S. and A. J. Weaver, 1991: Is the Leeuwin Current driven by Pacific heating and winds. Progress in Oceanography. Vol. 27, Pergamon, 225-272.

Godin, G., 1972: The Analysis of Tides. University of Toronto Press, 264.

Godowitch, J. M., 1989: Evaluation and sensitivity analyses results of the MESOPUFF II model with CAPTEX measurements. Report EPA-600/ 3-89-056. Atmospheric Sciences Modeling Di-vision, Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Godske, C. L., J. Bergeron, J. Bjerknes, and R. C. Bundgaard, 1957: Dynamic Meteorology and Weather Forecasting. Amer. Meteor. Soc. and Carnegie Institute, 800.

Godson, W. L., 1953: The evaluation of infrared-radiative fluxes due to atmospheric water vapour. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 79, 367-379.

Godunov, S., 1959: Finite-difference method for the numerical computation of discontinuous solutions of the equations of gas dynamics. Mat. SB. ( N.S.), 7, 271-290.

Goering, M. A., W. A. Gallus, M. A. Olsen, and J. L. Stanford, 2001: Role of stratospheric air in a severe weather event: Analysis of potential vorticity and total ozone (Paper 2000JD900651). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 11,813-11,824.

Goerss, J. and P. Phoebus, 1992: The Navy's operational atmospheric analysis. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 232-249.

Goerss, J. S. and R. A. Jeffries, 1994: Assimilation of synthetic tropical cyclone observations into the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 557-576.

Goerss, J. S., C. S. Velden, and J. D. Hawkins, 1998: The Impact of Multispectral GOES-8 Wind Information on Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Track Forecasts in 1995. Part II: NOGAPS Forecasts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1219-1227.

Goff, J. A., 1965: Saturation pressure of water on the new Kelvin scale. Humidity and Moisture. Vol. 3, A. WexlerEd., Reinhold.

Goff, J. A. and S. Gratch, 1946: Low pressure properties of water from 0 1607 to 2127F. Trans. ASHVE, 52, 95-121.

Goff, J. A. and S. Gratch, 1946: Lowpressure properties of water from 0 160 to 212 F. Trans. American Society of Heating and Ventilation Engineers, 52, 95-121.

Goff, R. C., 1975: Thunderstorm outflow kinetics and dynamics. NOAA Tech. Memo, 63 pp.

Goff, R. C., 1976: Vertical structure of thunderstorm outflows. Mon. Wea Rev., 104, 1429-1440.

Gohil, B. S., A. K. Mathur, and P. C. Panday, 1994: An algorithm for sea surface temperature estimation from ERS-1 ATSR using moisture dependent coefficients: A simulation study. Int. J. Remote Sens., 15, 1161-1167.

Golay, M. W., 1982: Numerical modeling of buoyant plumes in a turbulent, stratified atmosphere. Atmos. Environ., 16, 237-22381.

Goldberg, E. D., 1985: Black Carbon in the Environment. Wiley-Interscience, 198.

Golden, J. H., 1971: Waterspouts and tornadoes over south Florida. Mon. Wea. Rev., 99, 146-154.

Golden, J. H., 1974: Scale-interaction implications for the waterspout life cycle. II. J. Appl. Meteor., 13, 693-709.

Golden, J. H., 1974: The life cycle of Florida Keys' waterspouts. I. J. Appl. Meteor., 13, 676- 692.

Golden, J. H., 1974: The life cycle of Florida Keys' waterspouts. Part I. J. Appl. Meteor., 13, 676-692.

Golden, J. H. and D. Purcell, 1978: Airflow characteristics around the Union City tornado. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 22-28.

Golden, J. H. and D. Purcell, 1978: Life cycle of the Union City, Oklahoma tornado and comparison with waterspouts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 3-11.

Golden, J. H. and J. D. Sartor, 1978: AMS Workshop on mesoscale interactions with cloud processes. October 24-25, 1977, Boulder.

Goldenberg, S. B. and J. J. O'Brien, 1981: Time and space variability of the tropical Pacific wind stress. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 119-01207.

Goldenberg, S. B. and J. J. O'Brien, 1981: Time and space variability of tropical Pacific wind stress. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1190-1297.

Golder, D., 1972: Relations among stability parameters in the surface layer. Bound. Layer Meteor., 3, 47-58.

Goldhirsh, J., 1988: Analysis of algorithms for retrieval of rain rate profiles from a spaceborne dual-wavelength radar. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 26, 98-114.

Goldhirsh, J. and and, 1992: Dimension statistics of rain cell cores and associated isopleths derived from radar measurements in the mid-Atlantic coast of United States. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 30, 28-37.

Goldhirsh, J. and G. D. Dockery, 1991: Propagation measurements and modeling at C band for over-the-water, line-of-sight propagation links in the mid-Atlantic coast. Radio Sci., 26, 671-690.

Goldhirsh, J. and B. H. Musiani, 1986: Rain cell size statistics derived from radar observations at Wallops Island. Virginia, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 24.

Goldhirsh, J. and E. J. Walsh, 1982: Rain measurements from space using a modified Seasat-type radar altimeter. IEEE Trans. Antenna Propag., 30, 726-732.

Golding, B., 1983: A wave prediction system for real-time sea state forecasting. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 109, 393-416.

Golding, B. W., 1990: The Meteorological Office mesoscale model. Meteor. Mag., 119, 81-96.

Golding, B. W., 1992: An efficient non-hydrostatic forecast model. Meteor. Atmos. Phy., 40, 89-103.

Golding, B. W., 1992: An efficient nonhydrostatic forecast model. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 50, 89-103.

Golding, B. W., 1993: A numerical investigation of tropical island thunderstorms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1417-1433.

Golding, B. W., 1993: A study of the influence of terrain on fog development. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2529-2541.

Golding, B. W. and S. Ballard, 1989: Stratiform cloud precipitation.

Goldreich, V., 1985: The structure of the ground-level heat island in a central business district. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 1237-1244.

Goldreich, Y. and A. Manes, 1979: Urban effects on precipitation patterns in the greater Tel Aviv area. Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklimatol., 27B, 213-224.

Goldreich, Y., P. D. Tyson, R. G. V. Gogh, and G. P. N. Venter, 1981: Enhancement and suppression of urban heat plumes over Johannesburg. Bound. Layer Meteor., 21, 115-126.

Goldsby, D. L. and D. L. Kohlstedt, 2001: Superplastic deformation of ice: Experimental observations (Paper 2000JB900336). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 11,017-11,030.

Goldsmith, J. E. M., S. E. Bisson, R. A. Ferrare, K. D. Evans, D. N. Whiteman, and S. H. Melfi, 1994: Raman lidar profiling of Atmospheric measurements with two collocated systems. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 975-982.

Goldstein, H., 1951: Sea echo. Propagation of Short Radio Waves. D. E. KerrEd., McGraw-Hill, 481-527.

Goldstein, M. E., 2001: An exact form of Lilley's equation with a velocity quadrupole/temperature dipole source term. J. Fluid Mech., 443, 231-236.

Goldstein, S., 1969: Fluid mechanics in the first half of this century. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 1, 1ñ-28.

Golfier, F., C. Zarcone, B. Bazin, R. Lenormand, D. Lasseux, and M. Quintard, 2002: On the ability of a Darcy-scale model to capture wormhole formation during the dissolution of a porous medium. J. Fluid Mech., 457, 213-254.

Golub, G. H., M. Heath, and G. Wahba, 1979: Generalized crossvalidation as a method for choosing a good ridge parameter. Technometrics, 21, 215-223.

Golub, G. H. and C. E. V. Loan, 1989: Matrix Computations. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 642.

Golub, G. H. and C. F. v. Loan, 1989: Matrix Computations. 2d ed. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 642.

Gombosi, T. I., G. Toth, D. L. DeZeeuw, K. C. Hansen, K. Kabin, and K. G. Powell, 2002: Semirelativistic Magnetohydrodynamics and Physics-Based Convergence Acceleration. J. Compu. Phy., 177, 176-205.

Gomez, E. S., F. A. Garcia, and M. J. O. Bevia, 2001: Empirical forecasts of 850 hPa air temperature anomalies over the North Atlantic. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 2761-2786.

Gonella, J., 1972: A rotarycomponent method for analysing meteorological and oceanographic vector time series. Deep-Sea Res., 19, 833-846.

Gong, G., D. Entekhabi, and G. D. Salvucci, 1994: Regional and seasonal estimates fractional storm coverage based on station precipitation observations. J. Climate, 7, 1495-1505.

Gong, J., G. Wahba, D. R. Johnson, J. Tribbia, A. T. o. N. W. P. M. S. E. o. Weighting, and Smoothing, 1998: and Physical Parameters. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 210-231.

Gong, X. and M. B. Richman, 1995: On the application of cluster analysis to growing season precipitation data in North American east of the Rockies. J. Climate, 8, 897-931.

Gonthier, K. A. and J. M. Powers, 2000: A High-Resolution Numerical Method for a Two-Phase Model of Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition. J. Comp. Phys., 163, 376.

Gonza´lez, F. I., 1984: A case study of wavecurrentbathymetry interactions at the Columbia river entrance. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 1065-1078.

Gonzalez, R. C. and P. Wintz, 1987: Digital Image Processing. 2d ed. Addison-Wesley, 503.

Goodberlet, M. A. and C. T. Swift, 1992: Improved retrievals from the DMSP wind speed algorithm under adverse weather conditions. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 30, 1076-1077.

Goodberlet, M. A., C. T. Swift, and J. C. Wilkerson, 1989: Remote sensing of ocean surface winds with the Special Sensor Microwave/ Imager. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 14547-14555.

Goodberlet, M. A., C. T. Swift, and J. C. Wilkerson, 1990: Ocean surface wind speed measurements of Spacial Sensor Microwave/ Imager (SSM/I). IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron., GE-28, 832-828.

Goodchild, M. F., B. O. Parks, L. T. Steyaert, and Eds., 1993: Environmental Modeling with GIS. Oxford University Press, 488pp. l.

Goodge, G. W. and Ed., 1993: Storm Data. Vol. 35. Nos. 4 and 5, National Climatic Data Center, 281.

Goodin, W. R., G. J. McRae, and J. H. Seinfeld, 1979: A comparison of interpolation methods for sparse dat: Application to wind concentration fields. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 761-771.

Goodin, W. R., G. J. McRae, and J. H. Seinfeld, 1980: An objective analysis technique for constructing three-dimensional urban scale wind fields. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 98-108.

Goodin, W. R., G. J. McRae, and J. H. Seinfeld, 1980: An objective analysis technique for constructing three-dimensional urban-scale wind fields. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 98-108.

Goodin, W. R., G. J. McRae, and J. H. Seinfeld, 1981: Reply. J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 92-94.

Goodison, B. E., 1978: Accuracy of Canadian snow gage measurements. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 1542-1548.

Goodison, B. E., 1981: Compatibility of Canadian snowfall and snow cover data. Water Resour. Res., 17, 893-900.

Goodison, B. E. and P. Y. T. Louie, 1986: Canadian methods for precipitation measurement and correction. Instruments and observing methods. Rep. 25. Workshop on the Correction of Precipitation Measurements. WMO/ TD-No. 104, Zurich, Switzerland.

Goodison, B. E. and A. E. Walker, 1993: Use of snow cover derived from satellite passive microwave data as an indicator of climate change. Ann. Glaciol., 17, 137-142.

Goodman, A. L., G. M. Underwood, and V. H. Grassian, 2000: A laboratory study of the heterogeneous reaction of nitric acid on calcium carbonate particles. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29053.

Goodman, J. and H. Ji, 2002: Magnetorotational instability of dissipative Couette flow. J. Fluid Mech., 462, 365-382.

Goodman, L. and E. Levine, 1990: Vertical motion of neutrally buoyant floats. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 38-49.

Goodman, L. A. and W. H. Kruskal, 1959: Measures of association for cross classifications. Part II: Further discussion and references. J. Amer. Stat. Assoc., 54, 123-163.

Goodman, S. J., D. E. Buechler, and P. J. Meyer, 1988: Convective tendency images derived from a combination of lightning and satellite data. Wea. Forecasting, 3, 173-188.

Goodman, S. J., D. E. Buechler, P. D. Wright, and W. D. Rust, 1988: Lightning and precipitation history of a microburst-producing storm. Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1185-1188.

Goodman, S. J. and D. R. MacGorman, 1986: Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in mesoscale convective complexes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 2320-2328.

Goodrich, R. K., C. S. Morse, L. B. Cornman, and S. A. Cohn, 2002: A Horizontal Wind and Wind Confidence Algorithm for Doppler Wind Profilers. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 257-273.

Goodwin, G. C. and K. S. Sin, 1984: Adaptive Filtering Prediction and Control. Prentice-Hall, 540.

Goody, R. M., 1952: A statistical model for water vapor absorption. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 78, 165-169.

Goody, R. M., 1964: Atmospheric Radiation. Vol. I. Theoretical Basis, Oxford University Press, 436.

Goody, R. M., 1964: The transmission of radiation through an inhomogeneous atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 575-581.

Goody, R. M. and M. J. S. Belton, 1967: Radiative relaxation times for Mars. Planet. Space Sci., 15, 247-256.

Goody, R. M., R. West, L. Chen, and D. Crisp, 1989: The correlated-k method for radiation calculation in nonhomogeneous atmospheres. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 42, 539-550.

Goody, R. M. and Y. L. Yung, 1989: Atmospheric Radiation. Oxford University Press, 519 pp.

Goody, R. M. and Y. L. Yung, 1989: Atmospheric Radiation. 2d ed. Oxford University Press, 519.

Goody, R. M. and Y. L. Yung, 1989: Atmospheric Radiation: Theoretical Basis. Oxford University Press, 519.

Goor, A. Y. and C. W. Barney, 1968: Forest Tree Planting in Arid Zones. The Ronald Press, 409.

Goosse, H., F. M. Selten, R. J. Haarsma, and J. D. Opsteegh, 2002: A mechanism of decadal variability of the sea-ice volume in the Northern Hemisphere. Climate Dynamics, 19, 61-84.

Gopalakrishnan, S. G. and R. Avissar, 2000: An LES Study of the Impacts of Land Surface Heterogeneity on Dispersion in the Convective Boundary Layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 352-371.

Gopalakrishnan, S. G., and coauthors, 2002: An Operational Multiscale Hurricane Forecasting System. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1830-1847.

Gopalakrishnan, S. G., S. B. Roy, and R. Avissar, 2000: An Evaluation of the Scale at which Topographical Features Affect the Convective Boundary Layer Using Large Eddy Simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 334-351.

Gopalakrishnan, S. G., M. Sharan, R. T. McNider, and M. P. Singh, 1998: Study of Radiative and Turbulent Processes in the Stable Boundary Layer under Weak Wind Conditions. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 954-960.

