Fabre, D., L. Jacquin, and A. Loof, 2002: Optimal perturbations in a four-vortex aircraft wake in counter-rotating configuration. J. Fluid Mech., 451, 319-328.

Fabrikant, A. L., 1976: Quasilinear theory of wind-wave generation. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 12.

Fabry, F. and W. Szyrmer, 1999: Modeling of the Melting Layer. Part II: Electromagnetic. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3593-3600.

Fabry, F., I. Zawadski, and S. Cohn, 1993: The influence of stratiform precipitation on shallow convective rain: A case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 3312-3325.

Fabry, F. and I. Zawadzki, 1995: Longterm radar observations of the melting layer of precipitation and their interpretation. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 838-851.

Fabry, F. and I. I. Zawadzki, 1995: Longterm radar observations of the melting layer of precipitation and their interpretation. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 838-851.

Fahey, D. W., S. Solomon, S. R. Kawa, M. Loewenstein, J. R. Po-dolske, S. E. Strahan, and K. R. Chan, 1990: A diagnostic for denitrification in the winter polar stratospheres. Nature, 345, 698-702.

Fairall, C., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young, 1996: The TOGA COARE bulk flux algorithm. J. Geophys. Rev., in press.

Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. S. Godfrey, G. A. Wick, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young, 1996: Cool-skin and warm-layer effects on sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1295-1308.

Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young, 1996: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for TOGA COARE. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3747-3764.

Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young, 1996: The TOGA COARE bulk flux algorithm. J. Geophys. Res., 101(C2), 3747-3764.

Fairall, C. W. and J. B. Edson, 1994: Recent measurements of the dimensionless turbulent kinetic energy dissipation function over the ocean. Second Int. Conf. on Air-Sea Interaction and on the Meteorology and Oceanography of the Coastal Zone. Lisbon, Portugal, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Fairall, C. W., J. B. Edson, S. E. Larsen, and P. G. Mestayer, 1990: Inertial-dissipation air-sea flux measurements: A prototype system using realtime spectral computations. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 425-453.

Fairall, C. W., J. E. Hare, and J. B. Snider, 1990: An eight-month sample of marine stratocumulus cloud fraction, albedo, and in-tegrated liquid water. J. Climate, 3, 847-864.

Fairall, C. W. and S. E. Larsen, 1986: Inertial-dissipation methods and turbulent fluxes at the air-ocean interface. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 34, 287-301.

Fairlie, T. D. A., M. Fisher, and A. O'Neill, 1990: The development of narrow baroclinic zones and other small-scale structure in the stratosphere during simulated major warmings. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 287-315.

Faizoun, C. A., A. Podaire, and G. Dedieu, 1994: Monitoring of Sa-helian aerosol and atmospheric water vapor content characteristics from sun photometer measurements. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 1291-1303.

Falcone, M. and R. Ferretti, 2002: Semi-Lagrangian Schemes for Hamilton-Jacobi Equations, Discrete Representation Formulae and Godunov Methods. J. Compu. Phy., 175, 559-575.

Falconer, K. J., 1990: Fractal Geometry Mathematical Foundations and Applications. J. Wiley and Sons, 288.

Falkovich, A., S. Lord, and R. Theadon, 2000: A new methodology of rainfall retrievals from Indirect measurements. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 75, 217.

Falkovich, G., 1992: Inverse cascade and wave condensate in mesoscale atmospheric turbulence. Phys. Rev. Lett., 69, 3173-3176.

Falkovich, G. and S. B. Medvedev, 1992: Kolmogorov-like spectrum for turbulence of inertial-gravity waves. Europhys. Lett. 19(4), 27-9284.

Faller, A. J., 1963: An experimental study of the instability of the laminar Ekman boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech., 15, 560-576.

Faller, A. J., 1965: Large eddies in the atmospheric boundary layer and their possible role in the formation of cloud rows. J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 466-480.

Faller, A. J., 2001: The constant-V vortex. J. Fluid Mech., 434, 167-180.

Faller, A. J. and R. Kaylor, 1969: Oscillatory and transitory Ekman boundary layers. Deep-Sea Res., 16, 45-58.

Faller, A. J. and R. E. Kaylor, 1966: A numerical study of the instability of the laminar Ekman boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 466-480.

Falls, L. W., 1974: The beta distribution: A statistical model for world cloud cover. J. Geophys. Res., 79, 1261-1264.

Famiglietti, J. S. and and, 1995: Effects of spatial variability and scale on areally-averaged evapotranspiration. Water Resour. Res., 31, 699-712.

Famiglietti, J. S., and, M. Sivapalan, and D. J. Thongs, 1992: A catchment scale water balance model for FIFE. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 1899-719007.

Famiglietti, J. S. and E. F. Wood, 1994: Application of multiscale water and energy balance models on a tall grassland prairie. Water Resour. Res., 30, 3079-3094.

Fan, J. and C. Shen, 2001: Statistical Simulation of Low-Speed Rarefied Gas Flows. J. Comp. Phys., 167, 393.

Fan, J. and J. Whiting, 1987: Calculation and accuracy of humidity value. Sixth Symp. Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation. New Orleans LA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 23-7240.

Fan, Y., M. R. Allen, and M. A. Balmaseda, 2000: How Predictability Depends on the Nature of Uncertainty in Intial Conditions in a Coupled Model of ENSO. J. Climate, 13, 3298.

Fan, Y., N. Phan-Thien, and R. I. Tanner, 2001: Tangential flow and advective mixing of viscoplastic fluids between eccentric cylinders. J. Fluid Mech., 431, 65.

Fan, Y., R. I. Tanner, and N. PhanThien, 2001: Fully developed viscous and viscoelastic flows in curved pipes. J. Fluid Mech., 440, 327-358.

Fan, Z. and C. Liu, 1992: Analysis on the processes of water vapor transfer over North China during 1980-1987 (in Chinese). Sci. Atmos. Sin. 16, 1-8.

Fandry, C. B., 1981: Development of a numerical model of tidal and wind-driven circulation in Bass Strait. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res., 32, 9-29.

Fang, M. and K. K. Tung, 1994: Solution to the Charney problem of viscous symmetric circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 126-11272.

Fang, M. and K. K. Tung, 1997: The Dependence of the Hadley Circulation on the Thermal Relaxation Time. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1379-1384.

Fang, M. and K. K. Tung, 1999: Time-Dependent Nonlinear Hadley Circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1797-1807.

Fang, W. and W. W. Hsieh, 1993: Summer sea surface temperature variability off Vancouver Island from satellite data. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 14391-14300.

Fanjul, L. and H. G. Jones, 1982: Rapid stomatal responses to humidity. Planta, 154, 135-138.

Fankhauser, J. C., 1964: On the motion and predictability of convective systems. NSSP Rep. 21, 34.

Fankhauser, J. C., 1969: Convective processes resolved by a mesoscale rawinsonde network. J. Appl. Meteor., 8, 778-798.

Fankhauser, J. C., 1971: Thunderstorm-environment interactions determined from aircraft and radar observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 99, 171-192.

Fankhauser, J. C., 1974: The derivation of consistent fields of wind and geopotential height from mesoscale rawinsonde data. J. Appl. Meteor., 13, 637-646.

Fankhauser, J. C., 1976: Structure of an evolving hailstorm. Part II: Thermodynamic structure and airflow in the near environment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 576-587.

Fankhauser, J. C., 1988: Estimates of thunderstorm precipitation efficiency from field measurements in CCOPE. Mon. Wea Rev., 116, 663-684.

Fankhauser, J. C., G. M. Barnes, and M. A. LeMone, 1992: Structure of a midlatitude squall line formed in strong unidirectional shear. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 237-260.

Fankhauser, J. C., G. M. Barnes, and M. A. LeMone, 1992: Structure of a midlatitude squall line in strong unidirectional shear. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 237-260.

Fankhauser, J. C., C. J. Biter, C. G. Mohr, and R. L. Vaughan, 1985: Objective analysis of constant altitude aircraft measurements in thunderstorm inflow regions. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2, 157-170.

Fankhauser, J. C., J. T. N. A. Crook, and C. G. W. L. J. Miller, 1995: Initiation of deep convection along boundary layer convergence lines in a semi-tropical environment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 291-313.

Fanning, A. F., R. J. Greatbatch, A. M. D. Silva, and S. Levitus, 1994: Modelcalculated seasonal transport variations through the Florida Straits: A comparison using different wind-stress climatologies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 30-45.

Fantini, M., 1990: The influence of heat and moisture fluxes from the ocean on the development of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 840-855.

Fantini, M., 1990: The effect of heat and moisture fluxes from the ocean on the development of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 840-855.

Fantini, M., 1993: A numerical study of two-dimensional moist baroclinic instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1199-1210.