Gopinath, A. and D. L. Koch, 2002: Collision and rebound of small droplets in an incompressible continuum gas. J. Fluid Mech., 454, 145-202.

Gorbunov, B. Z. and N. A. Kakutkina, 1982: Ice crystal formation on aerosol particles with a non-uniform surface. J. Aerosol Sci., 13, 21-28.

Gorbunov, M. E. and S. V. Sokolovskiy, 1993: Remote sensing of refractivity from space for global observations of atmospheric parameters. Max-Planck-Institut fur Meteorologie Report No. 119. [ISSN 0937-1060.].

Gorbunov, M. E. and S. V. Sokolovskiy, 1993: Remote sensing of refractivity from space for global observations of atmospheric parameters. Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology Rep. 119. Hamburg, Germany, 58.

Gordeyev, S. V. and F. O. Thomas, 2002: Coherent structure in the turbulent planar jet. Part 2. Structural topology via POD eigenmode projection. J. Fluid Mech., 460, 349-380.

Gordillo, J. M., M. PerezSaborid, and A. M. GananCalvo, 2001: Linear stability of co-flowing liquid-gas jets. J. Fluid Mech., 448, 23-52.

Gordon, A. D., 1981: Classification. Chapman and Hall, 193 pp.

Gordon, A. D., 1981: Classification. Chapman and Hall, 193.

Gordon, A. H. and J. A. T. Bye, 1993: Random walk expectancies for recent global climate, and in an enhanced Greenhouse warming. Global and Planetary Change, 8, 181-188.

Gordon, A. H. and R. C. Taylor, 1975: Computations of surface layer air parcel trajectories, and weather, in the oceanic tropics. International Indian Ocean Expedition. Meteor. Monogr., No. 7, University Press of Hawaii.

Gordon, A. L., 1978: Deep Antarctic convection west of Maud Rise. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 600-612.

Gordon, A. L., 1981: South Atlantic thermocline ventilation. Deep-Sea Res., 28, 1239-1264.

Gordon, A. L., 1982: Southern Ocean Atlas. Columbia University Press, 44.

Gordon, A. L., 1982: Weddell Deep Water variability. J. Mar. Res., 40, 199-217.

Gordon, A. L., 1986: Interocean exchange of thermocline water. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 5037-5046.

Gordon, A. L., 1986: Inter-ocean exchange of thermocline water. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 5037-5046.

Gordon, A. L., 1989: Brazilmalvinas confluence-1984. Deep-Sea Res., 36, 359-384.

Gordon, A. L., 1991: Two stable modes of Southern Ocean winter stratification. Deep Convection and Deep Water Formation in the Oceans. P.-C. Chu and J.-C. GascardEds., Elsevier Oceanography Series, Vol. 57.

Gordon, A. L., 1991: Two stable modes of the Southern Ocean winter stratification. Deep Convection and Deep Water Formation in the Oceans. Elsevier Oceanogr. Ser. No. 57, 382.

Gordon, A. L., 1995: When is appearance reality? A comment on why does the Indonesian throughflow appear to originate from the North Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1560-1567.

Gordon, A. L. and and, 1990: Southern Ocean winter mixed layer. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11655-11672.

Gordon, A. L., A. Ffield, and A. G. Ilahude, 1994: Thermocline of the Flores and Banda Seas. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18235-18242.

Gordon, A. L. and C. L. Greengrov, 1986: Geostrophic circulation of the Brazil-Falkland confluence. Deep-Sea Res., 33, 573-585.

Gordon, A. L. and W. F. Haxby, 1990: Agulhas eddies invade the South Atlantic: Evidence from Geosat altimeter and shipboard conductivity-temperature-depth survey. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3117-3125.

Gordon, A. L. and W. F. Haxby, 1990: Agulhas eddies invade the South Atlantic: Evidence from Geosat altimeter and shipboard conductivitytemperature-depth survey. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3117-3125.

Gordon, A. L. and B. Huber, 1984: Thermohaline stratification below the Southern Ocean sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 641-648.

Gordon, A. L., B. A. Huber, H. H. Hellmer, and A. Field, 1993: Deep and bottom water of the Weddell Sea's western rim. Science, 262, 95-97.

Gordon, A. L. and I. S. W. B. A. H. M. N. D. G. A. Kuehn, 1993: Weddell Sea exploration from ice station. Eos. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 74, 121-126.

Gordon, A. L., E. Molinelli, and T. Baker, 1978: Large-scale relative dynamic topography of the Southern Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 83(C6), 3023-3032.

Gordon, A. L., R. F. Weiss, W. M. Smethie, and M. J. Warner, 1992: Thermocline and intermediate water communication between the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7223-7240.

Gordon, A. L., S. E. Zebiak, and K. Bryan, 1992: Climate variability and the Atlantic Ocean. Eos. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 73, 161.

Gordon, B., D. Zrnic, and J. Straka, 1995: Observations of Mammata with Polarmetric Dopplar Radar. Preprints, Conference on Radar Meteorology, Vail, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Gordon, C. and P. Corry, 1991: A model simulation of the seasonal cycle in the tropical Pacific Ocean using climatological and modeled surface forcing. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 847-864.

Gordon, C. and R. A. Corry, 1991: A model simulation of the seasonal cycle in the tropical Pacific Ocean using climatological and modeled surface forcing. J. Geophys. Res., 96(C1), 84-7864.

Gordon, C. and R. A. Corry, 1991: The simulation of seasonal cycle in the tropical Pacific using climatological and modelled fluxes. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 847-864.

Gordon, C. T. and and, 1982: A description of the GFDL global spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 625-644.

Gordon, C. T. and and, 1984: Medium range prediction by a GFDL global spectral model: Results for three winter cases and sensitivity to dissipation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 217-245.

Gordon, C. T., R. D. Hovanec, and W. F. Stern, 1984: Analyses of monthly mean cloudiness and their influence upon modeldiagnosed radiative fluxes. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 4713-4738.

Gordon, C. T. and W. Stern, 1982: A description of the GFDL Global Spectral Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 625-644.

Gordon, C. T. and W. Stern, 1982: A description of the GFDL spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 625-644.

Gordon, C. T. and W. F. Stern, 1974: Spectral modelling at GFDL. The GARP Programme on Numerical Experimentation. Rep. Int. Symp. on Spectral Methods in Numerical Weather Prediction, Rep. 7, WMO.

Gordon, C. T. and W. F. Stern, 1982: A description of the GFDL global spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 625-644.

Gordon, C. T. and W. F. Stern, 1984: Medium range prediction by a GFDL global spectral model: Results for three winter cases and sensitivity to dissipation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 217-245.

Gordon, C. T., L. Umscheid, and K. Miyakoda, 1972: Simulation experiments for determining wind data requirements in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1064-1075.

Gordon, G. L. and J. D. Marwitz, 1986: Hydrometeor evolution in rainbands over the California Valley. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 108-71100.

Gordon, H. B. and S. O'Farrell, 1996: Transient climate change in the CSIRO coupled model with dynamic sea ice. Mon. Wea. Rev., in press.

Gordon, H. B. and S. P. O'Farrell, 1997: Transient Climate Change in the CSIRO Coupled Model with Dynamic Sea Ice. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 875-908.

Gordon, H. R., 1989: Can the Lambert-Beer law be applied to the diffuse attenuation coefficient of ocean water? Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 1389-1409.

Gordon, J. and E. H. Shortliffe, 1984: The Dempster-Shapher theory of evidence. Rule-Based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project. B. G. Buchanan and E. H. ShortliffeEds., Addison-Wesley, 272292.

Gordon, R. B. and M. L. Spaulding, 1987: Numerical simulations of the tidaland wind-driven circulation in Narragansett Bay. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci., 24, 611-636.

Gorgucci, E., V. Chandrasekar, V. N. Bringi, and G. Scarchilli, 2002: Estimation of Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters from Polarimetric Radar Measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2373-2384.

Gorgucci, E., V. Chandrasekar, and G. Scarchilli, 1995: Radar and surface measurements of rainfall during CaPE. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 1570-1577.

Gorgucci, E., G. Scarchilli, and V. Chandrasekar, 1994: A robust estimator of rainfall rate using differential reflectivity. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 586-592.

Gorgucci, E., G. Scarchilli, V. Chandrasekar, and V. N. Bringi, 2001: Rainfall Estimation from Polarimetric Radar Measurements: Composite Algorithms Immune to Variability in Raindrop Shape-Size Relation. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 1773-1786.

Gorshkov, N. F., 1967: Measurements of the spectrum of pressure micropulsations in nearearth layer of the atmosphere. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 3.

Gorshkov, S. G., 1983: Arctic Ocean. Vol. 3. World Atlas. Pergam-mon Press, 184pp. Greenland Sea Project Group (J. Meincke, K. Aagaard.

Gorshkov, S. G., 1983: World Ocean Atlas. Vol. 3. The Arctic Ocean.

Gosnell, R., C. W. Fairall, and P. J. Webster, 1995: The sensible heat of rainfall in the tropical ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18-437.

Gospodinov, I. G., V. G. Spiridonov, and J. F. Geleyn, 2001: Second-order accuracy of two-time-level semi-Lagrangian schemes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1017-1034.

Gossard, E. E., 1977: Refractive index variance and its height distribution in different air masses. Radio Sci., 12, 89-105.

Gossard, E. E., 1978: The height distribut on of refractive index structure parameter in an atmosphere being modified by spatial transition at its lower boundary. Radio Sci., 13, 489-500.

Gossard, E. E., 1988: Measuring drop-size distributions in clouds with a clear air sensing Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 640-649.

Gossard, E. E., 1990: Radar research on the atmospheric boundary layer. Radar in Meteorology, Atlas, D., Ed., American Meteorological Society, 477-527.

Gossard, E. E., 1990: Radar research on the atmospheric boundary-layer. Radar in Meteorology. D. AtlasEd., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 477-527.

Gossard, E. E., R. B. Chadwick, W. D. Neff, and K. P. Moran, 1982: The use of ground-based Doppler radars to measure gradients, fluxes, and structure parameters in elevated layers. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 21, 211-226.

Gossard, E. E. and W. H. Hooke, 1975: Waves in the Atmosphere. Elsevier, 456.

Gossard, E. E. and W. H. Hooke, 1975: Waves in the Atmosphere: Atmospheric Infrasound and Gravity Waves. Their Generation and Propagation. Elsevier, 456.

Gossard, E. E., W. D. Neff, R. J. Zamora, and J. E. Gaynor, 1984: The fine structure of elevated refractive layers: Implications for over-the-horizon propagation and radar sounding systems. Radio Sci., 19, 1523-1533.

Gossard, E. E., J. H. Richter, and D. Atlas, 1970: Internal waves in the atmosphere from high-resolution radar measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 75, 3523-3536.

Gossard, E. E. and R. G. Strauch, 1983: Radar Observation of Clear Air and Clouds. Elsevier, 280.

Gossard, E. E. and R. G. Strauch, 1983: Radar Observations of Clear Air and Clouds. Elsevier, 292.

Gosse, L., 2002: Using K-Branch Entropy Solutions for Multivalued Geometric Optics Computations. J. Comp. Phy., 180, 155-182.

Gosset, M. and H. Sauvageot, 1992: A dual-wavelength radar method for ice-water characterization in mixed-phase clouds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 9, 538-547.

Gosset, M. and I. Zawadzki, 2001: Effect of Nonuniform Beam Filling on the Propagation of the Radar Signal at X-Band Frequencies. Part I: Changes in the k(Z) Relationship. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 1113-1126.

Gossier, A. A. and J. S. Marshall, 2001: Simulation of normal vortex--cylinder interaction in a viscous fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 371.

Goswami, B. N., K. Rajendran, and D. Sengupta, 1997: Source of Seasonality and Scale Dependence of Predictability in a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 846-858.

Goswami, B. N. and J. Shukla, 1991: Predictability of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 4, 3-22.

Goswami, B. N. and J. Shukla, 1993: Aperiodic variability in the Cane-Zebiak model: A diagnostic study. J. Climate, 6, 62-8638.

Goswami, P. and N. Harinath, 1997: A Mechanism for Observed Interannual Variabilities over the Equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1689-1700.

Goswani, B. N. and R. S. A. Mohan, 2001: Intraseasonal Oscillations and Interannual Variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon. J. Climate, 14, 1180.

Goto-Azuma, K. and R. M. Koerner, 2001: Ice core studies of anthropogenic sulfate and nitrate trends in the Arctic. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 4959.

Gottwald, G. and R. Grimshaw, 1999: The Formation of Coherent Structures in the Context of Blocking. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3640-3662.

Gottwald, G. and R. Grimshaw, 1999: The Effect of Topography on the Dynamics of Interacting Solitary Waves in the Context of Atmospheric Blocking. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3663-3678.

Goualt, J., 1938: Vents en altitude a` Fort Lamy (Tchad). Ann. Phys. du Globe de la France d'Outre-Mer, 5, 70-91.

Goudie, A. S., B. Allachin, and K. T. M. Hedge, 1973: The former extensions of the great Indian sand desert. J. Geogr., 139, 24-3257.

Goudriaan, J., 1977: Crop Micrometeorology: A Simulation Study. Center for Agric. Publ. and Doc., 249.

Goudriaan, J., 1977: Crop Micrometeorology: A Simulation Study. Wageningen Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation. 249.

Gough, W. A. and C. A. Lin, 1995: Isopycnal mixing and the Veronis effect in an ocean general circulation model. J. Mar. Res., 53, 183-199.

Gough, W. A. and W. J. Welsh, 1994: Parameter space exploration of an ocean general circulation model using an isopycnal mixing parameterization. J. Mar. Res., 52, 773-796.

Gould, W. J., J. F. Read, and J. Smithers, 1987: SEASOAR profiles in the Iceland-Scotland area. May 1987. Rep. 253, Inst. of Oceanogr. Sci., Wormley.

Gould, W. J., W. J. Schmitz, and C. Wunsch, 1974: Preliminary field results for a Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE-0). Deep-Sea Res., 21, 911-932.

Goupillaud, P., A. Grossman, and J. Morlet, 1984: Cycle-octave and related transforms in seismic signal analysis. Geoexploration, 23, 85-102.

Gourlay, T. P., 2001: The supercritical bore produced by a high-speed ship in a channel. J. Fluid Mech., 434, 399-409.

Goutorbe, J.-P., 1991: A critical assessment of the SAMER network accuracy. Land Surface Evaporation, Measurement and Parameterization, Springer Verlag, 171-182.

Goutorbe, J. P., J. Noilhan, C. Valancogne, and R. H. Cuenca, 1989: Soil moisture variations during HAPexMOBILHY. Ann. Geophys., 7, 415-426.

Goutorbe, J.-P. and Coauthors, 1994: HAPexSahel: A large scale observational study of land-atmosphere interaction in the semi-aridtropics. Ann. Geophys., 12, 53-64.

Govardhan, R. and C. H. K. Williamson, 2000: Modes of vortex formation and frequency response of a freely vibrating cylinder. J. Fluid Mech., 85.

Govind, P. K., 1975: Omega windfinding systems. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 1503-1511.

Govindarajan, R. and R. Narasimha, 2000: Transition delay by surface heating: a zonal analysis for axisymmetric bodies. J. Fluid Mech., 77.

Govindarajan, R. and R. Narasimha, 2001: Estimating amplitude ratios in boundary layer stability theory: a comparison between two approaches. J. Fluid Mech., 439, 403-412.

Govindasamy, B. and S. T. Garner, 1997: The Equilibration of Short Baroclinic Waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2850-2871.

Gow, A. J. and W. B. T. III, 1990: Sea ice in the polar regions. Physical Science. Vol. A, W. O. Smith Jr.Ed., Polar Oceanography.

Goward, S. N., G. D. Cruickshanks, and A. Hope, 1985: Observed relation between thermal emission and reflected spectral radiance of a complex vegetated landscape. Remote Sens. Environ., 18, 13-7146.

Goward, S. N. and K. F. Huemmrich, 1992: Vegetation canopy PAR absorptance and the normalized difference vegetation index: An assessment using the SAIL model. Remote Sens. Environ., 39, 119-140.

Goward, S. N., S. Turner, D. Dye, and S. Liang, 1994: The University of Maryland improved global vegetation index product. Int. J. Remote Sens., 15, 3365-3395.

Gower, S. T. and J. M. Norman, 1991: Rapid estimation of leaf area index in conifer and broad-leaf plantations. Ecology, 72, 189-61900.

Goyette, S., M. Beniston, D. Caya, R. Laprise, and P. Jungo, 2001: Numerical investigation of an extreme storm with the Canadian Regional Climate Model: the case study of windstorm VIVIAN, Switzerland, February 27, 1990. Climate Dynamics, 18, 145-168.

Gozadinos, G., D. Vender, and M. M. Turner, 2001: Boundary Conditions and Particle Loading for the Modeling of a Semi-infinite Plasma. J. Comput. Phy., 172, 348-355.

Gr" o, G. M. L., 1995: Postlandfall tropical cyclone reintensification in a weakly baroclinic environment: A case study of Hurricane David (September 1979). Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3268-3291.

Graber, M., 1995: Emissions and concentrations of air pollutants in Israel (in Hebrew). Biosphere, 24, 10-14.

Grabowski, W. W., 1989: Numerical experiments on the dynamics of the cloudenvironment interface: Small cumulus in a shear free environment. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3513-3541.

Grabowski, W. W., 1989: On the influence of small-scale topography on precipitation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 633-650.

Grabowski, W. W., 1998: Toward Cloud Resolving Modeling of Large-Scale Tropical Circulations: A Simple Cloud Microphysics Parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3283-3298.

Grabowski, W. W. and and, 1993: Cloudenvironment interface instability. Part II: Extension to three spatial dimensions. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 555-573.

Grabowski, W. W. and and, 1993: Cloudenvironment interface instability. Part III: Direct influence of environmental shear. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3821-3828.

Grabowski, W. W. and T. L. Clark, 1991: Cloud-environment interface instability: Rising thermal calculations in two spatial dimensions. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 527-546.

Grabowski, W. W. and T. L. Clark, 1991: Cloudenvironment interface instability: Rising thermal calculations in two spatial dimensions. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 527-546.

Grabowski, W. W. and T. L. Clark, 1993: Cloud-environment interface instability. Part II: Extension to three spatial dimensions. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 555-573.

Grabowski, W. W. and T. L. Clark, 1993: Cloud-environment interface instability. Part III: Direct influence of environmental shear. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3821-3828.

Grabowski, W. W. and M. W. Moncrieff, 2001: Large-scale organization of tropical convection in two-dimensional explicit numerical simulations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 445.

Grabowski, W. W., M. W. Moncrieff, and J. T. Kiehl, 1996: Longterm behavior of precipitating tropical cloud systems: A numerical study. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 1019-1042.

Grabowski, W. W. and P. K. Smolarkiewicz, 1990: Monotone finite-difference approximations to the advection-condensation problem. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2082-2097.

Grabowski, W. W. and P. K. Smolarkiewicz, 1994: Two-time-level semi-Lagrangian modeling of precipitating clouds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 487-497.

Grabowski, W. W. and P. K. Smolarkiewicz, 2002: A Multiscale Anelastic Model for Meteorological Research. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 939-956.

Grabowski, W. W. and P. Vaillancourt, 1999: "Comments on ""Preferential Concentration of Cloud Droplets by Turbulence:Effects on the Early Evolution of Cumulus Cloud Droplet Spectra""". J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1433-1436.

Grabowski, W. W., X. Wu, and M. W. Moncrieff, 1996: Cloud resolving modeling of tropical cloud systems during Phase III of the GATE. Part I: Two-dimensional experiments. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3684-3709.

Grabowski, W. W., X. Wu, and M. W. Moncrieff, 1999: Cloud Resolving Modeling of Tropical Cloud Systems during Phase III of GATE. Part III: Effects of Cloud Microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2384-2402.

Grabowski, W. W., X. Wu, M. W. Moncrieff, and W. D. Hall, 1998: Cloud-Resolving Modeling of Cloud Systems during Phase III of GATE. Part II: Effects of Resolution and the Third Spatial Dimension. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3264-3282.

Grabowsky, W. W. and T. L. Clark, 1993: Cloud-environment interface instability. Part II: Extension to three spatial dimensions. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 555-573.

Gradshteyn, I. S. and I. M. Ryzhik, 1980: Table of Integrals, Series, and Products. Academic Press, 1160.

Grady, R. L., J. Verlinde, T.-D. A. o. a. D. Propagating, and Long-Lived, 1997: High Plains Squall Line. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2729-2748.

Graf, F., E. Meiburg, and C. Hartel, 2002: Density-driven instabilities of miscible fluids in a Hele-Shaw cell: linear stability analysis of the three-dimensional Stokes equations. J. Fluid Mech., 451, 261-282.

Graf, H.-F., 1992: Arctic radiation deficit and climate variability. Climate Dyn., 7, 19-28.

Graf, H.-F., I. Kirchner, A. Robock, and I. Schult, 1993: Pinatubo eruption winter climate effects: Model versus observations. Climate Dyn., 9, 81-93.

Graf, H.-F., I. Kirchner, R. Sausen, and S. Schubert, 1992: The im-pact of upper-tropospheric aerosol on global atmospheric circulation. Ann. Geophys., 10, 698-707.

Graham, D. R. and J. J. L. Higdon, 2002: Oscillatory forcing of flow through porous media. Part 1. Steady flow. J. Fluid Mech., 465, 213-236.

Graham, D. R. and J. J. L. Higdon, 2002: Oscillatory forcing of flow through porous media. Part 2. Unsteady flow. J. Fluid Mech., 465, 237-260.

Graham, L. P. and S. Bergstrom, 2001: Water balance modelling in the Baltic Sea drainage basin - Analysis of meteorological and hydrological approaches. Meteor. Atmos. Phy., 77, 45-60.

Graham, N., T. Barnett, R. Wilde, M. Ponater, and S. Schubert, 1994: On the roles of tropical and midlatitude SSTs in forcing interannual to interdecadal variability in the winter Northern Hemisphere circulation. J. Climate, 7, 1416-1442.

Graham, N. and T. P. Barnett, 1995: ENSO and ENSOrelated predictability. Part II: Northern Hemisphere 700-mb height predictions based on a hybrid coupled ENSO model. J. Climate, 8, 544-549.

Graham, N. E., 1994: Decadal-scale climate variability in the 1970s and 1980s: Observations and model results. Climate Dyn., 10, 135-162.

Graham, N. E., 1994: Decadal-scale climate variability in the tropical and North Pacific during the 1970's and 1980's: Observations and model results. Climate Dyn., 10, 135-162.

Graham, N. E., 1995: Simulation of recent global temperature trends. Science, 267, 666-671.

Graham, N. E. and and, 1990: The role of the western boundary in the ENSO cycle: Experiments with coupled models. J. Phys. Oceanog., 20, 1935-1948.

Graham, N. E. and T. P. Barnet, 1987: Sea surface temperature, surface wind divergence, and convection over tropical oceans. Science, 238, 657-659.

Graham, N. E. and T. P. Barnett, 1987: Observations of sea surface temperature and convection over tropical oceans. Science, 238, 657-659.

Graham, N. E. and T. P. Barnett, 1987: Observations of sea surface temperatures, convection and surface wind divergence over tropical oceans. Science, 238, 657-659.

Graham, N. E. and T. P. Barnett, 1987: Sea surface temperature, surface wind divergence and convection over tropical oceans. Science, 238, 657-659.

Graham, N. E., T. P. Barnett, R. M. Chervin, M. E. Schlesinger, and U. Schlese, 1989: Comparison of GCM and observed surface wind fields over the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 760-788.

Graham, N. E., T. P. Barnett, V. G. Panchang, O. M. Smedstad, and J. J. O'Brien, 1989: The response of a linear model of the tropical Pacific to surface winds from the NCAR general circulation model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1222-1242.

Graham, N. E., T. P. Barnett, R. Wilde, M. Ponater, and S. Schubert, 1994: Low-frequency variability in the winter circulation over the Northern Hemisphere: On the relative role of tropical and midlatitude sea surface temperatures. J. Climate, 7, 1416-1442.

Graham, N. E., T. P. Barnett, R. Wilde, M. Ponater, and S. Schubert, 1994: On the role of tropical and midlatitude SSTs in forcing interannual to interdecadal variability in the winter Northern Hemisphere circulation. J. Climate, 7, 1416-1441.

Graham, N. E., T. P. Barnett, R. Wilde, U. Schlese, and L. Bengtsson, 1994: On the roles of tropical and midlatitude SSTs in forcing interannual to interdecadal variability in the winter Northern Hemisphere circulation. J. Climate, 7, 1416-1441.

Graham, N. E., J. Michaelsen, and and, 1987: An investigation of the El Nin˜oSouthern Oscillation cycle with statistical models. 2. Model results. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14271-14289.

Graham, N. E., J. Michaelsen, and and, 1987: An investigation of the El Nin˜oSouthern Oscillation cycle with statistical models. Part 2: Model results. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14271-14289.

Graham, N. E., J. Michaelsen, and T. P. Barnett, 1987: An investigation of the El Nin˜ o-Southern Oscillation cycle with statistical models. Part 1: Predictor field characteristics. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14251-14270.

Graham, N. E. and W. B. White, 1988: The El Nin˜ o cycle: A natural oscillator of the Pacific ocean-atmosphere system. Science, 240, 1293-1302.

Graham, N. E. and W. B. White, 1988: The El Nin˜ o cycle: A natural oscillator of the Pacific ocean-atmosphere. Science, 240, 129-31302.

Graham, R. J. and S. R. Anderson, 1995: The relative utility of current observation systems to global-scale NWP forecasts: Preliminary results. U.K. Meteorological Office. Forecasting Research Division Tech. Rep. No. 173, 19.

Graham, R. J., S. R. Anderson, and M. J. Bader, 2000: The relative utility of current observation systems to global-scale NWP forecasts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2435.

Graham, R. R., Jr., 1952: The water and energy budgets of the thunderstorm and their relation to thunderstorm development. J. Meteor., 9, 227-242.

Graham, R. R. and M. Draginis, 1960: Roots of orographic cumuli. Mon. Wea Rev., 88, 214-226.

Grainger, R. G., A. Lambert, C. D. Rodgers, F. W. Taylor, and T. Deshler, 1995: Stratospheric aerosol effective radius, surface area and volume estimated from infrared measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16507-16518.

Grammeltvedt, A., 1969: A survey of finite-difference schemes for the primitive equation for a barotropic fluid. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 384-404.

Grams, G. W., I. H. Blifford, Jr., B. G. Schuster, and J. J. DeLuisi, 1972: Complex index of refraction of airborne fly ash determined by laser radar and collection of particles at 13 km. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 900-905.

Grandclement, P., S. Bonazzola, E. Gourgoulhon, and J. A. Marck, 2001: A Multidomain Spectral Method for Scalar and Vectorial Poisson Equations with Noncompact Sources. J. Comp. Phy., 170, 231-260.

Granger, C. W. J., 1989: Combining forecasts - twenty year later. J. Forecasting, 8, 167-173.

Granger, C. W. J., 1996: Can we improve the percived quality of ecnomic forecasts. J. Appl. Economics, 11, 455-473.

Granger, C. W. J. and R. Ramanathan, 1984: Improved methods of combining forecasts. J. Forecasting, 3, 197-204.

Granger, O. E., 1977: Secular fluctuations of seasonal precipitation in lowland California. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 386-397.

Granger, R. J. and D. H. Male, 1978: Melting of a prairie snowpack. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 1833-1841.

Grant, A. L. M., 1992: The structure of turbulence in the near-neutral atmospheric boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 226-239.

Grant, A. L. M., 2001: Cloud-base fluxes in the cumulus-capped boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 407.

Grant, A. L. M. and P. J. Mason, 1990: Observations of boundary-layer structure over complex terrain. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 159-186.

Grant, B. N., 1995: Elevated cold-sector severe thunderstorms: A preliminary study. Natl. Wea. Dig., 19, 25-31.

Grant, H. L., R. W. Stewart, and A. Moilliett, 1962: Turbulence spectra from a tidal channel. J. Fluid Mech., 12, 241-263.

Grant, H. L., R. W. Stewart, and A. Molliet, 1962: Turbulent spectra from a tidal channel. J. Fluid Mech., 12, 241-268.

Grant, L. O., 1986: Hypotheses for the Climax wintertime orographic cloud seeding experiments. Precipitation EnhancementóA Scientific Challenge. Meteor. Monogr., No. 43, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Grant, R. F. and D. D. Baldocchi, 1992: Energy transfer over crop canopies: Simulation and experimental verification. Agric. Meteor., 61, 129-149.

Grant, W. B. and Coauthors, 1994: Aerosol associated changes in the tropical stratospheric ozone following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8197-8211.

Grant, W. B., Coauthors, C. S. Long, and L. L. Stowe, 1995: Use of aerosols from volcanic eruptions to study the tropical stratospheric reservoir, its boundary, and transport to northern midlatitudes. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 3973-3988.

Grant, W. D. and and, 1986: The continental-shelf bottom layer. Annu. Rev. Fluid. Mech., 18, 265-305.

Grant, W. D. and O. S. Madsen, 1979: Combined wave and current interaction with a rough bottom. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 179-71808.

Grants, I. and G. Gerbeth, 2001: Stability of axially symmetric flow driven by a rotating magnetic field in a cylindrical cavity. J. Fluid Mech., 407.