Fantini, M. and A. Buzzi, 1997: Baroclinic Waves in a Shallow Saturated Layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2146-2154.

FAO, 1993: Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, Catches and Landings. 1991. Vol. 72, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 654 pp.

(FAO), F. A. O. o. t. U. N., 1989: Role of forestry in combating desertification. FAO Conservation Guide, 21, 331.

Farabee, T. M. and M. J. Casarella, 1991: Spectral features of wall pressure fluctuations beneath turbulent boundary layers. Phys. Fluids A, 3, 2410-2420.

Farfan, L. M. and J. A. Zehnder, 2001: An Analysis of the Landfall of Hurricane Nora (1997). Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2073-2088.

Farfán, L. M. and J. A. Zehnder, 1997: Orographic Influence on the Synoptic-Scale Circulations Associated with the Genesis of Hurricane Guillermo (1991). Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2683-2698.

Farge, M., 1992: Wavelet transform and their application to turbulence. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 24, 395-457.

Farge, M., 1992: Wavelet transforms and their applications to turbulence. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 24, 395-457.

Farge, M. and R. Sadourny, 1989: Wave-vortex dynamics in rotating shallow water. J. Fluid Mech., 206, 433-462.

Farhat, C., P. Geuzaine, and C. Grandmont, 2001: The Discrete Geometric Conservation Law and the Nonlinear Stability of ALE Schemes for the Solution of Flow Problems on Moving Grids. J. Compu. Phy., 174, 669-694.

Farley, R. D., 1987: Numerical modeling of hailstorms and hail-stone growth. Part III: Simulation of an Alberta hailstormnatural and seeded cases. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 789-812.

Farley, R. D. and C. S. Chen, 1975: A detailed microphysical simulation of hygroscopic seeding on the warm rain process. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 718-733.

Farley, R. D., P. Nguyen, and H. D. Orville, 1994: Numerical simulation of cloud seeding using a three-dimensional cloud model. J. Wea. Modif., 26, 113-124.

Farley, R. D., P. Nguyen, and H. D. Orville, 1994: Preliminary study of the numerical simulation of cloud seeding using a three-dimensional cloud model. Sixth WMO Scientific Conf. on Weather Modification. Paestum, Italy, World Meteor. Org.

Farley, R. D. and H. D. Orville, 1986: Numerical modeling of hailstorms and hailstone growth. Part I: Preliminary model verification and sensitivity tests. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 2014-2035.

Farman, J. C., B. G. Gardiner, and J. D. Shanklin, 1985: Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx /NOx interaction. Nature, 315, 207-210.

Farman, J. C., A. O'Neill, and R. Swinbank, 1994: The dynamics of the Arctic polar vortex during the EASOE campaign. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1195-1198.

Farmer, D. and and, 1988: The flow of Atlantic water through the Strait of Gibraltar. Progress in Oceanography. Vol. 21, Pergamon, 1-105.

Farmer, D. and L. Armi, 1986: Maximal two-layer exchange over a sill and through the combination of a sill and a contraction with barotropic flow. J. Fluid Mech., 164, 53-76.

Farmer, D., L. Ding, D. Booth, and M. Lohmann, 2002: Wave Kinematics at High Sea States. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 225-239.

Farmer, D. M. and L. Armi, 1986: Maximal two-layer exchange over a sill and through the combination of a sill and contraction with barotropic flow. J. Fluid Mech., 164, 53-76.

Farmer, D. M., E. D'Asaro, M. Trevorrow, and G. Dairiki, 1995: Three-dimensional structure in a tidal convergence zone. Cont. Shelf. Res., 15, 1649-1674.

Farmer, D. M. and R. A. Denton, 1985: Hydraulic control of flow over the sill in Observatory Inlet. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 905-19068.

Farmer, D. M. and H. J. Freeland, 1983: The physical oceanography of f jords. Progress in Oceanography. Vol. 12, Pergamon, 14-7219.

Farmer, D. M. and M. Li, 1995: Patterns of bubble clouds organized by Langmuir circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1426-1440.

Farmer, D. M., C. L. McNeil, and B. D. Johnson, 1993: Evidence for the importance of bubbles in increasing air-sea gas flux. Nature, 361, 620-623.

Farmer, D. M. and S. Vagle, 1988: On the determination of breaking surface wave distributions using ambient sound. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 3591-3600.

Farmer, G. and T. M. L. Wigley, 1985: Climatic trends for tropical Africa. Research Rep. for the Overseas Development Admin-istration. Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, 1-36.

Farouki, O. T., 1986: Thermal Properties of Soils. Trans. Tech. Publications, 136.

Farqhuar, G. D., S. V. Caemmerer, and J. A. Berry, 1980: A bio-chemical model of photosynthetic CO2 fixation in leaves of C3 species. Planta. 149, 78-90.

Farquhar, G. D., 1988: Models relating subcellular effects of temperature to whole plant responses. Plants and Temperature. S. P. Long and F. I. WoodwardEds., The Company of Biolo-gists Limited, 395-409.

Farquhar, G. D. and S. v. Caemmere, 1982: Modelling of photosynthetic response to environmental conditions. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. 12B, O. L. Lange, P. S. Nobel.

Farquhar, G. D., S. v. Caemmere, and J. A. Berry, 1980: A biochemical model of photo-synthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species. Planta, 14978-90.

Farquharson, S. J., 1939: The diurnal variation of wind over tropical Africa. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 65, 165-183.

Farrell, B., 1984: Modal and non-modal baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1663-1686.

Farrell, B., 1989: On the optimal excitation of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1193-1206.

Farrell, B., 1990: Small error dynamics and the predictability of atmospheric flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2191-2199.

Farrell, B. F., 1982: Pulse asymptotics of the Charney baroclinic instability problem. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 507-517.

Farrell, B. F., 1982: The initial growth of disturbances in a baroclinic flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1663-1686.

Farrell, B. F., 1984: Modal and nonmodal baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 668-673.

Farrell, B. F., 1985: Transient growth of damped baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2718-2727.

Farrell, B. F., 1988: Optimal excitation of neutral Rossby waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 163-172.

Farrell, B. F., 1988: Optimal excitation of perturbations in viscous shear flow. Phy. Fluids, 31, 2093-2102.

Farrell, B. F., 1989: Optimal excitation of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1193-1206.

Farrell, B. F., 1989: Transient development in confluent and diffluent flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3279-3288.

Farrell, B. F., 1989: Unstable baroclinic modes damped by Ekman dissipation. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 397-401.

Farrell, B. F., 1990: Small error dynamics and predictability of Atmospheric flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2409-2416.

Farrell, B. F., 1994: Evolution and revolution in cyclogenesis theory. The Life Cycles of Extratropical Cyclones. Vol. I. Aase Grafiske A/ S, 101-110.

Farrell, B. F. and P. J. Inannou, 1993: Optimal excitation of three dimensional perturbations in viscous constant shear flow. Phys. Fluids A, 5, 1390-1400.

Farrell, B. F. and P. J. Inannou, 1994: Variance maintained by stochastic forcing of nonnormal dynamical systems associated with linearly stable shear flows. Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, 1188-1191.

Farrell, B. F. and P. J. Inannou, 1995: Stochastic dynamics of the midlatitude Atmospheric jet. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1642-1656.

Farrell, B. F. and P. J. Inannou, 1996: Turbulence suppression by active control. Phys. Fluids A, 8, 1257-1268.

Farrell, B. F. and P. J. Ioannou, 1993: Stochastic forcing of perturbation variance in unbounded shear and deformation flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 200-211.

Farrell, B. F. and P. J. Ioannou, 1993: Stochastic dynamics of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 4044-4057.

Farrell, B. F. and P. J. Ioannou, 1993: Perturbation growth in shear flow exhibits universality. Phys. Fluids A, 5, 2298-2300.

Farrell, B. F. and P. J. Ioannou, 1993: Transient development of perturbations in stratified shear flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2201-2214.

Farrell, B. F. and P. J. Ioannou, 1994: A theory for the statistical equilibrium energy spectrum and heat flux produced by transient baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2685-2698.

Farrell, B. F. and P. J. Ioannou, 1999: Perturbation Growth and Structure in Time-Dependent Flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3622-3639.

Farrell, B. F. and P. J. Ioannou, 2002: Perturbation Growth and Structure in Uncertain Flows. Part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2629-2646.

Farrell, B. F. and P. J. Ioannou, 2002: Perturbation Growth and Structure in Uncertain Flows. Part II. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2647-2664.

Farrell, B. F. and A. M. Moore, 1992: An adjoint method for obtaining the most rapidly growing perturbation to oceanic flows. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 338-349.

Farrell, W. M. and M. D. Desch, 2001: Is there a Martian atmospheric electric circuit? (Paper 2000JE001271). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 7591-7596.

Farrow, D. E. and D. P. Stevens, 1995: A new tracer advection scheme for Bryan and Cox type ocean general circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1731-1741.

Fasel, H. F., 2002: Numerical investigation of the interaction of the Klebanoff-mode with a Tollmien-Schlichting wave. J. Fluid Mech., 450, 1-34.

Fast, J. D., 1995: Mesoscale modeling and four-dimensional data assimilation in areas of highly complex terrain. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 2762-2782.

Fast, J. D. and M. D. McCorcle, 1990: A two-dimensional numerical sensitivity study of the Great Plains low-level jet. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 151-163.

Fast, J. D., B. L. O'Steen, and R. P. Addis, 1995: Advanced atmospheric modeling for emergency response. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 626-649.

Fast, J. D. and S. Takle, 1988: Application of a quasi-nonhydrostatic parameterization for numerically modeling neutral flow over an isolated hill. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 44, 285-304.

Fast, J. D., S. Zhong, and C. D. Whiteman, 1996: Boundary layer evolution within a canyonland basin. Part II: Numerical simulations of nocturnal flows and heat budgets. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 2162-2178.

Fasullo, J. and D. Z. Sun, 2001: Radiative Sensitivity to Water Vapor under All-Sky Conditions. J. Climate, 14, 2798-2807.

Faura, F., 1882: SeÒales Precursoras de Temporal en el ArchipiÈlago Filipino. El Comercio. 16.

Favorite, F., 1967: The Alaskan Stream. Int. North Pacific Fish. Comm. Bull., 21, 1-20.

Favorite, F., 1974: Flow into the Bering Sea through Aleutian Island passes. Oceanography of the Bering Sea. D. W. Hood and E, J. KelleyEds., Occasional Publication 2.

Fawbush, E. J. and R. C. Miller, 1954: The types of air masses in which North American tornadoes form. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 35, 154-165.

Fawbush, E. J. and R. C. M. L. G. Starrett, 1951: An empirical method for forecasting tornado development. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 32, 1-9.

Fawcett, E. B. and H. K. Saylor, 1965: A study of the distribution of weather accompanying Colorado cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 93, 359-367.

Fay, J. A., 1965: Molecular Thermodynamics. Addison-Wesley, 468.

Feddes, R. A., P. J. Kowalik, and H. Zaradny, 1978: Simulation model of the water balance of a cropped soil. Simulation Monogr. PUDOC, 189.

Feder, J., 1988: Fractals. Plenum Press, 283.

Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 3, d. e., 1981: Radiosonde observations. U.S. Dept. of Commerce. U.S. Dept. of Defense.

Federer, C. A., 1979: A soil-plant-atmosphere model for transpiration and availability of soil water. Water Resour. Res., 15.3, 55-5562.

Fedioun, I., N. Lardjane, and I. Gokalp, 2001: Revisiting Numerical Errors in Direct and Large Eddy Simulations of Turbulence: Physical and Spectral Spaces Analysis. J. Compu. Phy., 174, 816-851.

Fedkiw, R. P., 2002: Coupling an Eulerian Fluid Calculation to a Lagrangian Solid Calculation with the Ghost Fluid Method. J. Compu. Phy., 175, 200-224.

Fedor, L. S. and G. S. Brown, 1982: Waveheight and wind speed measurements from the SEASAT radar altimeter. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 3254-3260.

Fedoretz, V. A., 1952: Detailed photographic photometry of the moon. Uch. Zap. Khark. Univ., 42, 49-78.

Fedorov, A. V. and S. G. Philander, 2001: A Stability Analysis of Tropical Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions: Bridging Measurements and Theory for E1 Nino. J. Climate, 14, 3086-3101.

Fedorov, K. N., A. I. Ginsburg, and A. G. Kostianoy, 1989: Modeling of ''mushroom-like'' currents (vortex dipoles) in a laboratory tank with rotating homogeneous and stratified fluids. mesoscale/ Synoptic Coherent Structures in Geophysical Turbulence. J. C. J. NihoulEd., Elsevier, Oceanography Series.

Fedorovich, E. E. and D. V. Mironov, 1995: A model for a shear-free convective boundary layer with parameterized capping inversion structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 83-95.

Fegley, A. A. and W. K. Fowler, 1991: Radiometric calibration of SBUV/ 2 instruments: Retrospective improvements. Metrolo-gia, 28, 297-300.

Fehlmann, R. and H. C. Davies, 1997: Misforecasts of Synoptic Systems: Diagnosis via PV Retrodiction. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2247-2264.

Fehrs, M. and R. Czujko, 1992: Women in physics: Reversing the exclusion. Physics Today, 45, 33-40.

Fehsenfeld, F. C. and Coauthors, 1990: Intercomparison of NO2 measurement techniques. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3579-3597.

Fei, L. and X. Li, 1994: Some dynamic aspects of tropical cyclone motion in the resting environment on a beta-plane (in Chinese). Atmos. Sci. Res. Appl., 6, 38-45.

Feidas, H. and C. Cartalis, 2001: Monitoring Mesoscale Convective Cloud Systems Associated with Heavy Storms Using Meteostat Imagery. J. App. Meteor., 40, 491.

Feidas, H. and C. Cartalis, 2001: Monitoring Mesoscale Convective Cloud Systems Associated with Heavy Storms Using Meteosat Imagery. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 491-512.

Feigelson, E. M., 1978: Preliminary radiation model of a cloudy Atmosphere. Part I: Structure of clouds and solar radiation. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 51, 203-229.

Feigelson, E. M., 1978: Preliminary radiation model of a cloudy Atmosphere. Part I: Structure of clouds and solar radiation. Beitr. Phys., 51, 203-229.

Feigelson, E. M., 1978: Preliminary radiation model of a cloudy Atmosphere. Part I: Structure of clouds and solar radiation. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 51, 203-229.

Feigelson, E. M., 1984: Radiation in a Cloudy Atmosphere. D. Reidel, 293.

Feigl, K. L. and Coauthors, 1993: Space geodetic measurement of crustal deformation in central and southern California. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 21677-21712.

Feijt, A. and H. Jonker, 2000: Comparison of scaling parameters from spatial and temporal distributions of cloud properties. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29089.

Feijt, A. J., 1992: The earth radiation budget: Overview of data-processing and error sources. KNMI TR-146, 31.

Feind, R. E., A. G. Detwiler, and P. L. Smith, 2000: Cloud Liquid Water Measurements on the Armored T-28: Intercomparison between Johnson-Williams Cloud Water Meter and CSIRO (King) Liquid Water Probe. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 17, 1630.

Feingold, G., W. R. Cotton, S. M. Kreidenweis, and J. T. Davis, 1999: The Impact of Giant Cloud Condensation Nuclei on Drizzle Formation in Stratocumulus: Implications for Cloud Radiative Properties. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 4100-4117.

Feingold, G., A. S. Frisch, B. Stevens, and W. R. Cotton, 1994: Simulations of marine stratocumulus clouds during ASTEX: Comparisons with radar/ radiometer measurements. Second Int. Conf. on AirSea Interaction and Meteorology and Oceanography of the Coastal Zone. Lisbon, Portugal, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Feingold, G. and C. J. Grund, 1994: Feasibility of using multiwave-length lidar measurements to measure cloud condensation nuclei. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1543-1158.

Feingold, G. and S. Kreidenweis, 2000: Does cloud processing of aerosol enhance droplet concentrations? J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24351.

Feingold, G. and Z. Levin, 1986: The lognormal fit to raindrop spectra from frontal convective clouds in Israel. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 1346-1363.

Feingold, G., Z. Levin, and S. Tzivion, 1991: The evolution of raindrop spectra. Part III: Downdraft generation in an axisymmetrical rainshaft model. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 315-330.

Feingold, G., B. Stevens, W. R. Cotton, and A. R. Frisch, 1996: On the relationship between drop incloud residence time and drizzle production in numerically simulated stratocumulus. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, in.

Feingold, G., B. Stevens, W. R. Cotton, and R. L. Walko, 1994: An explicit cloud microphysical/ LES model designed to simulate the Twomey effect. Atmos. Res., 33, 207-233.

Feingold, G., S. Tzivion, and Z. Levin, 1988: The evolution of rain-drop spectra. Part I: Stochastic collection and breakup. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3387-3399.

Feldman, G., D. Clark, and D. Halpern, 1984: Satellite color observations of the phytoplankton distribution in the equatorial Pacific during the 1982-83 El Niño. Science, 226, 1069-1071.

Feldman, G. C. and Coauthors, 1989: Ocean color: Availability of a global data set. Eos. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 70, 63-4641.