Grants, I. and G. Gerbeth, 2002: Linear three-dimensional instability of a magnetically driven rotating flow. J. Fluid Mech., 463, 229-240.

Grassal, H., 1971: Determination of aerosol size distributions from spectral attenuation measurements. Appl. Opt., 10, 2534-2538.

Grasshoff, K., 1981: The electrochemical determination of oxygen. Marine Electrochemistry. M. Whitfield and D. JagnerEds., Wiley Interscience, 327-420.

Grassl, H., 1978: Strahlung in getru ¨ bten Atmospha¨ren und Wolken. Hamburger Geophysikalische Einzelschriften No. 37. 135.

Grassl, H., 1988: Radiative effects of atmospheric aerosol particles. Aerosol and Climate. P. V. Hobbs and M. P. McCormickEds. A. Deepack Publishing, 241-252.

Grasso, L. D. and W. R. Cotton, 1993: Tornadogenesis in a simulated supercell thunderstorm. Preprints, 17th Conf. Servere Local Storms, St. Louis, MO, Amer. Meterol. Soc.

Grasso, L. D. and E. R. Hilgendorf, 2001: Observation of a Severe Left Moving Thunderstorm. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 500-511.

Grassotti, C. and L. Garand, 1993: Classification-based rainfall estimation using satellite data and numerical forecast model fields. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 159-178.

Gravel, S. and A. Staniforth, 1994: A mass-conserving semi-Lagrangian scheme for the shallow-water equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 243-248.

Gravel, S., A. Staniforth, and J. Coˆte´, 1993: A stability analysis of a family of baroclinic semi-Lagrangian forecast models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 815-824.

Gray, B. M., 1991: CaPE experiment proceeds in Florida. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 1287.

Gray, J., 2001: Granular flow in partially filled slowly rotating drums. J. Fluid Mech., 441, 1-30.

Gray, J. M. N. T. and P. D. Killworth, 1995: Stability of the viscous-plastic sea ice rheology. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 971-978.

Gray, J. M. N. T. and L. W. Morland, 1994: A two-dimensional model for the dynamics of sea ice. Philos. Trans. Roy Soc. Lon-don, 347, 219-290.

Gray, L. J., E. F. Drysdale, T. J. Dunkerton, and B. N. Lawrence, 2001: Model studies of the interannual variability of the northern-hemisphere stratospheric winter circulation: The role of the quasi-biennial oscillation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1413-1432.

Gray, L. J. and T. J. Dunkerton, 1990: The role of the seasonal cycle in the quasi-biennial oscillation of ozone. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 242-92451.

Gray, L. J. and J. M. R. III, 1999: Interannual Variability of Trace Gases in the Subtropical Winter Stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 977-993.

Gray, L. J. and M. P. C. J., 1990: On the interannual variability of trace gasses in the middle atmosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 933-936.

Gray, L. J., S. J. Phipps, T. J. Dunkerton, M. P. Baldwin, E. F. Drysdale, and M. R. Allen, 2001: A data study of the influence of the equatorial upper stratosphere on northern-hemisphere stratospheric sudden warmings. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1985-2004.

Gray, L. J. and J. A. Pyle, 1986: The semiannual oscillation and equatorial tracer distributions. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 387-407.

Gray, L. J. and J. A. Pyle, 1989: A two-dimensional model of the quasi-biennial oscillation in ozone. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 203-220.

Gray, L. J. and S. Ruth, 1993: The modeled latitudinal distribution of the ozone quasi-biennial oscillation using observed equatorial winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1033-1046.

Gray, S. L. and A. J. Thorpe, 2001: Parcel Theory in Three Dimensions and the Calculation of SCAPE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1656-1672.

Gray, W., 1968: Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 669-700.

Gray, W., 1984: Atlantic seasonal hurricane frequency. Part I: El Nin˜o and 30 mb quasi-biennial oscillation influences. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1649-1668.

Gray, W., 1984: Atlantic seasonal hurricane frequency. Part II: forecasting its variability. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1669-1683.

Gray, W., 1990: Strong association between West African rainfall and U.S. landfall of intense hurricanes. Science, 249, 125-11256.

Gray, W. and C. W. Landsea, 1992: African rainfall as a precursor of hurricanerelated destruction on the U.S. East Coast. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1352-1364.

Gray, W., C. W. Landsea, P. W. M. Jr., and and, 1994: Predicting Atlantic basin seasonal tropical cyclone activity by 1 June. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 10-3115.

Gray, W., C. W. Landsea, P. W. M. Jr., and K. J. Berry, 1993: Predicting Atlantic basin seasonal tropical cyclone activity by 1 August. Wea. Forecasting, 8, 73-86.

Gray, W. and J. D. Sheaffer, 1991: Teleconnections Linking World-wide Climate Anomalies. M. H. Glantz. R. W. Katz, and N. NichollsEds., Cambridge University Press, 535.

Gray, W. M., 1965: Calculation of cumulus vertical draft velocities in hurricanes from aircraft observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 4, 47-53.

Gray, W. M., 1968: Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 669-700.

Gray, W. M., 1973: Cumulus convection and larger scale circulations. 1: Broadscale and mesoscale considerations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 101, 839-855.

Gray, W. M., 1975: Tropical cyclone genesis. Atmospheric Science Paper 234. Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.

Gray, W. M., 1975: Tropical cyclone genesis. Dept. of Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 323. Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO.

Gray, W. M., 1979: Hurricanes: Their formation structure and likely role in the tropical circulation. Meteorology over the Tropical Oceans, Shaw, D. B., Ed., Royal Meteorological Society, 155-218.

Gray, W. M., 1979: Hurricanes: Their formation, structure and likely role in the tropical circulation. Meteorology over the Tropical Oceans. D. B. ShawEd., Roy, Meteor. Soc.

Gray, W. M., 1981: Recent advances in tropical cyclone research from rawinsonde composite analysis. WMO Programme on Research in Tropical Meteorology, World Meteor. Organ., 1-407.

Gray, W. M., 1984: Atlantic seasonal hurricane frequency. Part I: El Niño and the 30 mb quasi-biennial oscillation influences. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1649-1668.

Gray, W. M., 1994: LAD multiple linear regression forecasts of Atlantic tropical storm activity for 1995. Exp. Long-Lead Forecast Bull., 3, 12-13.

Gray, W. M. and R. W. Jacobsen, 1977: Diurnal variation of deep cumulus convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1171-1188.

Gray, W. M., R. W. Jacobsen, and Jr., 1977: Diurnal variation of deep cumulus convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 117-11188.

Gray, W. M. and R. W. Jacobson, 1977: Diurnal variations of deep cumulus convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1171-1188.

Gray, W. M. and R. J. Jr., 1977: Diurnal variation of deep cumulus convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1171-1188.

Gray, W. M. and C. W. Landsea, 1992: African rainfall as a precursor of hurricanerelated destruction on the U.S. East Coast. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 152-1364.

Gray, W. M., C. W. Landsea, P. W. M. Jr., and and, 1993: Predicting Atlantic basin seasonal tropical cyclone activity by 1 August. Wea. Forecasting, 8, 7-386.

Gray, W. M., C. W. Landsea, P. W. M. Jr., and and, 1994: Predicting Atlantic basin seasonal tropical cyclone activity by 1 June. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 10-3115.

Gray, W. M., C. W. Landsea, P. W. M. Jr., and K. J. Berry, 1992: Predicting Atlantic seasonal hurricane activity 6-11 months in advance. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 440-455.

Gray, W. M., C. W. Landsea, P. W. Mielke, and and, 1993: Predicting Atlantic basin seasonal tropical cyclone activity by 1 August. Wea. Forecasting, 8, 7-486.

Gray, W. M., C. W. Landsea, P. W. Mielke, and and, 1994: Extended range forecasting of Atlantic seasonal hurricane activity for 1995, as of 30 No-vember 1994. Department of Atmospheric Sciences. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.

Gray, W. M., C. W. Landsea, P. W. Mielke, and and, 1994: Predicting Atlantic basin seasonal tropical cyclone activity by 1 June. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 10-3115.

Gray, W. M., C. W. Landsea, P. W. Mielke, and and, 1994: Predicting Atlantic Basin seasonal tropical storm activity by June 1. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 103-115.

Gray, W. M., C. W. Landsea, P. W. Mielke, and K. J. Berry, 1992: Predicting Atlantic seasonal hurricane activity 6-11 months in advance. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 440-455.

Gray, W. M., C. W. Landsea, P. W. Mielke, Jr., and K. J. Berry, 1992: Predicting Atlantic seasonal hurricane activity 6-11 months in advance. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 440-455.

Gray, W. M., E. Ruprecht, and R. Phelps, 1975: Relative humidity in tropical weather system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 685-690.

Gray, W. M. and J. D. Sheaffer, 1991: El Nin˜ o and QBO influences on tropical cyclone activity. Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies. M. H. Glantz, R. W. Katz, and N. NichollsEds.

Gray, W. R., I. D. Cluckie, and R. J. Griffith, 2001: Aspects of melting and the radar bright band. Meteor. App., 8, 371-380.

Gray, W. R. and A. W. Seed, 2000: The characterisation of orographic rainfall. Meteor. Appl., 7, 105.

Graystone, P., 1962: The introduction of topographic and frictional effects in a baroclinic model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 88, 256-270.

Grazulis, T. P., 1993: Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991. Environmental Films. 1326.

Greatbach, R. and A. Goulding, 1989: Seasonal variations in a linear barotropic model of the North Atlantic driven by the Hellerman and Rosenstein wind stress field. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 57-2595.

Greatbatch, R. J., 1985: Kelvin wave fronts, Rossby solitary waves and the nonlinear spin-up of the equatorial oceans. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 9097-9107.

Greatbatch, R. J., 1987: A model for the inertial recirculation of a gyre. J. Mar. Res., 45, 601-634.

Greatbatch, R. J., A. F. Fanning, A. D. Goulding, and S. Levitus, 1991: A diagnosis of interpentadal circulation changes in the North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 96(C12), 22009-22023.

Greatbatch, R. J. and K. G. Lamb, 1990: On parameterizing vertical mixing of momentum in non-eddy resolving ocean models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 1634-1637.

Greatbatch, R. J., Y. Lu, and Y. Cai, 2001: Relaxing the Boussinesq Approximation in Ocean Circulation Models. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 1911-1923.

Greatbatch, R. J. and K. A. Paterson, 1996: Interdecadal variability and oceanic thermohaline adjustment. J. Geophys. Res., 101, in press.

Greatbatch, R. J. and S. Zhang, 1995: An interdecadal oscillation in an idealized ocean basin forced by a constant heat flux. J. Climate, 8, 81-91.

Greco, S., J. Scala, J. B. Halverson, H. L. M. Jr., W.-K. Tao, and M. Garstang, 1994: Amazon coastal squall lines. Part II: Heat and moisture transports. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 623-635.

Grecu, M. and E. N. Anagnostou, 2001: Overland Precipitation Estimation from TRMM Passive Microwave Observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1367-1380.

Grecu, M. and E. N. Anagnostou, 2002: Use of Passive Microwave Observations in a Radar Rainfall-Profiling Algorithm. J. Appl. Meteor., 41, 702-715.

Greeley, R. and J. D. Iversen, 1985: Wind as a Geological Process. Cambridge University Press, 333.

Greeley, R., R. Leach, B. R. White, J. D. Iversen, and J. B. Pollack, 1980: Threshold wind speeds for sand on Mars: Wind tunnel simulations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 121-124.

Greeley, R., A. Skypeck, and J. B. Pollack, 1993: Martian aeolian features and deposits: Comparisons with general circulation model results. J. Geophys. Res., 98(E2), 3183-3196.

Green, A. E. S., R. P. Singhal, and R. Venkateswar, 1980: Analytical extensions of the Gaussian plume model. JAPCA, 30, 773-776.

Green, A. V., 1975: An approximation for shape of large raindrops. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 1578-1583.

Green, J., 1970: Transfer properties of large scale eddies and the general circulation of the atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 96, 157-185.

Green, J. A. S. and G. A. Dalu, 1980: Mesoscale energy generated in the boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 72-1726.

Green, J. S. A., 1970: Transfer properties of the large-scale eddies and the general circulation of the atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 96, 157-185.

Green, J. S. A., 1977: The weather during July 1976: Some dynamical considerations of the drought. Weather, 32, 120-128.

Green, J. S. A., 1977: Transfer properties of the large-scale eddies and the general circulation of the atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 96, 157-185.

Green, J. S. A. and G. A. Dalu, 1980: Mesoscale energy-generated in the boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 721-726.

Green, M. C., L. O. Myrup, and R. G. Flocchini, 1992: A method for classification of wind field patterns and its application to Southern California. Int. J. Climatol., 12, 111-135.

Green, M. O., J. M. Rees, and N. D. Pearson, 1990: Evidence for the influence of wavecurrent interaction in a tidal boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9629-9644.

Green, R. N., 1980: The effect of directional radiation models on the interpretation of earth radiation budget measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2298-2313.

Green, R. N., F. B. House, P. W. Stackhouse, X. Wu, S. A. Ackerman, W. L. Smith, and M. J. Johnson, 1990: Intercomparison of scanner and nonscanner measurements for the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11785-11798.

Green, S. I., P. Ostafichuk, and S. N. Rogak, 2001: Measurement of Three-Dimensional Unsteady Flows Using an Inexpensive Multiple Disk Probe. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 883-891.

Greenacre, M. J., 1984: Theory and Applications of Correspondence Analysis. Academic Press, 364.

Greenberg, M. D., 1978: Foundations of Applied Mathematics. Prentice Hall, 626.

Greenberg, M. J., 1981: Algebraic Topology: A First Course. Benjamin/ Cummings, 235.

Greene, J. S., W. E. Cook, D. Knapp, and P. Haines, 2002: An Examination of the Uncertainty in Interpolated Winds and Its Effect on the Validation and Intercomparison of Forecast Models. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 397-401.

Greene, M. W., R. D. Gafford, and D. G. Rohrbaugh, 1970: A continuous profiling, deep-submersible, dissolved-oxygen monitor. Mar. Technol. Soc. V., 2, 1485-1502.

Greengard, L. F. and J. Huang, 2002: A New Version of the Fast Multipole Method for Screened Coulomb Interactions in Three Dimensions. J. Comp. Phy., 180, 642-658.

Greengrove, C. L. and S. E. Rennie, 1991: South Atlantic density ratio distribution. Deep-Sea Res., 38 (Suppl. 1), S345-S3-54.

Greenhow, J. S. and E. L. Neufeld, 1961: Winds in the upper Atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 87, 472-489.

Greenhut, G. K., 1978: Correlations between rainfall and sea surface temperature during GATE. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 1135-1138.