Feldstein, S., 1998: The Growth and Decay of Low-Frequency Anomalies in a GCM. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 415-428.

Feldstein, S. and S. Lee, 1998: Is the Atmospheric Zonal Index Driven by an Eddy Feedback? J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3077-3086.

Feldstein, S. B., 1991: A comparison of the weakly nonlinear instability of westerly and easterly jets in a two-layer beta-plane model. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1701-1717.

Feldstein, S. B., 1994: A weakly nonlinear primitive equation baroclinic lifecycle. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 23-34.

Feldstein, S. B., 1995: The relationship between interannual and intraannual variability in atmospheric angular momentum in a GCM with climatological SSTs. Tellus, 47A, 240-258.

Feldstein, S. B., 1998: An Observational Study of the Intraseasonal Poleward Propagation of Zonal Mean Flow Anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2516-2529.

Feldstein, S. B., 1999: The Atmospheric Dynamics of Intraseasonal Length-of-Day Fluctuations during the Austral Winter. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3043-3058.

Feldstein, S. B., 2000: The Timescale, Power Spectra, and Climate Noise Properties of Teleconnection Patterns. J. Climate, 13, 4430.

Feldstein, S. B., 2002: The Recent Trend and Variance Increase of the Annular Mode. J. Climate, 15, 88-94.

Feldstein, S. B., 2002: Fundamental mechanisms of the growth and decay of the PNA teleconnection pattern. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 775-796.

Feldstein, S. B. and I. M. Held, 1989: Barotropic decay of baroclinic waves in a two-layer beta-plane model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3416-3430.

Feldstein, S. B. and S. Lee, 1995: The intraseasonal evolution of angular momentum in aquaplanet and realistic GCMs. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 625-649.

Feldstein, S. B. and S. Lee, 1996: Mechanisms of zonal index variability in an aquaplanet GCM. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3541-3555.

Feldstein, S. B. and W. A. Robinson, 1994: Comments on ''Spatial structure of ultra-low-frequency variability of the flow in a simple Atmospheric circulation model.''. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 739-745.

Feliks, Y., 1993: A numerical model for estimation of the diurnal fluctuation of the inversion height due to a sea breeze. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 62, 151-161.

Feliks, Y., 2000: An analytical model of gravity currents in a stable atmosphere. J. Fluid Mech., 27.

Feliks, Y. and A. Huss, 1982: Spurious mass loss in some mesometeorological models. Bound Layer Meteor., 24, 387-391.

Feller, W., 1962: An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications 1. Wiley and Sons, 461.

Feller, W., 1966: An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications. Vol. 2. Wiley and Sons, 626.

Fels, S. B., 1982: A parameterization of scale-dependent radiative damping rates in the middle atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1141-1152.

Fels, S. B., 1986: Analytic representations of standard atmosphere temperature profiles. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 219-221.

Fels, S. B. and and, 1981: An efficien, accurate algorithm for calculating CO2 15-mm band cooling rates. J. Geophys. Res., 86(C2), 1205-1232.

Fels, S. B., J. D. Mahlman, M. D. Schwarzkopf, and R. W. Sinclair, 1980: Stratospheric sensitivity to perturbations in ozone and carbon dioxide: Radiative and dynamical responses. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2265-2297.

Fels, S. B. and M. D. Schwarzkopf, 1975: The simplified exchange approximation: A new method for radiative transfer calculation. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1475-1488.

Fels, S. B. and M. D. Schwarzkopf, 1975: The simplified exchange approximation: A new method for radiative transfer calculations. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1476-1488.

Fels, S. B. and M. D. Schwarzkopf, 1981: An efficient, accurate algorithm for calculating CO2 15-mm band cooling rates. J. Geophys. Res., 86(C2), 1205-1232.

Feltz, W. F. and J. R. Mecikalski, 2002: Monitoring High-Temporal-Resolution Convective Stability Indices Using the Ground-Based Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) during the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma-Kansas Tornado Outbreak. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 445-455.

Feng, J. and Y.-L. Chen, 1998: Evolution of Katabatic Flow on the Island of Hawaii on 10 August 1990. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2185-2199.

Feng, J. and Y. L. Chen, 2001: Numerical Simulations of Airflow and Cloud Distributions over the Windward Side of the Island of Hawaii. Part II: Nocturnal Flow Regime. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1135-1147.

Feng, J. and S. Weinbaum, 2000: Lubrication theory in highly compressible porous media: the mechanics of skiing, from red cells to humans. J. Fluid Mech., 281.

Feng, J. J., J. Tao, and L. G. Leal, 2001: Roll cells and disclinations in sheared nematic polymers. J. Fluid Mech., 449, 179-200.

Ferber, G. J., J. L. Heffter, R. R. Draxler, R. J. Lagomarsino, F. L. Thomas, R. N. Dietz, and C. M. Benkovitz, 1986: Cross-Appalachian Tracer Experiment (CAPTEX '83) final report. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL ARL-142. Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring MD.

Ferber, G. J., K. Telegadas, J. L. Heffter, C. R. Dickson, R. N. Dietz, and P. W. Krey, 1981: Demonstration of a long-range atmospheric tracer system using perfluorocarbons. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL ARL-101. Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring MD.

Ferber, G. K., 1989: Mesoscale sea-level pressure patterns around the Olympic Peninsula. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington.

Ferber, G. K. and C. F. Mass, 1990: Surface pressure perturbations produced by an isolated mesoscale topographic barrier. Part II: Influence on regional circulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2597-2606.

Ferchichi, M. and S. Tavoularis, 2002: Scalar probability density function and fine structure in uniformly sheared turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 461, 155-182.

Ferek, R. J., P. V. Hobbs, and G. F. Cota, 1995: Dimethyl sulfide in the Arctic atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 26093-26104.

Ferentinos, G. and N. Kastanos, 1988: Water circulation patterns in the Otranto Straits, eastern Mediterranean. Contin. Shelf Res., 8, 1025-1041.

Fergason, S. H., T. L. Ho, B. M. Argrow, and G. Emanuel, 2001: Theory for producing a single-phase rarefaction shock wave in a shock tube. J. Fluid Mech., 445, 37-54.

Ferguson, E. and F. Ostby, 1991: Tornadoes of 1990. Weatherwise, 44, 19-24.

Ferguson, G. A., 1959: Statistical Analysis in Psychology and Education. McGraw-Hill, 146-159.

Feriet, K. d., 1951: Averaging processes and Reynolds equations in atmospheric turbulence. J. Meteor., 8, 358-361.

Fern·ndezpartag·s, J., 1975: El Padre Benito ViÒes y el primer pronÛstico de huracanes. Diario de las AmÈricas, 14 Setptember 1975 p. 1.

Ferna´ndez, W. and P. Rami´rez, 1991: El Nin˜ o, La Oscilacio´ n del Sur sus effectos en Costa Rica: Una revisio ´n. Technol. Marcha. 11, 3-11.

Fernandez, J., P. Kurowski, P. Petitjeans, and E. Meiburg, 2002: Density-driven unstable flows of miscible fluids in a Hele-Shaw cell. J. Fluid Mech., 451, 239-260.

Fernandez, W., 1982: Environmental conditions and structure of the west African and eastern tropical Atlantic squall lines. Arch. Meteor. Geophys.. Phys. Oceanogr., Bioklimatol. Ser. A 31, 71-89.

Fernando, H. J. S., 1987: The formation of a layered structure when a stable salinity gradient is heated from below. J. Fluid Mech., 182, 525-541.

Fernando, H. J. S. and and, 1993: Effect of background rotation on turbulent line plumes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2125-2129.

Fernando, H. J. S., D. L. Boyer, and R.-R. Chen, 1989: Turbulent thermal convection in rotating stratified fluids. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 13, 95-121.

Fernando, H. J. S., R.-R. Chen, and D. L. Boyer, 1991: Effects of rotation on convective turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 228, 513-547.

Fernando, H. J. S. and C. Y. Ching, 1993: A lead-induced convection: A laboratory perspective. J. Mar. Sys., 4, 217-230.

Fernando, H. J. S. and C. Y. Ching, 1993: Effects of background rotation on turbulent line plumes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 212-52129.

Fernau, M. E. and P. J. Samson, 1990: Use of cluster analysis to define periods of similar meteorology and precipitation chem-istry in eastern North America. Part I: Transport patterns. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 735-750.

Feron, R. C. V., W. P. M. D. Ruijter, and D. Oskam, 1992: Ring shedding in the Aghulas current system. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9467-9477.

Ferranti, L., E. Klinker, A. Hollingsworth, and B. J. Hoskins, 2002: Diagnosis of systematic forecast errors dependent on flow pattern. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1623-1640.