Greenhut, G. K. and B. R. Bean, 1981: Aircraft measurements of boundary-layer turbulence over the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 20, 221-241.

Greenhut, G. K. and S. J. S. Khalsa, 1982: Updraft and downdraft events in the atmospheric boundary layer over the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1803-1818.

Greenslade, M. D., 2000: Drag on a sphere moving horizontally in a stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 339.

Greenspan, H. P., 1963: A note concerning topography and inertial currents. J. Mar. Res., 21, 147-154.

Greenspan, H. P., 1968: The Theory of Rotating Fluids. Cambridge University Press, 327.

Greenwald, T. J., R. Hertenstein, and T. Vukicevic, 2002: An All-Weather Observational Operator for Radiance Data Assimilation with Mesoscale Forecast Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1882-1897.

Greenwald, T. J., G. L. Stephens, S. Christopher, and T. H. V. H. F, 1995: Observations of the global characteristics and regional radiative effects of marine cloud liquid water. J. Climate, 8, 2928-2946.

Greenwald, T. J., G. L. Stephens, T. H. V. Haar, and D. L. Jackson, 1992: A physical retrieval of cloud liquid water over the global oceans using SSM/I observations. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18471-18488.

Greenwald, T. J., G. L. Stephens, T. H. V. Haar, and D. L. Jackson, 1993: A physical retrieval of cloud liquid water over the global oceans using special sensor microwave/ imager (SSM/I) observations. J. Geophys. Res., 98D, 18471-18488.

Greenwood, J. A., V. J. Cardone, and L. M. Lawson, 1985: Intercomparison test version of the SAIL wave model. Ocean Wave Modelling, the SWAMP Group. Plenum Press, 221-233.

Grega, L. M., T. Y. Hsu, and T. Wei, 2002: Vorticity transport in a corner formed by a solid wall and a free surface. J. Fluid Mech., 465, 331-352.

Gregg, M., 1989: Scaling turbulent dissipation in the thermocline. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 9686-9698.

Gregg, M. C., 1975: Microstructure and intrusions in the California Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 253-278.

Gregg, M. C., 1977: Variation in the intensity of small-scale mixing in the main thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 436-454.

Gregg, M. C., 1979: The effects of bias error and system noise on parameters computed from C, T. P and V profiles. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 199-217.

Gregg, M. C., 1980: Microstructure patches in the thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 915-943.

Gregg, M. C., 1984: Entropy generation in the ocean by small-scale mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 688-711.

Gregg, M. C., 1987: Diapycnal mixing in the thermocline. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 5249-5286.

Gregg, M. C., 1987: Diapycnal mixing in the thermocline: A review. J. Geophys. Res., 92C, 5249-5286.

Gregg, M. C., 1987: Diapynal mixing in the thermocline-A review. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 5249-5286.

Gregg, M. C., 1987: Structures and fluxes in a deep convecting mixed layer. Dynamics of the Ocean Mixed Layer. P. Mu¨ ller and D. HendersonEds., Hawaiian Institute of Geophysics, 1-23.

Gregg, M. C. and and, 1988: The dependence of turbulent dissipation on stratification in a diffusively stable thermocline. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 12381-12392.

Gregg, M. C., C. S. Cox, and P. W. Hacker, 1973: Vertical microstructure measurements in the central North Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 3, 458-469.

Gregg, M. C., E. A. D'Asaro, T. J. Shay, and N. Larson, 1986: Observations of persistent mixing and nearinertial internal waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 856-885.

Gregg, M. C. and E. Kunze, 1991: Shear and strain in Santa Monica Basin. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 16709-16719.

Gregg, M. C., H. Peters, J. C. Wesson, N. S. Oakey, and T. J. Shay, 1985: Intensive measurements of turbulence and shear in the equatorial undercurrent. Nature, 318, 140-144.

Gregg, M. C. and T. B. Sanford, 1980: Signatures of mixing from the Ber-muda Slope, the Sargasso Sea and the Gulf Stream. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 105-127.

Gregg, M. C., H. E. Seim, and D. B. Percival, 1993: Statistics of shear and turbulent dissipation profiles in random internal wave fields. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1777-1799.

Gregg, M. C., D. P. Winkel, and and, 1993: Varieties of fully resolved spectra of vertical shear. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 124-141.

Gregg, M. C., D. P. Winkel, and T. B. Sanford, 1991: Internal wave shear and dissipation. Dynamics of Oceanic Internal Gravity Waves: Proceedings. 'Aha Huliko'a Hawaiian Winter Workshop, P. Mu¨ ller, and D. HendersonEds.

Gregg, M. C., D. P. Winkel, and T. B. Sanford, 1993: Varieties of fully-resolved spectra of vertical shear. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 12-4141.

Gregg, W. W. and K. L. Carder, 1990: A simple spectral solar ir-radiance model for cloudless maritime atmospheres. Limnol. Oceanogr., 35, 1657-1675.

Gregory, A. R. and V. West, 2002: The sensitivity of a model's stratospheric tape recorder to the choice of advection scheme. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1827-1846.

Gregory, D. and S. Allen, 1991: The effect of convective scale down-draughts upon NWP and climate simulations. 9th Conf. on numerical Weather Prediction. Denver, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Gregory, D. and F. Guichard, 2002: Aspects of the parametrization of organized convection: Contrasting cloud-resolving model and single-column model realizations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 625-646.

Gregory, D. and M. J. Miller, 1989: A numerical study of the parameterization of deep tropical convection. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 1209-1241.

Gregory, D. and P. R. Rountree, 1990: A mass flux convection scheme with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability-dependent closure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1483-1506.

Gregory, D. and P. R. Rowntree, 1990: A mass flux convection scheme with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability-dependent closure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 148-31506.

Gregory, D. and P. R. Rowntree, 1990: A mass flux scheme with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability-dependent closure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1483-1506.

Gregory, D. and R. N. B. Smith, 1990: Canopy, surface and soil hydrology. Unified Model Documentation. Paper 25, UKMO, Bracknell.

Gregory, D., D. Wilson, and A. Bushell, 2002: Insights into cloud parametrization provided by a prognostic approach. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1485-1504.

Gregory, J. M., and coauthors, 2001: Comparison of results from several AOGCMs for global and regional sea-level change 1900-2100. Climate Dynamics, 18, 225-240.

Gregory, J. M., T. L. Wigley, and P. D. Jones, 1993: Application of Markov models to area-average daily precipitation series and interannual variability in seasonal totals. Climate Dyn., 8, 29-9310.

Gregory, J. M., T. M. L. Wigley, and and, 1993: Application of Markov models to area-average daily precipitation series and interannual variability in seasonal totals. Climate Dynamics, 8, 299-310.

Gregory, J. M., T. M. L. Wigley, and P. D. Jones, 1992: Determining and interpreting the order of a two-state Markov chain: Application to models of daily precipitation. Water Resour. Res., 28, 1443-1446.

Greiner, E. and C. Perigaud, 1994: Assimilation of Geosat altimetric data in a nonlinear reduced-gravity model of the Indian Ocean by adjoint approach. Part I: Methods and statistical results. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1783-1804.

Greischar, L. and R. Stull, 1999: Convective Transport Theory for Surface Fluxes Tested over the Western Pacific Warm Pool. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2201-2211.

Grell, G., Y.-H. Kuo, and R. J. Pasch, 1991: Semiprognostic tests of three cumulus parameterization schemes in middle latitudes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 5-31.

Grell, G. A., 1992: Prognostic evaluation of assumptions used by cumulus parameterizations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 764-787.

Grell, G. A., 1993: Prognostic evaluation of assumptions used by cumulus parameterizations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 764-787.

Grell, G. A., J. Dudhia, and D. R. Stauffer, 1993: A description of the fifthgeneration Penn State/ NCAR mesoscale model (MM5). NCAR/ TN-398 / 1A, 107.

Grell, G. A., J. Dudhia, and D. R. Stauffer, 1994: A description of the fifth-generation Penn State/ NCAR mesoscale model (MM5).

Grell, G. A., J. Dudhia, and D. R. Stauffer, 1994: A description of the fifth generation Penn State/ NCAR mesoscale model (MM5). NCAR Tech Note NCAR/ TN-398 / STR, 138.

Grell, G. A., Y.-H. Kuo, and R. Pasch, 1991: Semiprognostic tests of cumulus parameterization schemes in the middle latitudes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 5-31.

Grell, G. A., L. Schade, and J. Egger, 2000: Nonhydrostatic climate simulations of precipitation over complex terrain. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29595.

Gremaud, P. A. and J. V. Matthews, 2001: On the Computation of Steady Hopper Flows. I. Stress Determination for Coulomb Materials. J. Comp. Phys., 166, 63.

Grenfell, T. C., 1983: A theoretical model of the optical properties of sea ice in the visible and near infrared. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 9723-9735.

Grenfell, T. C. and G. A. Maykut, 1977: The optical properties of ice and snow in the Arctic Basin. J. Glaciol., 18, 445-463.

Grenfell, T. C. and D. K. Perovich, 1984: Spectral albedos of sea ice and incident solar irradiance in the southern Beaufort Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 3573-3580.

Grenier, H. and S. Bretherton, 2001: A Moist PBL Parameterization for Large-Scale Models and Its Application to Subtropical Cloud-Topped Marine Boundary Layers. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 357.

Grenier, H., H. Le Treut, and T. Fichefet, 2000: Ocean-atmosphere interactions and climate drift in a coupled general circulation model. Climate dynamics, 16, 701.

Grennfelt, P., A. Eliassen, O. Hov, R. Berkowicz, and G. Nordlund, 1987: Atmospheric chemistry, transport and deposition of nitrogen.

Gresho, P. M., 1991: Some current CFD issues relevant to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 87, 201-252.

Gresno, P. M. and R. L. Sani, 1987: On pressure boundary conditions for the in compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Int. J. Num. Meth. Fluids, 7, 1111-1145.

Griffa, A., K. Owens, L. Piterbarg, and B. Rozovskii, 1995: Estimates of turbulence parameters from Lagrangian data using a stochastic particle model. J. Mar. Res., 53, 371-401.

Griffies, S. M., R. C. Pacanowski, and R. W. Hallberg, 2000: Spurious Diapycnal Mixing Associated with Advection in a z-Coordinate Ocean Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 538-564.

Griffies, S. M., R. C. Pacanowski, M. Schmidt, and V. Balaji, 2001: Tracer Conservation with an Explicit Free Surface Method for z-Coordinate Ocean Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1081-1098.

Griffies, S. M. and E. Tziperman, 1995: A linear hermohaline oscillator driven by stochastic atmospheric forcing. J. Climate, 8, 2440-2453.

Griffies, S. M. and E. Tziperman, 1995: A linear thermohaline os-cillator driven by stochastic atmospheric forcing. J. Climate, 8, 2440-2453.

Griffin, J. S., R. W. Burpee, F. D. M. Jr., and J. L. Franklin, 1992: Real-time airborne analysis of aircraft data supporting operational hurricane forecasting. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 480-490.

Griffin, O. M., R. D. Peltzer, A. M. Reed, and R. F. Beck, 1992: Remote sensing of surface ship wakes. Nav. Eng., J., 12.

Griffin, V. L., A. R. Guillory, M. Susko, and J. E. Arnold, 1994: Operations summary for the Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX). NASA Tech. Memo. TM-108445, 180.

Griffioen, E. and L. Oikarinen, 2000: LIMBTRAN: A pseudo three-dimensional radiative transfer model for the limb-viewing imager OSIRIS and the ODIN satellite. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29717.

Griffith, C. G., W. L. Woodley, P. G. Grube, D. W. Martin, J. Stout, and D. N. Sikar, 1978: Rain estimation from geosynchronous imagery-Visible and infrared studies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1153-1171.

Griffith, C. G., W. L. Woodley, P. G. Grube, D. W. Martin, J. Stout, and D. N. Sikdar, 1978: Rain estimation fromgeosynchronous satellite imagery-Visible and infrared studies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1153-1171.

Griffith, K. T., S. K. Cox, and R. G. Knollenberg, 1980: Infrared radiative properties of tropical cirrus clouds-inferred from aircraft measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1077-1087.

Griffith, K. T., S. K. Cox, and R. G. Knollenberg, 1980: Infrared radiative properties of tropical cirrus clouds inferred from aircraft measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1077-1087.

Griffiths, G., 1990: The temperature, salinity and velocity structure of the Iceland-Faeroes Front and North Atlantic Water inflow to the GIN Sea. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Deacon Laboratory Cruise Rep. 216. 42.

Griffiths, G., 1994: Using 3DF GPS heading for improving underway ADCP data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 113-51143.

Griffiths, G., M. C. Hartman, and S. G. Alderson, 1992: Shipboard ADCP observations during RRS Charles Darwin cruise 51. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Deacon Laboratory Rep. 293, 97.

Griffiths, G. A. and M. J. McSaveney, 1983: Distribution of mean annual precipitation across some steepland regions of New Zealand. N. Z. J. Sci., 26, 197-209.

Griffiths, R. W., 1983: Internal wave drag and the production of intense vortices by turbulent gravity currents, with implications for the sinking of bottom waters. (Unpublished manu-script ). Ocean Modelling, 50, 9-12.

Griffiths, R. W. and E. J. Hopfinger, 1983: Gravity currents moving along a lateral boundary in a rotating fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 134, 357-399.

Griffiths, R. W., P. D. Killworth, and M. E. Stern, 1982: Ageostrophic instability of ocean currents. J. Fluid Mech., 117, 343-377.

Griffiths, R. W. and P. F. Linden, 1981: The stability of vortices in a rotating, stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 105, 283-316.

Grimit, E. P. and C. F. Mass, 2002: Initial Results of a Mesoscale Short-Range Ensemble Forecasting System over the Pacific Northwest. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 192-205.

Grimmond, C. S. B. and T. R. Oke, 2000: Corrigendum. J. App. Meteor., 39, 2494.

Grimmond, C. S. B. and T. R. Oke, 2002: Turbulent Heat Fluxes in Urban Areas: Observations and a Local-Scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS). J. Appl. Meteor., 41, 792-810.

Grimsdell, A. W. and W. M. Angevine, 2002: Observations of the Afternoon Transition of the Convective Boundary Layer. J. App. Meteor., 41, 3-11.

Grimshaw, R., 1975: Internal gravity waves: Critical layer absorption in a rotating fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 70, 287-304.

Grimshaw, R. and J. S. Allen, 1988: Low-frequency baroclinic waves off coastal boundaries. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 112-41143.

Grimshaw, R. H. and N. Smyth, 1986: Resonant flow of a stratified fluid over topography. J. Fluid Mech., 169, 429-464.

Grimshaw, R. H. J., 1983: Solitary waves in density stratified fluids. Nonlinear Deformation Waves. U. Nigul and J. EngelbrechtEds., Springerverlag, 431-447.

Grin, E. A., M. K. Reagan, N. A. Cabrol, E. A. Bettis, C. T. Foster, C. R. Stoker, and J. E. Moersch, 2001: Geological analysis of the Silver Lake Marsokhod field test from ground-truth sampling and mapping (Paper 1999JE001171). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 7733-7744.

Gringorten, I. I., 1965: A measure of skill in forecasting a continuous variable. J. Appl. Meteor., 4, 47-53.

Gringorten, I. I., 1967: Verification to determine and measure forecasting skill. J. Appl. Meteor., 6, 742-747.

Grini, A., G. Myhre, J. K. Sundet, and I. S. A. Isaksen, 2002: Modeling the Annual Cycle of Sea Salt in the Global 3D Model Oslo CTM2: Concentrations, Fluxes, and Radiative Impact. J. Climate, 15, 1717-1730.

Grinstein, F. F., 2001: Vortex dynamics and entrainment in rectangular free jets. J. Fluid Mech., 437, 69-102.

Grishin, A. M., 1992: Matematicheskoye Modelirovaniye Lesnykh Pozharov i Novyye Sposoby Bor'by s Nimi (Mathematical modeling of Forest Fires and New Methods of Fighting Them). No-vosibirsk. ''Nauka'' Publishers, 408.

Grisogono, B. and J. Oerlemans, 2001: A theory for the estimation of surface fluxes in simple katabatic flows. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 2725-2740.

Grist, J. P., 2002: Easterly Waves over Africa. Part I: The Seasonal Cycle and Contrasts between Wet and Dry Years. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 197-211.

Grist, J. P. and S. E. Nicholson, 2001: A Study of the Dynamic Factors Influencing the Rainfall Variability in the West African Sahel. J. Climate, 14, 1337.

Grist, J. P., S. E. Nicholson, and A. I. Barcilon, 2002: Easterly Waves over Africa. Part II: Observed and Modeled Contrasts between Wet and Dry Years. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 212-225.

Grivet-Talocia, S., F. Einaudi, W. L. Clark, R. D. Dennett, G. D. Nastrom, and T. E. VanZandt, 1999: A 4-yr Climatology of Pressure Disturbances Using a Barometer Network in Central Illinois. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1613-1629.

Grobman, D. M., 1959: Homeomorphisms of systems of differential equations. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 128, 880-881.

Grobner, J., A. Albold, and P. Weihs, 2000: Variability of spectral solar ultraviolet irradiance in an Alpine environment. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26991.

Grodent, D., J. H. Waite, and J. C. Gerard, 2001: A self-consistent model of the Jovian auroral thermal structure (Paper 2000JA900129). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,933-12,952.

Grody, N., 1991: Classification of Snow Cover and Precipitation using the Special Sensor Microwave Imager. , . J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7423-7435.

Grody, N., J. Zhao, and R. Boers, 2001: Determination of precipitable water and cloud liquid water over oceans from the NOAA 15 advanced microwave sounding unit. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2943.

Grody, N. C., 1991: Classification of snow cover and precipitation using the Special Sensor Microwave Imager. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7423-7435.

Grody, N. C., 1991: Classification of snow cover and precipitation using the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I). J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7423-7435.

Grody, N. C., 1993: Atmospheric Remote Sensing by Microwave Ra-diometry. M. A. JanssenEd. J. Wiley and Sons Inc., 572.

Grody, N. C., 1993: Remote sensing of the atmosphere from satellites using microwave radiometry. John Wiley and Sons, 596.

Grody, N. C. and A. Basist, 1995: Global identification of snowcover using SSM/ I measurements. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., in.

Grody, N. C. and A. Basist, 1996: Global identification of snow cover using SSM/I measurements. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 34, 237-249.

Grody, N. C. and A. N. Basist, 1996: Global identification of snowcover using SSM/I measurements. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Science, 34, 237-249.

Grody, N. C., C. M. Hayden, W. C. C. Shen, P. W. Rosenkranz, and D. H. Staelin, 1979: Typhoon June winds estimated from scanning microwave spectrometer measurements at 55.45 GHz. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 3689-3695.

Grody, N. C. and W. C. C. Shen, 1982: Observations of Hurricane David (1979) using the Microwave Sounding Unit. NOAA Tech. Rep. NESS 88, 52.

Groebner, R. J., 1993: An emerging understanding of H-mode discharges in tokamaks. Phys. Fluids B, 5, 2343-2354.

Groen, P. and R. Dorrestein, 1976: Zeegolven. 3d ed. Staatsdrukkerij, 124.

Groisman, P. Y., 1985: Regional climatic consequences of volcanic eruptions (in Russian). Meteor. Gidrol., 4, 39-45.

Groisman, P. Y., 1992: Possible regional climate consequences of the Pinatubo eruption: An empirical approach. Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 160-31606.

Groisman, P. Y., R. S. Bradley, and E. L. G. a, 1996: Climate sensitivity to cloud and snow cover variation: Comparison of glo- bal climate models with empirical data. Second Int. Scientific Conf. on the Global Energy and Water Cycle. Washington, DC, Global Energy and Water Experiment and World Climate Research Programme.

Groisman, P. Y. and D. R. Easterling, 1994: Variability and trends of total precipitation and snowfall over the United States and Canada. J. Climate, 7, 184-205.

Groisman, P. Y. and D. R. Easterling, 1994: Variability and trends of precipitation and snowfall over the United States and Canada. J. Climate, 7, 184-205.

Groisman, P. Y., T. R. Karl, and and, 1994: Changes of snow cover, temperature, and radiative heat balance over the Northern Hemisphere. J. Climate, 7, 1633-1656.

Groisman, P. Y., T. R. Karl, and R. W. Knight, 1994: Observed impact of snow cover on the heat balance and rise of continental spring temperatures. Science, 263, 198-200.

Groisman, P. Y., T. R. Karl, and R. W. Knight, 1994: Observed impact of snow cover on the heat balance and the rise of continental spring temperatures. Science, 263, 1-98.

Groisman, P. Y., T. R. Karl, R. W. Knight, and G. L. Stenchiko, 1994: Changes of snow cover, temperature, and the radiative heat balance over the Northern Hemisphere. J. Climate, 7, 1633ñ1-656.

Groisman, P. Y. and D. Legates, 1994: The accuracy of United States precipitation data. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 215-227.

Groisman, P. Y. and D. R. Legates, 1994: The accuracy of United States precipitation data. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 215-227.

Groisman, P. Y., R. C. Quayle, and D. R. Easterling, 1993: The need for correction of systematic errors in conventional precipitation climatologies. GEWEX News. Vol. 3, No. 2, 8-11.

Groisman, P. Y. and P. M. Zhai, 1994: Climate under clear skies: An empirical benchmark for the cloud feedback problem. AGU 1994 Fall Meeting. San Francisco, CA, Amer. Geophys. Union.

Groisman, P. Y., P.-M. Zhai, and E. L. G. a, 1995: Cloud and snow cover effects on the surface-atmosphere interactions. Joint Meeting of the Canadian Geophysical UnionóHydrology Section (CGU-HS) and Int. GEWEX Workshop on Cold-Season/Region Hydrometeorology. Banff, AB, Canada.

Gromova, T. N., I. A. Skorodyonok, N. V. Toropova, and T. M. Ungerman, 1981: Chemical composition of rain and hail precipitated from clouds during hail-protection operations (in Russian). Trans. Main Geophys. Observatory, 439, 8-492.

Gronas, S. and K. H. Midtbo, 1986: Operational multivariate analyses by successive corrections. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 64, 61-74.

Gropp, W., E. Lusk, and A. Skjellum, 1995: Using MPI: Portable Parallel Programming with the Message Passing Interface. The MIT Press, 307.

Gros, V., M. Braunlich, and G. Possnert, 2001: Detailed analysis of the isotopic composition of CO and characterization of the air masses arriving at Mount Sonnblick (Austrian Alps). J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3179.

Grose, A. M. E., E. A. Smith, H. S. Chung, M. L. Ou, B. J. Sohn, and F. J. Turk, 2002: Possibilities and Limitations for Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts Using Nowcasting Methods with Infrared Geosynchronous Satellite Imagery. J. Appl. Meteor., 41, 763-785.

Grose, T. J., J. A. Johnson, and G. R. Bigg, 1995: A comparison between the FRAM (Fine Resolution Antarctic Model) results and observations in the Drake Passage. Deep-Sea Res., 42, 36-5388.

Grose, W. L. and B. J. Hoskins, 1979: On the influence of orography on large-scale atmospheric flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 223-234.

Grosenbaugh, M., S. Anderson, R. Trask, J. Gobat, W. Paul, B. Butman, and R. Weller, 2002: Design and Performance of a Horizontal Mooring for Upper-Ocean Research. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 19, 1376-1389.

Gross, B. D., 1994: Frontal interaction with isolated orography. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1480-1496.

Gross, B. D., 1997: The Effect of Compressibility on Barotropic and Baroclinic Instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 24-31.

Gross, G., 1990: On the wind field in the Loisach Valley-Numerical simulation and comparison with the LOWEX 111 data. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 42, 231-247.

Gross, G., 1990: On the wind field in the Loisach valley-Numerical simulation and comparison with the LOWEX III data. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 42, 231-247.

Gross, G. and F. Wippermann, 1987: Channeling and countercurrent in the upper Rhine Valley: Numerical simulations. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 1293-1304.

Grossi, P., 1993: Sensitivity analysis and mesoscale model intercomparison (in Italian). M.S. thesis, Physics Dept., University of Milan.

Grossi, P., J.-M. Giovannoni, and A. G. Russel, 1996: Intercomparison of meteorological models applied to the Athens area and the effect on photochemical pollutant predictions. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 993-1008.

Grossman, A. and J. Morlet, 1984: Decomposition of Hardy function into square integrable wavelets of constant shape. SIAM J. Math. Anal., 15, 723-736.

Grossman, R. L., 1982: An analysis of vertical velocity spectra obtained in the BOMEX fair-weather, trade-wind boundary layer. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 23, 323-357.

Grossman, R. L., 1992: Sampling errors in the vertical fluxes of potential temperature and moisture measured by aircraft during FIFE. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 18439-18443.

Grossman, R. L. and B. R. Bean, 1973: An aircraft investigation of turbulence in the lower layers of a marine boundary layer. NOAA Tech. Rep. ERL 291-WMPO 4. 166pp. [NTIS COM-74-50337.].

Grossman, R. L. and A. K. Betts, 1990: Air-sea interaction during an extreme cold air outbreak from the eastern coast of the United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 324-342.

Grossman, R. L. and D. R. Durran, 1984: Interaction of low level flow with the Western Ghat Mountains and off-shore convection in the summer monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 652-672.

Grossman, R. L. and N. Gamage, 1995: Moisture flux and mixing processes in the daytime, continental boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25665-25674.

Grossman, R. L. and O. Garcia, 1990: The distribution of deep convection over ocean and land during the Asian summer monsoon. J. Climate, 3, 1032-1044.

Grossmann, A. and J. Morlet, 1984: Decomposition of Hardy functions into square integrable wavelets of constant shape. SIAM J. Math. Anal., 15, 723-736.

Grossmann, S., A. vonderHeydt, and D. Lohse, 2001: Scaling exponents in weakly anisotropic turbulence from the Navier-Stokes equation. J. Fluid Mech., 440, 381-390.

Grotch, S. L. and M. C. MacCracken, 1991: The use of general circulation models to predict regional climatic change. J. Climate, 4, 286-303.

Grotjahn, R., 1977: Some consequences of finite differencing revealed by group velocity errors. Contrib. Atmos. Sci., 50, 231-238.

Grotjahn, R., 1993: Global Atmospheric Circulations. Observations and Theories, Oxford University Press, 430.

Grotjahn, R., D. Hodyss, and C. Castello, 1999: Do Frontal Cyclones Change Size? Observed Widths of North Pacific Lows. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1089-1095.

Grotjahn, R. and J. J. O'Brien, 1976: Some inaccuracies in finite differencing hyperbolic equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 180-194.

Grotjahn, R. and J. Tribbia, 1995: On the mechanism of cyclogenesis as deduced from vertical axis tilts. Tellus, 47A, 629-637.

Grotjahn, R. and C.-H. Wang, 1990: Topographic linear instability on a sphere for various ridge orientations and shapes. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2249-2261.

Group, F., 1991: Using an eddy resolving model to study the Southern Ocean. EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 72.

Group, I., 1993: Weddell Sea exploration from ice station. EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 74, 121-126.

Group, L., 1993: The LeadEx Experiment. EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 74, 3-93.

Group, W., 1988: The WAM model-A third generation ocean wave prediction model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1775-1810.

Grover, E. K. and P. J. Sousonis, 2002: The Influence of Large-Scale Flow on Fall Precipitation Systems in the Great Lakes Basin. J. Climate, 15, 1943-1956.

Gru¨ndlingh, M. L., 1995: Tracking eddies in the southeast Atlantic and southwest Indian Oceans with TOPEX/POSEIDON. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 24377-24986.

Gruber, A. and P. A. Arkin, 1992: Reviews of modern climate diagnostic techniques: Satellite data in climate diagnostics. World Meteorological Organization Rep. WMO/RD-No. 519, 53.

Gruber, A., R. Ellingson, P. Ardanuy, M. Weiss, S. K. Yang, and S. N. Oh, 1994: A comparison of ERBE and AVHRR longwave flux estimates. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 2115-2130.

Gruber, A. and A. F. Krueger, 1984: The status of the NOAA out-going longwave radiation data set. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 65, 958-962.

Gruber, A. and A. F. Krueger, 1984: The status of the NOAA outgoing longwave radiation dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Sci., 65, 958-962.

Gruber, A. and C. D. Watkins, 1979: Preliminary evaluation of initial atmospheric moisture from the TIROS-N sounding system. Satellite Hydrology, 5th Annul Symp., M. Deutich, D. R. W., and A. Rango, Ed., Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 115-123.

Gruber, A. and J. S. Winston, 1978: Earth-atmosphere radiative heating based on NOAA scanning radiometer measurements. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 59, 1570-1573.

Grubii, V. and P. K. Smolarkiewicz, 1997: The Effect of Critical Levels on 3D Orographic Flows: Linear Regime. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1943-1960.

Grubisic´, V., R. B. Smith, and C. Scha¨r, 1995: The effect of bottom friction on shallow-water flow past an isolated obstacle. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1985-2005.

Grumm, R. and J. R. Gyakum, 1986: Systematic surface anticyclone errors in NMC's limited area fine mesh and spectral models during the winter of 1981-82. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 232-92343.

Grumm, R. H. and R. Hart, 2001: Standardized Anomalies Applied to Significant Cold Season Weather Events: Preliminary Findings. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 736-754.