Ferranti, L., F. Molteni, C. Brankovic, and T. N. Palmer, 1994: Diagnosis of extratropical variability in seasonal integrations of the ECMWF model. J. Climate, 7, 849-868.

Ferranti, L., F. Molteni, and T. N. Palmer, 1994: Impact of localized tropical and extratropical SST anomalies in ensembles of seasonal GCM integrations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 1613-1645.

Ferranti, L., T. Palmer, F. Molteni, and E. Klinker, 1990: Tropicalextratropical interaction associated with the 30-60 day oscillation and its impact on medium- and extended-range prediction. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2177-2199.

Ferranti, L., T. N. Palmer, F. Molteni, and E. Klinker, 1990: Tropical-extratropical interaction associated with the 30-60 day oscillation and its impact on medium and extended range prediction. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2177-2199.

Ferrare, R., S. H. Melfi, D. Whiteman, K. Evans, F. Schmidlin, and D. Starr, 1995: A comparison of water vapor measurements made by Raman lidar and radiosondes. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 1177-1195.

Ferrare, R. A., R. S. Fraser, and Y. J. Kaufman, 1990: Satellite measurements of large-scale air pollution: Measurements of forest fire smoke. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9911-9925.

Ferrare, R. A., S. H. Melfi, D. N. Whiteman, and K. D. Evans, 1992: Raman lidar measurements of Pinatubo aerosols over southeastern Kansas during November-December 1991. Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1599-1602.

Ferraro, R., N. Grody, D. Forsyth, R. Carey, A. Basist, J. Janowiak, F. Weng, G. F. Marks, and R. Yanamandra, 1994: Microwave measurements produce global climate hydrologic data. Eos. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 75, 337-338.

Ferraro, R. R., N. C. Grody, D. Forsyth, R. Carey, A. Basist, J. Janowiak, F. Weng, G. Marks, and R. Yanamandra, 1994: Microwave measurements produce global climatic. hydrologic data. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 75.

Ferraro, R. R., N. C. Grody, and G. F. Marks, 1994: Effects of surface conditions on rain identification using the SSM/I. Remote Sens. Rev., 11, 195-209.

Ferraro, R. R. and G. F. Marks, 1995: The development of SSM/I rain rate retrieval algorithms using ground based radar measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 755-770.

Ferraro, R. R., E. A. Smith, W. Berg, and G. J. Huffman, 1998: A Screening Methodology for Passive Microwave Precipitation Retrieval Algorithms. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1583-1600.

Ferreira, D., C. Frankignoul, and J. Marshall, 2001: Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Dynamics in a Simple Midlatitude Climate Model. J. Clim., 14, 3704-3723.

Ferreira, F., P. Amayenc, S. Oury, and J. Testud, 2001: Study and Tests of Improved Rain Estimates from the TRMM Precipitation Radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1878-1899.

Ferreira, R. N. and W. H. Schubert, 1997: Barotropic Aspects of ITCZ Breakdown. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 261-285.

Ferreira, R. N. and W. H. Schubert, 1999: The Role of Tropical Cyclones in the Formation of Tropical Upper-Tropospheric Troughs. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2891-2907.

Ferriday, J. G. and S. K. Avery, 1994: Passive microwave remote sensing of rainfall with SSM/ I: Algorithm development and implementation. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 1587-1596.

Ferrier, B. S., 1994: A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme. Part I: Description. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 249-280.

Ferrier, B. S. and R. A. Houze, Jr., 1989: One-dimensional time-dependent modeling of GATE cumulonimbus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 330-352.

Ferrier, B. S., W. K. Tao, and J. Simpson, 1995: A double-moment multiple-phase four-class ice scheme. Part II: Simulations of convective storms in different large-scale environments and comparisons with other bulk parameterizations. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1001-1033.

Ferrier, B. S., W.-K. Tao, and J. Simpson, 1995: A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme. Part II: Simulations of convective storms in different large-scale environments and comparisons with other bulk parameterizations. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1001-1033.

Fett, R. W., S. D. Burk, W. T. Thompson, and T. L. Kozo, 1994: Environmental phenomena of the Beaufort Sea observed during the Leads Experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 213-12145.

Fetzer, E. J. and J. C. Gille, 1994: Gravity wave variance in LIMS temperatures. Part I: Variability and comparison with background winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2461-2483.

Ffield, A. L. and A. L. Gordon, 1992: Vertical mixing in the Indonesian Seas. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 184-195.

Fibich, G. and S. Tsynkov, 2001: High-Order Two-Way Artificial Boundary Conditions for Nonlinear Wave Propagation with Backscattering. J. Comp. Phy., 171, 632-677.

Fiedler, B., Z. Huo, and P. Zhang, 1998: Dynamic grid adaption for atmospheric boundary layers. Preprint, 12th Conf. Numerical Wea. Prediction, Phoenix, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 64-67.

Fiedler, B. H., 1984: The mesoscale stability of entrainment into cloud-topped mixed layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 92-101.

Fiedler, B. H., 1984: An integral closure model for the vertical turbulent flux of a scalar in a mixed layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 674-680.

Fiedler, B. H., 1985: Mesoscale cellular convection: Is it convection? Tellus. 37A, 163-175.

Fiedler, B. H., 1989: Scale selection in nonlinear thermal convection between poorly conducting boundaries. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 46, 191-201.

Fiedler, B. H., 1990: Transitions to broad cells in a nonlinear thermal convection system. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 50, 195-201.

Fiedler, B. H., 1993: Numerical simulation of axisymmetric tornadogenesis in forced convection. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction and Hazards. Geophys. Monogr., No. 79, Amer. Geophys. Union.

Fiedler, B. H., 1993: Cell broadening in three-dimensional thermal convection between poorly conducting boundaries. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 66, 173-181.

Fiedler, B. H., 1993: Numerical simulation of axisymmetric torna-dogenesis in forced convection. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction and Hazards. Geophys. Monogr., No. 79, Amer. Geophys. Union.

Fiedler, B. H., 2002: Grid Adaption and Its Effect on Entrainment in an E-l Model of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 733-740.

Fiedler, B. H., 2002: A Wind Transform for Acoustic Adjustment in Compressible Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 741-746.

Fiedler, B. H. and M. Khairoutdino, 1994: Cell broadening in three-dimensional thermal convection between poorly conducting boundaries. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 67, 235-241.

Fiedler, B. H. and C.-H. Moeng, 1985: A practical integral closure model for the mean vertical transport of a scalar in a convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 359-363.

Fiedler, B. H. and S. Peckman, 1992: Numerical study of convective scale selection in a cloud-topped marine boundary layer. Tellus, 44A, 366-380.

Fiedler, B. H. and R. Rotunno, 1986: A theory for the maximum windspeeds in tornado-like vortices. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2328-2340.

Fiekas, V., H. Leach, K.-J. Mirbach, and J. D. Woods, 1994: mesoscale instability and upwelling. Part I: Observations at the North Atlantic intergyre front. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1750-1758.

Field, C., 1983: Allocating leaf nitrogen for the maximization of carbon gain: Leaf age as a control on the allocation program. Oecologia, 56, 341-347.

Field, C. and H. A. Mooney, 1986: The photosynthesis-nitrogen relationship in wild plants. On the Economy of Plant Form and Function. T. GivnishEd., Cambridge University Press, 2555.

Field, C. B., C. M. Malmstrˆm, and J. T. Randerson, 1995: Global net primary production: Combining ecology and remote sensing. Remote Sens. Environ., 51, 74ñ-88.

Field, P. R., 1999: Aircraft Observations of Ice Crystal Evolution in an Altostratus Cloud. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1925-1941.

Field, P. R., 2000: Bimodal ice spectra in frontal clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 379.

Field, P. R., and coauthors, 2001: Ice nucleation in orographic wave clouds: Measurements made during INTACC. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1493-1512.

Fiering, M. B. and B. B. Jackson, 1971: Synthetic streamflows. Water Resour. Monogr., No. 1, Amer. Geophys. Union.

Fieux, M., 1972: Contribution a` l'e ´tude hydrologique et dynamique du Golfe du Lion en pe´riode hivernale. he`se de la Faculte´ des Sciences de Paris, 90.

Fieux, M., C. Andrie´, P. Delecluse, A. G. Ilahude, A. Kartavtseff, F. Mantisi, R. Molcard, and J. C. Swallow, 1994: Measurements within the Pacific-Indian Oceans throughflow region. Deep-Sea Res., 41, 1091-1130.

Figueroa, S. and C. Nobre, 1990: Precipitation distribution over central and western tropical South America. limanalise, 5, 36-45.

figures. Maxworthy, T. and S. Narimousa, 1994: Unsteady, turbulent convection into a homogenous, tating fluid, th oceanographic applications. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 865-887.

figures. Pares-Sierra, A. and J. J. O'Brien, 1989: The seasonal and interannual variability of the California Current system: A numerical model. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 3159-3180.