Grumm, R. H. and A. L. Siebers, 1989: Systematic surface cyclone errors in NMC's nested grid model. November 1988 through January 1989, Wea. Forecasting, 4.

Grunbaum, F. A., L. Longhi, and M. Perlstadt, 1982: Differential operators commuting with finite convolution integral operators: Some non-Abelian examples. SIAM J. Appl. Math, 42, 941-955.

Grund, C. J. and E. W. Eloranta, 1991: University of Wisconsin high spectral resolution lidar. Opt. Eng., 30, 6-12.

Grund, C. J. and M. J. Post, 1992: Design of a near-IR coherent lidar for high spatial and velocity resolution wind measurement. 16th International Laser Radar Conf. (NASA CP-3158), 20-24 July. Cambridge, MA, AMS.

Grunmann, P. J., M. Kenneth, and D. Zupanski, 1999: Adjoint method for soil mositure initialization. Third WMO international symposium on assimilation of observations in meteorology and

oceanography, Quebec City, Canada, World Meteorological Organzization.

Gruzdev, A. N. and V. A. Bezverkhny, 2000: Two regimes of the quasi-biennial oscillation in the equatorial stratospheric wind. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29435.

Gryaalk, V. M., T. N. Doronina, and T. H. Warncke, 2000: The theory of three-dimensional hetons and vortex-dominated spreading in localized turbulent convection in a fast rotating stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 71.

Gryanik, V. M. and J. Hartmann, 2002: A Turbulence Closure for the Convective Boundary Layer Based on a Two-Scale Mass-Flux Approach. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2729-2744.

Gryning, S. E. and E. Batchvarova, 2002: Marine Boundary Layer and Turbulent Fluxes over the Baltic Sea: Measurements and Modelling. Bound. Layer Meteor., 103, 29-47.

Gryning, S. E., E. Batchvarova, and H. A. R. DeBruin, 2001: Energy Balance of a Sparse Coniferous High-Latitude Forest under Winter Conditions. Bound. Layer Meteor., 99, 465-488.

Gryning, S.-E. and E. Batchvarova, 1994: Parameterization of the depth of the entrainment zone above the daytime mixed layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 47-58.

Gryning, S.-E. and S. E. Larsen, 1981: Relation between dispersion characteristics over surfaces with dissimilar roughness and atmospheric stability, under conditions of equal geostrophic winds. Atmos. Environ., 15, 983-987.

Gryning, S.-E. and E. Lyck, 1983: A tracer investigation of the atmospheric dispersion in the Dyrnaes Valley, Greenland.

Gu, D. and S. Philander, 1995: Secular changes of annual and interannual variability in the Tropics during the past century. J. Climate, 8, 864-876.

Gu, D. and S. G. H. Philander, 1995: Secular changes of annual and interannual variability in the Tropics during the past century. J. Climate, 8, 864-876.

Gu, G. and C. Zhang, 2001: A Spectrum Analysis of Synoptic-Scale Disturbances in the ITCZ. J. Climate, 14, 2725-2739.

Gu, S., H. Gao, Y. Zhu, B. Zhao, N. Lu, and W. Zhang, 2002: Remote sensing land surface wetness by use of TRMM/TMI microwave data. Meteor. Atmos. Phy., 80, 59-64.

Gu, W., Q. Xu, and R. Wu, 1998: Three-Dimensional Instability of Nonlinear Viscous Symmetric Circulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3148-3158.

Gu, Y. and K. N. Liou, 2001: Radiation Parameterization for Three-Dimensional Inhomogeneous Cirrus Clouds: Application to Climate Models. J. Climate, 14, 2443-2457.

Gu, Y. J., A. M. Dziewonski, W. Su, and G. Ekstrom, 2001: Models of the mantle shear velocity and discontinuities in the pattern of lateral heterogeneities (Paper 2001JB000340). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 11,169-11,200.

Gu¨ nther, H., Hasselmann, S., and P. A. E. M. Janssen, 1993: The WAM model cycle 4. DKRZ WAM Model Documentation, -91.

Gu¨ nther, H., S. Hasselmann, and P. A. E. M. Janssen, 1993: The WAM model cycle 4. DKRZ WAM Model Documentation, 91.

Gu¨ nther, H., W. Rosenthal, and M. Dunckel, 1981: The response of surface gravity waves to changing wind directions. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 718-728.

Gu¨ sten, H., G. Heinrich, T. Cvitas, L. Klasinc, B. Ruscic, and D. Lalas, 1988: Photochemical formation and transport of ozone in Athens, Greece. Atmos. Environ., 22, 1855-1861.

Gualdi, S., A. Navarra, and H. v. Storch, 1997: Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation Appearing in Operational Analyses and in a Family of General Circulation Models. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1185-1202.

Guan, H., A. Tremblay, and C. M. Banic, 2000: Numerical Simulation of Stratus Clouds and Their Sensitivity to Radiation--A RACE Case Study. J. App. Meteor., 39, 1881.

Guan, H., M. K. Yau, and R. Davies, 1997: The Effects of Longwave Radiation in a Small Cumulus Cloud. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2201-2214.

Guan, S., P. L. Jackson, and C. J. C. Reason, 1998: Numerical Modeling of a Coastal Trapped Disturbance. Part I: Comparison with Observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 972-990.

Guan, S. and G. W. Reuter, 1995: Numerical simulation of a rain shower affected by waste energy released from a cooling tower complex in a calm environment. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 131-142.

Guardans, R. and I. Palomino, 1995: Description of wind field dynamic patterns in a valley and their relation to mesoscale and synoptic-scale meteorological situations. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 49-67.

Guardone, A. and L. Vigevano, 2002: Roe Linearization for the van der Waals Gas. J. Compu. Phy., 175, 50-78.

Guba, P., 2001: On the finite-amplitude steady convection in rotating mushy layers. J. Fluid Mech., 437, 337-366.

Gube, M., J. Schmetz, and E. Raschke, 1980: Solar radiative transfer in a cloud field. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 53, 24-34.

Guckenheimer, J. and P. Holmes, 1983: Nonlinear Oscillations, Dynamical Systems, and Bifurcations of Vector Fields. Springer-Verlag, 453 pp.

Guckenheimer, J. and P. Holmes, 1983: Nonlinear Oscillations, Dynamical Systems, and Bifurcations of Vector Fields. Springerverlag, 453.

Gudgel, R. G., A. Rosati, and C. T. Gordon, 2001: The Sensitivity of a Coupled Atmospheric-Oceanic GCM to Prescribed Low-Level Clouds over the Ocean and Tropical Landmasses. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2103-2115.

Guenther, B. and Coauthors, 1995: MODIS level 1B algorithm theoretical basis document. NASA Tech. Memo. 104594. MODIS Tech. Rep. Series, NASA/ Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt.

Gueremy, J. F., 1990: Heat and moisture fluxes on the time scale of 20 to 60 days over the Indian Monsoon area. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 44, 219-250.

Guermond, J. L., C. Migeon, G. Pineau, and L. Quartapelle, 2002: Start-up flows in a three-dimensional rectangular driven cavity of aspect ratio 1:1:2 at Re = 1000. J. Fluid Mech., 450, 169-200.

Guest, F. M., M. J. Reeder, C. J. Marks, and D. J. Karoly, 2000: Inertia-Gravity Waves Observed in the Lower Stratosphere over Macquarie Island. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 737-752.

Guest, P., 1995: Surface heat fluxes in the eastern Weddell Sea during winter. Antarct. J. U.S., in press.

Guetter, A. K. and and, 1995: Large-scale properties of soil-water variability. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

Guetter, A. K., and, and D. R. Cayan, 1994: Diagnostic hydrologic studies of the continental United States. IIHR Tech. Rep. No. 371. Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, The University of Iowa, 263.

Guetter, A. K. and K. P. Georgakakos, 1994: Potential evapotranspiration and atmospheric circulation of the continental United States. EOS (supplement), 75, 2-17.

Gueymard, C., 1993: Assessment of the accuracy and computing speed of simplified saturation vapor equations using a new ref-erence dataset. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 1294-1300.

Gueymard, C., 1993: Critical analysis and performance assessment of clear sky solar irradiance models using theoretical and measured data. Sol. Energy, 51, 121-138.

Guglielmi, A. and R. Lundin, 2001: Ponderomotive upward acceleration of ions by ion cyclotron and Alfven waves over the polar regions (Paper 2000JA900066). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 13,219-13,236.

Guichard, F., D. Parsons, and E. Miller, 2000: Thermodynamic and Radiative Impact of the Correction of Sounding Humidity Bias in the Tropics. J. Climate, 13, 3611.

Guichard, F., J. L. Redelsperger, and J. P. Lafore, 1996: The behavior of a cloud ensemble in response to external forcings. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., in press.

Guichard, F., J. L. Redelsperger, and J. P. Lafore, 2000: Cloud-resolving simulation of convective activity during TOGA-COARE: Sensitivity to external sources of uncertainties. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 3067.

Guilbaud, C., 1996: Etudes des inversions thermiques: Application aux écoulements atmosphériques dans des vallées encaissées, Université Joseph Fourier, 189 pp, Grenoble, France, [Available from LEGI, Université Joseph Fourier, B.P. 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.].

Guilbaud, C., J. P. Chollet, and S. Anquetin, 1997: Large eddy simulations of stratified atmospheric flows within a deep valley. Direct and Large Eddy Simulation II, Chollet, J.-P., L. Kleiser, and P. Voke, Eds., Kluwer Academic, 157–166.

Guillaume, A., 1990: Statistical tests for the comparison of surface gravity wave spectra with application to model validation. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 551-567.

Guillemet, B., 1990: Thermodynamical and dynamical measurements on Merlin-IV-GMTO and Fokker-27 ARAT aircraft. Workshop on Improvements to Aircraft Instrumentation for the Measurements of Cirrus Clouds. Reading. U.K., Meteorological Research Flight, 66.

Guillemet, B. and H. Isaka, 1983: Molecular dissipation of turbulent fluctuations in the convective mixed layer. Part I: Height variations of dissipation rates. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 27, 141-162.

Guilyardi, E., G. Madec, and L. Terray, 2001: The role of lateral ocean physics in the upper ocean thermal balance of a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM. Climate Dynamics, 17, 589-600.

Guimaraes, L. G. and H. M. Nussenzveig, 1992: Theory of Mie resonances and the ripple fluctuations. Opt. Commun., 89, 36-3369.

Guinn, T. A. and W. H. Schubert, 1993: Hurricane spiral bands. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3380-3403.

Guinot, V., 2002: The Time-Line Interpolation Method for Large-Time-Step Godunov-Type Schemes. J. Compu. Phy., 177, 394-417.

Guiot, J., S. P. Harrison, and I. C. Prentice, 1993: Reconstruction of Holocene precipitation patterns in Europe using pollen and lake-level data. Quat. Res., 40, 139-149.

Guiraud, F. O., J. Howard, and D. C. Hogg, 1979: A dualchannel microwave radiometer designed for measurement of precipitable water vapor and liquid. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron., GE-17, 129-136.

Guiraud, J. P. and R. K. H. Zeytounian, 1982: A note on the adjustment to hydrostatic balance. Tellus, 34, 50-54.

Guissard, A. and P. Sobieski, 1987: An approximate model for the microwave brightness temperature of the sea. Int. J. Remote. Sens., 8, 1607-1627.

Guissard, A., P. Sobieski, and C. Baufays, 1992: A unified approach to bistatic scattering for active and passive remote sensing of rough ocean surfaces. Trends Geophys. Res., 1, 43-68.

Guissard, A., P. Sobieski, and A. Laloux, 1993: Radiative transfer equation with surface scattering for ocean and atmospheric parameters re-trieval from radiometric measurements. Int. J. Remote. Sens., 15, 1743-1760.

Guldner, J. and D. Spankuch, 2001: Remote Sensing of the Thermodynamic State of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer by Ground-Based Microwave Radiometry. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 925-933.

Gulev, S. K., 1994: Influence of space-time averaging on the oceanatmosphere exchange estimates in the North Atlantic midlatitudes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1236-1255.

Gulf Stream meanders. J. Phys. Oceanogr., s. and E. Carter, 1995: Lagrangian studies of fluid exchange between the Gulf Stream and surrounding waters. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 46-63.

Gulick, D., 1992: Encounters with Chaos. McGraw-Hill, 308.

Gulick, V. C., R. L. Morris, M. A. Ruzon, and T. L. Roush, 2001: Autonomous image analyses during the 1999 Marsokhod rover field test (Paper 1999JE001182). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 7745-7764.

Gullet, D. W. and W. R. Skinner, 1992: The state of Canada's climate: Temperature change in Canada 1895-1991. SOE Rep. 922. Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, -36.

Gultepe, I. and A. Heymsfield, 1988: Vertical velocities within a cirrus cloud from Doppler lidar and aircraft measurements during FIRE: Implications for particle growth. Preprints, Tenth International Cloud Physics Conference, Bad Homburg, Federal Republic of Germany, 476-478.

Gultepe, I. and G. V. Rao, 1993: Moisture and heat budget of a cirrus cloud from aircraft measurements during FIRE. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 957-974.

Gultepe, I. and D. O. C. Starr, 1995: Dynamical structures and turbulence in cirrus clouds: Aircraft Observations during FIRE. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 4159-4182.

Gultepe, I., D. O. C. Starr, A. J. Heymsfield, T. Uttal, T. P. Ackerman, and D. L. Westphal, 1995: Dynamical characteristics of cirrus clouds from aircraft and radar observations in micro and meso-g scales. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 4060-4078.

Gumbel, E. J., 1958: Statistics of Extremes. Columbia University.

Gumley, L. E., P. A. Hubanks, and E. J. Masuoka, 1994: MODIS Airborne Simulator Level 1B data user's guide. NASA Tech. Memo. 104594. Vol. 3, 37.

Gumley, L. E. and M. D. King, 1995: Remote sensing of flooding in the U.S. upper midwest during the summer of 1993. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 933-943.

Gunn, B. W., J. L. McBride, G. J. Holland, T. D. Keenan, N. E. Davidson, and H. H. Hendon, 1989: The Australian summer monsoon circulation during AMEX Phase II. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 2554-2574.

Gunn, J. T. and D. R. Watts, 1982: On the currents and water masses north of the Antilles/ Bahamas arc. J. Mar. Res., 40, 1-18.

Gunn, K. L. S. and G. D. Kinzer, 1949: The terminal velocity of fall for water droplets in stagnant air.. J. Meteor., 6, 243-251.

Gunn, K. L. S. and J. S. Marshall, 1958: The distribution with size of aggregate snow flakes. J. Meteor., 15, 452-461.

Gunn, R., 1949: Mechanical resonance in freely falling drops. J. Geophys. Res., 54, 383-385.

Gunn, R. and J. S. Marshall, 1958: The distribution with size and aggregate snowflakes. J. Meteor., 15, 452-461.

Gunter, R. L., A. D. A. Hansen, J. F. Boatman, B. A. Bodhaine, R. C. Schnell, and D. M. Garvey, 1993: Airborne measurements of aerosol optical properties over the south-central New Mexico. Atmos. Environ., 27A, 1363-1368.

Gunther, H., S. Hasselmann, and P. A. E. M. Janssen, 1991: Wamodel cycle 4. Tech. Rep. 4, Deutsches Klima Rechen Zentrum, edited by Modellberatungsgruppe.

Guo, B., H. Lin, and J. Lu, 1987: Some features on the circulation in the East China Sea. Essays on the Investigation of Kuroshio. X.-P. SunEd., China Ocean Press, 15-32.

Guo, Y. and P. H. Schuepp, 1994: An analysis of the effect of local heat advection on evaporation over wet and dry surface strips. J. Climate, 7, 641-652.

Guo, Y.-R., Y.-H. Kuo, J. Dudhia, D. Parsons, and C. Rocken, 2000: Four-dimensional variational data assimilation of heterogeneous mesoscale observations for a strong convective case. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 619-643.

Guolin, F., C. Hongxing, and G. Xinquan, 2001: Prediction of Precipitation during Summer Monsoon with Self-memorial Model. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18, 701-709.

Guoping, L., L. Jinghua, and J. Bingling, 2001: The Effects of Anomalous Snow Cover of the Tibetan Plateau on the Surface Heating. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18, 1207-1214.

Guoxiong, W. and W. Huijun, 2002: A Response to the Letter of Da-Lin Zhang. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 19, 765-766.

Gupta, M. L., R. P. Turco, C. R. Mechoso, and J. A. Spahr, 2001: On-line simulations of passive chemical tracers in the University of California, Los Angeles, atmospheric general circulation model, 1, CFC-11 and CFC-12 (Paper 2000JD900819). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,401-12,418.

Gupta, S. K., 1989: A parameterization for longwave surface radiation from sun-synchronous satellite data. J. Climate, 2, 30-5320.

Gupta, S. K., W. L. Darnell, and A. C. Wilber, 1992: A parameterization for longwave surface radiation from satellite data: Recent improvements. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 1361-1367.

Gupta, S. K., W. F. Staylor, W. L. Darnell, A. C. Wilber, and N. A. Ritchey, 1993: Seasonal variation of surface and atmospheric cloud radiative forcing over the globe derived from satellite data. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20761-20778.

Gupta, V. K. and E. C. Waymire, 1993: A statistical analysis of mesoscale rainfall as a random cascade. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 251-267.

Gurney, C. M., 1982: The use of contextural information to detect cumulus clouds and cloud shadows in Landsat data. Int. J. Remote Sens., 3, 51-62.

Gurvich, A. S., 1995: The model of three-dimensional spectrum of local axisymmetric temperature inhomogenities in stable stratified atmosphere. Izv. Atmos. Ocean Phys., 31, 211-216.

Gurvich, A. S., V. Kan, L. I. Popov, V. V. Ryumin, S. A. Savchenko, and S. V. Sokolovskiy, 1982: Reconstruction of the atmosphere's temperature profile from motion pictures of the sun and moon taken from the "Salyut-6" orbiter. Izv. Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 18, 1-4.

Gurvich, A. S. and T. G. Krasil'nikova, 1990: Navigation satellites for radio sensing of the Earth's atmosphere. Soviet J. Remote Sens., 7(6), 1124-1131.

Guseinov, II and B. A. Mamedov, 2001: Convergence of Translation Formulas for the Computation of Multicenter Integrals over Slater Orbitals. J. Compu. Phy., 174, 428-437.

Gustafson, A. F., 1962: The preparation of first-guess heights for use in objective analysis. Office Note No. 19. Development Branch, National Meteorological Center, U.S. Department of Commerce.

Gustafson, T. and B. Kullenberg, 1936: Untersuchungen von tr‰gheitsstrˆmungen in der Ostsee (Investigation of inertia currents in the Baltic Sea). Sven. Hydrogr. Biol. Komm. Skr. Ny Ser. Hydr., 28.

Gustafsson, N., 1991: The HIRLAM model. Seminar Proc. on numerical Methods in Atmospheric Models. Reading. England, European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts, 115-146.

Gustafsson, N., 1993: HIRLAM 2 final report. HIRLAM Tech. Rep. 9, 126.

Gustafsson, N. and Ed., 1993: HIRLAM 2 final report. Tech. Rep. 9. Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, S-601 76 Norrko¨ ping, Sweden.

Gustafsson, N., L. Nyberg, and A. Omstedt, 1998: Coupling of a High-Resolution Atmospheric Model and an Ocean Model for the Baltic Sea. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2822-2846.

Gustavsson, L. H., 1991: Energy growth of three-dimensional disturbances in plane Poiseuille flow. J. Fluid Mech., 224, 241-260.

Gustavsson, N., 1981: A review of methods for objective analysis. Dynamic Meteorology: Data Assimilation Methods, L. Bengtsson, M. G., and E. Kallen, Ed., Springer-Verlag, 17-76.

Gustavsson, T., J. Bogren, and C. Green, 2001: Road climate in cities: a study of the Stockholm area, south-east Sweden. Meteor. App., 8, 481-490.

Gutierrezlanza, M., 1904: Apuntes HistÛricos Acerca del Observatorio del Colegio de BelÈn. Habana. Avisador Comercial, 178.

Gutman, D. P., K. E. Torrance, and M. A. Estoque, 1973: Use of the numerical method of Estoque and Bhumralkar for the planetary boundary layer. Bound. Layer Meteor., 5, 341346.

Gutman, G., G. Ohring, and J. H. Joseph, 1984: The interaction between the geobotanic state and the climate-A modeling approach. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2663-2678.

Gutman, G., D. Tarpley, A. Ignatov, and S. Olson, 1995: The enhanced NOAA global land dataset from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 1141ñ1-156.

Gutman, G. G., 1988: A simple method for estimating monthly mean albedo of land surfaces from AVHRR data. J. Appl. Meteor., 27, 973-988.

Gutman, G. G., 1991: Vegetation indices from AVHRR: An update and future prospects. Remote Sens. Environ., 35, 121-136.

Gutman, G. G., 1992: Satellite daytime image classification for global studies of earth's surface parameters from polar orbiters. Int. J. Remote Sens., 13, 209-234.

Gutman, L. N., 1991: Downslope windstorms, Part I: Effects of air density decrease with height. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2545-2551.

Gutman, L. N. and J. W. Melgarejo, 1981: On the laws of geostrophic drag and heat transfer over a slightly inclined terrain. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1714-1724.

Gutman, S., 2000: Identification of Multilayered Particles from Scattering Data by a Clustering Method. J. Comp. Phys., 163, 529.

Gutnick, M., 1958: Climatology of the trade-wind inversion in the Caribbean. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 39, 410-420.

Gutowski Jr, W. J., J. W. Seidel, and A. B. Ervin, 2001: Water Transport by Thin Moist Layers in Project STORM Soundings. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 167.

Gutowski, W. J., 1985: A simple model for the interaction between vertical eddy heat fluxes and static stability. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 346-358.

Gutowski, W. J., 1985: Baroclinic adjustment and midlatitude temperature profiles. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1733-1745.

Gutowski, W. J., L. E. Branscome, and D. A. Stewart, 1989: Mean flow adjustment during life cycles of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1724-1737.

Gutowski, W. J., L. E. Branscome, and D. S. Stewart, 1992: Life cycles of moist baroclinic eddies. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 306-319.

Gutowski, W. J., D. S. Gutzler, and W.-C. Wang, 1991: Surface energy balance of three general circulation models: Implications for simulating regional climate changes. J. Climate, 4, 121-134.

Gutowski, W. J. and Jr., 1985: Baroclinic adjustment and midlatitude temperature profiles. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1733-1745.

Gutowski, W. J., Jr., D. S. Gutzler, and W.-C. Wang, 1991: Surface energy balances of three general circulation models: Implications for simulating regional climate change. J. Climate, 4, 121-134.

Gutowski, W. L., E. A. Lindemulder, and K. Jovaag, 1995: Temperaturedependent daily variability of precipitable water in special sensor microwave/imager observations. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22971-22980.

Gutschick, V. P. and F. W. Wiegel, 1984: Radiation transfer in vegetation canopies and other layered media: Rapidly solvable exact integral equation not requiring Fourier resolution. J. Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Transfer, 31, 71-82.

Guttman, N. B., 1983: Variability of population-weighted seasonal heating degree days. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 495-501.

Guttman, N. B., 1991: A sensitivity analysis of the Palmer Hydrological Drought Index. Water Resour. Bull., 27, 797-807.

Guttman, N. B., 1993: The use of L-moments in the determination of regional precipitation climates. J. Climate, 6, 2309-2325.

Guttman, N. B., J. R. Wallis, and J. R. M. Hoskin, 1992: Spatial comparability of the Palmer Drought Severity Index. Water Resour. Bull., 28, 1111-1119.

Guttman, N. G. and R. G. Quayle, 1996: A historical perspective of U.S. climate divisions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 7-7.

Gutzler, D., 1992: Climatic variability of temperature and humidity over the tropical western Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1595-1598.

Gutzler, D., G. N. Kiladis, G. A. Meehl, K. M. Weickmann, and M. Wheeler, 1994: The global climate of December 1992-February 1993. Part II: Large-scale variability across the tropical western Pacific during TOGA COARE. J. Climate, 7, 1606-1622.

Gutzler, D. and R. A. Madden, 1989: Seasonal variations in the spatial structure of intraseasonal tropical wind fluctuations. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 641-660.

Gutzler, D. S., 1991: Interannual fluctuations of intraseasonal variance of near-equatorial zonal winds. J. Geophys. Res., 96(suppl), 3172-3185.

Gutzler, D. S., 1992: Climatic variability of temperature and humidity across the tropical western Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1595-1598.

Gutzler, D. S., 1992: Climatic variability of temperature and humidity over the tropical western Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 159-51598.

Gutzler, D. S., 1993: Uncertainties in climatological tropical humidity profiles: Some implications for estimating the greenhouse effect. J. Climate, 6, 978-982.

Gutzler, D. S., 2000: Covariability of Spring Snowpack and Summer Rainfall across the Southwest United States. J. Climate, 13, 4018.

Gutzler, D. S. and D. E. Harrison, 1987: The structure and evolution of seasonal wind anomalies over the near-equatorial eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 169-192.

Gutzler, D. S. and J. Shukla, 1984: Analogs in the wintertime 500 mb height field. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 177-189.

Gutzler, D. S., G. N. Kiladis, G. A. Meehl, K. M. Weickmann, and M. Wheeler, 1994: Seasonal climate summary: The global climate of December 1992-February 1993. Part II: Large-scale variability across the tropical Pacific during TOGA COARE. J. Climate, 7, 1606-1622.

Gutzler, D. S., G. N. Kiladis, G. A. Meehl, K. M. Weickmann, and M. Wheeler, 1994: Seasonal climate summary: The global climate of December 1992-February 1993. Part II: Large-scale variability across the tropical western Pacific during TOGA COARE. J. Climate, 7, 1602-1622.

Gutzler, D. S., G. N. Kiladis, G. A. Meehl, K. M. Weickmann, and M. Wheeler, 1994: The global climate of December 1992-February 1993. Part II: Large-scale variability across the tropical western Pacific during TOGA COARE. J. Climate, 7, 1606-1622.

Gutzler, D. S. and R. A. Madden, 1993: Seasonal variations of the 40-50-day oscillation in atmospheric angular momentum. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 850-860.

Gutzler, D. S., D. Richard, D. A. Salstein, and J. P. Peixoto, 1988: Patterns of interannual variability in the Northern Hemisphere wintertime 850 mb temperature field. J. Climate, 1, 949-964.

Gutzler, D. S. and R. D. Rosen, 1992: Interannual variability of wintertime snow cover across the Northern Hemisphere. J. Climate, 5, 1441-1447.

Gutzler, D. S. and J. Shukla, 1984: Analogs in the wintertime 500mb height field. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 177-189.

Guymer, T. H., G. D. Quartly, and M. A. Srokosz, 1995: The effects of rain on ERS-1 radar altimeter data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 1229-1247.

Guymer, T. H. and S. Zecchetto, 1993: Applications of scatterometer wind in coastal areas. Int. J. Remote Sens., 14, 1787-1812.

Guymon, G. L., R. L. Berg, and T. V. Hromadka, 1993: Mathematical model of frost heave and thaw settlement in pavements. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CCREL) Rep. 93-2, 126.

Gyakum, J. R., 1983: On the evolution of the QE 11 storm. 11: Dynamic and thermodynamic structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1156-1173.

Gyakum, J. R., 1983: On the evolution of QE II storm. Part I: Synoptic aspects. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1137-1155.

Gyakum, J. R., 1983: On the evolution of QE II storm. Part II: Dynamic and thermodynamic structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1156-1173.

Gyakum, J. R., 1983: On the evolution of the QE II storm. I: Synoptic aspects. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1137-1155.

Gyakum, J. R., 1983: On the evolution of the QE II storm. Part I: Synoptic aspects. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1137-1155.

Gyakum, J. R., 1983: On the evolution of the QE II storm. Part II: Dynamic and thermodynamic structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1156-1173.

Gyakum, J. R., 1983: On the evolution of the QE II storm: Dynamic and thermodynamic structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1156-1173.

Gyakum, J. R., 1987: On the evolution of a surprise snowfall in the United States midwest. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2322-2345.

Gyakum, J. R., 1991: Meteorological precursors to the explosive intensification of the QE II storm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1105-1131.

Gyakum, J. R., J. R. Anderson, R. H. Grumm, and E. L. Gruner, 1989: North Pacific cold season surface cyclone activity: 1975-1983. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1141-1155.

Gyakum, J. R., J. R. Anderson, R. H. Grumm, and E. L. Gruner, 1989: North Pacific cold season surface cyclone activity: 19751983. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1141-1155.

Gyakum, J. R. and E. S. Barker, 1988: A case study of explosive subsynoptic-scale cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2225-2253.

Gyakum, J. R., M. Carrera, and o. coauthors, 1996: A regional model intercomparison using a case of explosive oceanic cyclogenesis. Wea. Forecasting, 11, 521-543.

Gyakum, J. R. and R. E. Danielson, 2000: Analysis of Meteorological Precursors to Ordinary and Explosive Cyclogenesis in the Western North Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 851-863.

Gyakum, J. R. and P. J. Roebber, 2001: The 1998 Ice Storm-Analysis of a Planetary-Scale Event. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2983-2997.

Gyakum, J. R., P. J. Roebber, and T. A. Bullock, 1992: The role of antecedent surface vorticity development as a conditioning process in explosive cyclone intensification. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1465-1489.