Filbet, F. and L. Pareschi, 2002: A Numerical Method for the Accurate Solution of the Fokker-Planck-Landau Equation in the Nonhomogeneous Case. J. Comp. Phy., 179, 1-26.

Filbet, F., E. Sonnendrucker, and P. Bertrand, 2001: Conservative Numerical Schemes for the Vlasov Equation. J. Comput. Phy., 172, 166-187.

Filippova, O. and D. Hanel, 2000: Acceleration of Lattice-BGK Schemes with Grid Refinement. J. Comp. Phys., 165, 407.

Filippova, O., S. Succi, F. Mazzocco, C. Arrighetti, G. Bella, and D. Hanel, 2001: Multiscale Lattice Boltzmann Schemes with Turbulence Modeling. J. Comp. Phy., 170, 812-829.

Fillenbaum, E., T. N. Lee, W. Johns, and R. Zantopp, 1996: Moored observations of western boundary current variability and thermohaline circulation at 26.57N in subtropical North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 962-983.

Filliger, P. and H. Wanner, 1986: Transport and dispersion of air pollutants in a slope wind area. Extended Abstracts. Fifth Joint Conf. on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, Chapel Hill, NC.

Fillion, L., 2002: Variational Assimilation of Precipitation Data and Gravity Wave Excitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 357-371.

Fillion, L. and R. Errico, 1997: Variational Assimilation of Precipitation Data Using Moist Convective Parameterization Schemes: A 1D-Var Study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2917-2942.

Fillion, L. and J.-F. Mahfouf, 2000: Coupling of Moist-Convective and Stratiform Precipitation Processes for Variational Data Assimilation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 109-124.

Fillion, L., H. L. Mitchell, H. Ritchie, and A. Staniforth, 1995: The impact of a digital filter finalization technique in a global data assimilation system. Tellus, 47A, 304-323.

Findeisen, W., 1938: Colloidal meteorological processes in the formation of precipitation. Meteor. Z., 55, 121-133.

Findeisen, W., 1940: The formation of the 07C isothermal layer and fractocumulus under nimbostratus. eteorol. Z., 57, 49-54.

Findlater, J., 1968: The month-to-month variation of mean winds at low levels over East Africa. Tech. Memo. No. 12, Nairobi.

Findlater, J., 1969: A major low-level air current near the Indian Ocean during the northern summer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 95, 362-380.

Findlater, J., 1972: Aerial exploration of the low level cross-equatorial current over East Africa. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 274-289.

Fine, R. and R. L. Molinari, 1988: A continuous deep western boundary current between Abaco (26.57N) and Barbados (137N). Deep-Sea Res., 35, 1441-1450.

Fine, R. A., 1995: Tracers, time scales, and the thermohaline circulation: The lower limb in the North Atlantic Ocean. Rev. Geophys., 33, (Suppl.

Fine, R. A. and R. L. Molinari, 1988: A continuous deep western boundary current between Abaco (26.5 N) and Barbados ( 13 N). Deep-Sea Res., 35, 1441-1450.

Finger, F. G., M. E. Gelman, J. D. Wild, M. L. Chanin, A. Hauchecorne, and A. J. Miller, 1993: Evaluation of NMC upperstratospheric temperature analyses using rocketsondes and lidar data. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 789-799.

Finger, F. G. and S. Teweles, 1963: Synoptic charts based on rocketsonde data. Meteor. Abh., 36, 379-389.

Finke, U., 1995: Wechselwirkung zwischen hochreichender Konvektion und kurzperiodischen Schwerewellen. Dissertation. Lud-wigMaximilians-Universita¨t Mu¨nchen, 107.

Finke, U., 1999: Space-Time Correlations of Lightning Distributions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1850-1861.

Finke, U., T. Hauf, J. Neisser, and J.-G. S. a, 1992: Mesoskalige Dichtestrukturen und die Bestimmung ihrer Driftgeschwindigkeit aus hochaufgelo¨ sten Bodendruckmessungen. Ann. Meteor., 27, 3-37.

Finkelstein, P. L. and P. F. Sims, 2001: Sampling error in eddy correlation flux measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3503.

Finklin, A. I. and W. C. Fisher, 1990: Weather station handbookAn interagency guide for wildlife managers. Boise Interagency Fire Center Publication NFES 2140, 237.

Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. and J. N. Pitts, 1986: Atmospheric Chemistry: Fundamentals and Experimental Techniques. John Wiley & Sons, 1098.

Finley, C. A. and T. R. Nathan, 1993: On radiating baroclinic instability of zonally varying flow. Tellus, 45A, 54-71.

Finley, J. P., 1884: Tornado predictions. Amer. Meteor. J., 1, 85-88.

Finnigan, F. and J. J. Finnigan, 1981: The interaction between an internal gravity wave and the planetary boundary layer. Part II: effect of the wave on the turbulence structure. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 107, 807-832.

Finnigan, J. J., 1979: Turbulence in a waving wheat. I. Mean statistics and honami. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 16, 181-211.

Finnigan, J. J. and F. Einaudi, 1981: The interaction between an internal gravity wave and the planetary boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 107, 793-832.

Finnigan, J. J., F. Einaudi, and D. Fua, 1984: The interaction between an internal gravity wave and turbulence in the stably stratified nocturnal boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2409-2436.

Finnigan, T. D. and G. N. Ivey, 2000: Convectively driven exchange flow in a stratified sill-enclosed basin. J. Fluid Mech., 313.

Fiorino, M. and and, 1989: Contributions to tropical cyclone motion by small, medium, and large scales in the initial vortex. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 721-727.

Fiorino, M. and R. L. Elsberry, 1989: Some aspects of vortex structure related to tropical cyclone motion. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 975-990.

Fiorino, M., S. J. Lord, K.-M. Lau, P. A. Phoebus, and C. G. Strey, 1994: A synoptic scale overview of the TOGA COARE Intensive Observing Period based on analysis from U.S. operational global data assimilation systems. NASA Tech. Memo. 104593, 288.

Fiorino, M. and T. T. Warner, 1981: Incorporating surface winds and rainfall rates into the initialization of a mesoscale hurricane model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1914-1929.

Fiorino, M. J. and R. L. Elsberry, 1989: Some aspects of vortex structure related to tropical cyclone motion. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 975-990.

FIRE-II dataset. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. Zhang, D.-L., 1989: The effect of parameterized ice microphysics on the simulation of vortex circulation with a mesoscale hydrostatic model. Tellus, 41A, 132-147.

Firestone, J. K., 1979: Comment on ''Forecasting skill of beginners.''. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 60, 1206-1207.

Firestone, J. K. and B. A. Albrecht, 1986: The structure of the Atmospheric boundary layer in the central equatorial Pacific during January and February of FGGE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 221-92231.

Firing, E., 1987: Deep zonal currents in the central equatorial Pacific. J. Mar. Res., 45, 791-812.

Firing, E., 1991: Acoustic Doppler current profiling measurements and navigation. WOCE Hydrographic Program Office Rep. WHPO 91-9. WOCE Rep. 68/ 91, 24.

Firing, E., C. Fenander, and J. Miller, 1981: Profiling current meter measurements from the NORPAX Hawaii-to-Tahiti Shuttle Experiment. Data Rep. 39. H16-81-2, Hawaii Inst. of Geophys., University of Hawaii.

Firing, E., R. Lukas, J. Sadler, and K. Wyrtki, 1983: Equatorial Undercurrent disappears during 1982-1983 El Niño. Science, 220, 1121-1123.

Fischer, C., 1998: Linear Amplification and Error Growth in the 2D Eady Problem with Uniform Potential Vorticity. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3363-3380.

Fischer, F. and H. Grassl, 1991: Detection of cloud-top height from backscattered radiances within the oxygen A band. Part 1: Theoretical study. J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 1245-1259.

Fischer, G., 1987: Climate simulations with the ECMWF T21-model in Hamburg. Large Scale Atmospheric Modelling. Report No. 1, Meteorologisches Institut der Universita¨t Hamburg, Hamburg.

Fischer, H., 1995: Vergleichende Untersuchungen eines optimierten dynamisch-thermodynamischen Meereismodells mit Beobach-tungen im Weddellmeer. Alfred Wegner Institute. Berichte zur Polarforschung 166, ISSN 0176-5027, 130.

Fischer, J., H. Leach, and J. D. Woods, 1989: A synoptic map of isopycnic potential vorticity in the seasonal thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 519-531.

Fischer, J. and M. Visbeck, 1993: Seasonal variation of the daily zooplankton migration in the Greenland Sea measured with ADCPs. Deep-Sea Res., 40, 1547-1557.

Fischer, M., M. Latif, M. Flügel, and M. Ji, 1997: The Impact of Data Assimilation on ENSO Simulations and Predictions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 819-830.

Fischer, R. A., 1938: The statistical utilization of multiple measurements. Ann. Eugenics, 8, 376-386.

Fishbein, E. F. and Coauthors, 1994: Validation of UARS MLS temperature.

Fishbein, E. F. and Coauthors, 1995: Validation of UARS MLS temperature and pressure measurements. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

Fisher, B., 2002: Meteorological factors influencing the occurrence of air pollution episodes involving chimney plumes. Meteor. App., 9, 199-210.

Fisher, D. E., 1994: The Scariest Place on Earth. Random House, 250.

Fisher, E. L., 1960: An observational study of the sea breeze. J. Meteor., 17, 645-660.

Fisher, E. L., 1961: A theoretical study of the sea breeze. J. Meteor., 18, 215-233.

Fisher, J., 1994: "Coast Guard icebreakers work to make the Hudson passable. " New York Times, 18 February, Metro.

Fisher, J., 1994: "Ten counties still feel toll of winter. " Ann Arbor News, 9 May, p. B6.

Fisher, M., M. Latif, M. Flugel, and J. Zhou, 1994: Assimilation of sea level data into a primitive equation model of the tropical Pacific. TOGA Notes, 15, 1-5.

Fishman, J., 1991: Probing planetary pollution from space. Environ. Sci. Technol., 25, 612-621.

Fissan, H., P. B. scher, S. Neumann, F. Stratmann, D.-R. Chen, and D. Y. H. Pui, 1994: Experimental comparison of four differential mobility analyzers for nanometer aerosol measurements. Fourth Int. Aerosol Research Conf. Los Angeles, CA, American Association for Atmospheric Research.

Fissel, D., S. Pond, and M. Miyake, 1976: Spectra of surface atmospheric quantities at Ocean Weathership. P. Atmosphere, 14, 7-797.

Fitzgerald, J. W., 1975: Approximation formulas for the equilibrium size of a particle as a function of its dry size and composition and the ambient relative humidity. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 104-41049.

Fitzharris, B. B., 1992: The 1992 electricity crisis and the role of climate and hydrology. N. Z. Geographer, 48, 79-83.

Fitzharris, B. B. and C. E. Garr, 1995: Simulation of past variability in seasonal snow in the Southern Alps. New Zealand, Ann. Glaci-ology, 21.

Fitzjarrald, D. R., 1982: New applications of a simple mixed-layer model. Bound. Layer Meteor., 22, 431-451.

Fitzjarrald, D. R., 1984: Katabatic wind in opposing flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1143-1158.

Fitzjarrald, D. R., 1986: Slope winds in Veracruz. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 133-144.

Fitzjarrald, D. R., O. C. Acevedo, and K. E. Moore, 2001: Climatic Consequences of Leaf Presence in the Eastern United States. J. Climate, 14, 598.

Fitzjarrald, D. R. and and, 1995: Physical mechanisms of heat and mass exchange between forests and the atmosphere. Forest Canopies. M. D. Lowman and N. M. NadkarniEds., Academic Press, 624.

Fitzjarrald, D. R. and M. Garstang, 198 l: Vertical structure of the tropical boundary layer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1512-1526.

Fitzjarrald, D. R. and M. Garstang, 1981: Vertical structure of the tropical boundary layer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1512-1526.

Fitzjarrald, D. R. and K. E. Moore, 1994: Growing season boundary layer climate and surface exchanges in a subarctic lichen woodland. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1899-1917.

Fitzjarrald, D. R., B. L. Stormwind, G. Fisch, and O. M. R. Cabral, 1988: Turbulent transport observed just above the Amazon forest. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 1551-1563.

Fizika Okeana. Vol, A. G., D. Byrne, D. Nechaev, and Y. Leonov, 1994: On the influence of bottom topography on the Agulhas eddy. Part II: Oceans. atmosphere, hydrology and nonlinear geophysics, Ann. Geophys.

Fjeldbo, G. and V. R. Eshleman, 1968: The atmosphere of Mars analyzed by integral inversion of the Mariner IV occultation data. Planet. Space Sci., 16, 123-140.

Fjeldbo, G. and V. R. Eshleman, 1969: Atmosphere of Venus as studied with the Mariner V dual radio-frequency occultation experiment. Radio Sci., 4, 879-897.

Fjeldbo, G., A. Kliore, and V. R. Eshleman, 1971: The neutral Atmosphere of Venus as studied with the Mariner V radio occultation experiments. Astron. J., 76, 123-140.

Fjeldbo, G. A., J. Kliore, and V. R. Eshleman, 1971: The neutral atmosphere of Venus as studied with the Mariner V radio occultation experiments. Astron. J., 76, 123-140.

Fjo?rtoft, R., 1950: Application of integral theorems in deriving criteria of stability for laminar flows and for the baroclinic circular vortex. Geofys. Publ., 17(6), 1-52.

Fjortoft, R., 1953: On the changes in the spectral distribution of kinetic energy for two-dimensional, non-divergent flow. Tellus, 5, 225-230.

Fjørtoft, R., 1952: On the numerical method of integrating the barotropic vorticity equation. Tellus, 4, 179-194.

Flagan, R. C., F. R. Quant, K. D. Horton, L. M. Russell, G. J. Sem, and M. M. Havlicek, 1993: Scanning mobility particle sizer characterization and intercomparison. 12th Amer. Assoc. Aerosol Research Conf. Oak Brook, IL, American Association for Atmospheric Research.

Flam, F., 1991: Still a "chilly climate" for women? Science, 252, 1604-1606.

Flamant, C., P. Drobinski, L. Nance, R. Banta, L. Darby, J. Dusek, M. Hardesty, J. Pelon, and E. Richard, 2002: Gap flow in an Alpine valley during a shallow south fohn event: Observations, numerical simulations and hydraulic analogue. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1173-1210.

Flamant, P. H. and Coauthors, 1992: WIND an airborne Doppler lidar for atmospheric applications developed in French-German cooperation. Specialty Meeting on Airborne Radars and Lidars. Toulouse France Me´te´o-France, 89-93.

Flament, P., R. Lumpkin, J. Tournadre, and L. Armi, 2001: Vortex pairing in an unstable anticyclonic shear flow: discrete subharmonics of one pendulum day. J. Fluid Mech., 440, 401-410.

Flament, P. and M. Sawyer, 1995: Observations of the effect of rain temperature on the surface heat flux in the intertropical convergence zone. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 413-419.

Flassak, T., M. Wortmann, and N. Moussiopoulos, 1992: Monitoring and modeling in the mesoscale. University of Thessaloniki Report. Thessaloniki Greece, 155-166.

Flatau, M. and and, 1987: The effect of horizontal pressure gradients on the momentum transport in tropical convective lines. Part II: Lagrangian calculations. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2088-2096.

Flatau, M. and and, 1993: The role of outflow-layer instabilities in tropical cyclone motion. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1721-1733.

Flatau, M., P. J. Flatau, P. Phoebus, and P. P. Niiler, 1996: The feedback between equatorial convection and local radiative and evaporative processes: The implications for intraseasonal oscillations. J. Atmos. Sci., in press.

Flatau, M., P. J. Flatau, P. Phoebus, and P. P. Niiler, 1997: The Feedback between Equatorial Convection and Local Radiative and Evaporative Processes: The Implications for Intraseasonal Oscillations. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2373-2386.

Flatau, M., W. H. Schubert, and D. E. Stevens, 1994: The role of baroclinic processes in tropical cyclone motion: The influence of vertical tilt. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2589-2601.

Flatau, M. and D. E. Stevens, 1987: The effect of horizontal pressure gradients on the momentum transport in tropical convective lines. Part I: The results of the convective parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2074-2087.

Flatau, M. and D. E. Stevens, 1989: Barotropic and inertial instabilities in a hurricane outflow layer. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 47, 1-18.

Flatau, M. and D. E. Stevens, 1993: The role of outflow instability in tropical cyclone motion. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 172-11733.

Flatau, M. K., P. J. Flatau, and D. Rudnick, 2001: The Dynamics of Double Monsoon Onsets. J. Clim., 14, 4130-4146.

Flatau, P. J., 1985: Study of second-order turbulence closure technique and its application to atmospheric flows.

Flatau, P. J., M. Flatau, and C. D. Mobley, 2000: Remote sensing of bubble clouds in sea water. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2511.

Flatau, P. J., G. J. Tripoli, J. Verlinde, and W. R. Cotton, 1989: The CSU-RAMS cloud microphysics module. General theory and documentation. Atmos. Sci. Paper 451, Dept. Atmos. Sci., Colorado State University.

Flather, R. A., 1987: A tidal model of the northeast Pacific. Atmos.Ocean, 25, 22-45.

Flather, R. A., 1988: A numerical model investigation of tides and diurnal period continental shelf waves along Vancouver Island. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 115-139.

Flather, R. A., 1994: A storm surge prediction model for the northern Bay of Bengal with application to the cyclone disaster in April 1991. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 172-198.

Flather, R. A. and K. P. Hubbert, 1990: Tide and surge models for shallow water-Morecambe Bay revisited. Modeling Marine Systems. Vol. 1, A. M. DaviesEd., CRC Press.

Flato, G. M., 1995: Spatial and temporal variability of arctic ice thickness. Ann. Glaciol., 21, 323-329.

Flato, G. M. and W. D. Hibler, 1991: An initial numerical investigation of the extent of sea-ice ridging. Ann. Glaciol., 15, 3-136.

Flattery, T., 1970: Spectral Models for Global Analysis and Forecasting. Air Weather Serv. Tech. Rep. 242, 42-54 pp.

Fleagle, R. G., 1958: On the dynamics of the general circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1-20.

Fleagle, R. G. and J. A. Businger, 1980: An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics. 2d ed. Academic Press, 432.

Fleming, E. L., S. Chandra, M. R. Schoeberl, and J. J. Barnett, 1988: Monthly mean global climatology of temperature, wind, geopotential height and pressure for 0-120 km. NASA Tech. Memo. 100697, 85.

Fleming, H. E., N. C. Grody, and E. J. Katz, 1991: The forward problem and corrections for the SSM/ T satellite microwave temperature sounder. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 29, 571-583.

Fleming, J. R. and S. K. Cox, 1974: Radiative effects of cirrus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 2182-2188.

Fleming, R. J., 1971: On stochastic dynamic prediction. Part I: The energetics of uncertainty and the question of closure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 99, 851-872.

Fleming, R. J., 1971: On stochastic dynamic prediction. Part II: Predictability and utility. Mon. Wea. Rev., 99, 927-938.

Fleming, R. J., T. M. Kaneshige, W. E. McGovern, and T. E. Bryan, 1979: The Global Weather Experiment II. The second special observing period. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 60, 1316-1322.

Flerchinger, G. N. and K. E. Saxton, 1989: Simultaneous heat and water model of a snow-residue-soil system-I. Theory and development. Trans. ASAE, 32, 565-571.

Fletcher, C. A. J., 1988: Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 1. Springer-Verlag, 4509 pp.

Fletcher, J. O., 1965: The heat budget of the Arctic Basin and its relation to climate. Tech. Memo. USAF-R-444-PR, The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica.

Fletcher, N. H., 1962: Physics of Rain Clouds. Cambridge University Press, 390.

Fletcher, N. H., 1966: The Physics of Rainclouds. Cambridge University Press, 390 pp.

Fletcher, N. H., 1969: Active sites and ice crystal nucleation. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 1266-1271.

Fletcher, P. N., P. J. Hardaker, L. J. Auchterlonie, and A. R. Holt, 1992: Comparison of experimental and theoretical scattering effects from melting ice spheres at microwave and milimetre-wave frequencies. IEE Proc. H: Microwaves, Antennas Propag., 139.

Fletcher, R. D., J. R. Smith, and R. C. Bundgaard, 1961: Supe-rior photographic reconnaissance of tropical cyclones. Weatherwise, 14, 102-109.

Fleury, M. and R. G. Lueck, 1994: Direct heat-flux estimates using a towed vehicle. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 801-818.

Flierl, G., 1979: A simple model of the structure of warm and cold-core rings. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 78-85.

Flierl, G. R., 1977: The application of linear quasigeostrophic dynamics to Gulf Stream rings. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 36-5379.

Flierl, G. R., 1978: Models of vertical structure and the calibration of two layer models. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 2, 341-381.

Flierl, G. R., 1978: Models of vertical structure and the calibration of two-layer models. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 2, 34-1381.

Flierl, G. R., 1979: Baroclinic solitary waves with radial symmetry. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 3, 15-38.

Flierl, G. R., 1979: A simple model for the structure of warm and cold core rings. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 781-785.

Flierl, G. R., 1979: Baroclinic solitary waves with radial symmetry. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 3, 15-38.

Flierl, G. R., 1981: Particle motions in large amplitude wave fields. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 18, 39-74.

Flierl, G. R., 1987: Isolated eddy models in geophysics. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 19, 493-530.

Flierl, G. R., 1988: On the instability of geostrophic vortices. J. Fluid Mech., 197, 349-388.

Flierl, G. R. and V. M. Kamenkovich, 1975: Gulf Stream meandering and Gulf Stream ring eddy production mechanisms. Dynamics and the Analysis of MODE-1. A. R. RobinsonEd. The MIT Press, 115-118.

Flierl, G. R., V. D. Larichev, J. C. McWilliams, and G. M. Reznik, 1980: The dynamics of baroclinic and barotropic solitary eddies. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 5, 1-41.

Flierl, G. R. and J. C. McWilliams, 1977: On the sampling requirements for measuring moments of eddy variability. J. Mar. Res., 35(4), 797-820.

Flierl, G. R., M. E. Stern, and J. A. W. and, 1983: The physical significance of modons: Laboratory experiments and general inte-gral constraints. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 7, 233-263.

Flierl, G. R., M. E. Stern, and J. A. Whitehead, 1983: The physical significance of modons: Laboratory experiments and general integral constraints. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 7, 233-263.

Flohn, H., 1957: Large-scale aspects of the ''summer monsoon'' in South and East Asia. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 75th Ann. Vol., 180-186.

Flohn, H., 1960: Recent investigations on the mechanism of the ''summer monsoon'' of southern and eastern Asia. Monsoons of the World. The Manager of Publications. Delhi, India, 75-88.

Flohn, H., D. Henning, and H. C. Korff, 1974: Possibilities and limitations of a large-scale water budget modification in the SudanSahel belt of Africa. Meteor. Rundsch., 27, 100-109.

Flohn, H. and A. Kapala, 1989: Changes in tropical sea-air interaction processes over a 30-year period. Nature, 338, 244-246.

Flohn, H., A. Kapala, H. R. Knoche, and H. Machel, 1992: Water vapour as an amplifier of the greenhouse effect: New aspects. Meteor. Z., 1, 122-138.

Flohn H., A. K., H. R. Knoche, and H. Michel, 1990: Re-cent changes of the tropical water and energy budget and of midlatitude circulations. Climate Dyn., 4, 237-252.

Flohn H., A. K., H. R. Knoche, H. Michel, and and, 1992: Water vapour as an amplifier of the greenhouse effect-New aspects. Meteor. Z., 122, 12-2138.

Flossmann, A. I., 1991: The scavenging of two different types of marine aerosol particles calculated using a two-dimensional detailed cloud model. Tellus, 43B, 301-321.

Flossmann, A. I., 1998: Interaction of Aerosol Particles and Clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 879-887.

Flossmann, A. I., W. D. Hall, and H. R. Pruppache, 1985: A theoretical study of the wet removal of atmospheric pollutants. Part I: The redistribution of aerosol particles captured through nucleation and impaction scavenging by growing cloud drops. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 582-606.

Flowers, E., 1981: NOAA Solar radiation standards. Pyrheliometer.

Flügel, M. and P. Chang, 1998: Does the Predictability of ENSO Depend on the Seasonal Cycle? J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3230-3243.

Fluxes, B., F. Priestley, C. H. B., and R. J. Taylor, 1972: On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 81-92.

Fo¨ hn, P. M. B., 1973: Shortterm snow melt and ablation derived from heatand mass-balance measurements. J. Glaciol., 12, 275- 2-89.

Fo¨ rchgott, J., 1949: Vlnove proudeni v zavetri horskych hrebenu. Bull. Met. Tche´cosl., 3, 49-51.

Fochesatto, G. J., P. Drobinski, C. Flamant, D. Guedalia, C. Sarrat, P. H. Flamant, and J. Pelon, 2001: Evidence of Dynamical Coupling between the Residual Layer and the Developing Convective Boundary Layer. Bound. Layer Meteor., 99, 451-464.

Fodor, G., 1965: Laplace Transform in Engineering. Hungarian Academy of Science, 758.

Fofonoff, N., 1954: Steady flow in a frictionless homogeneous ocean. J. Mar. Res., 13, 254-262.

Fofonoff, N. P., 1969: Spectral characteristics of internal waves in the ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 16(Suppl.), 59-71.

Fofonoff, N. P., 1981: The Gulf Stream system. Evolution of Physical Oceanography. B. A. Warren and C. WunschEds., The MIT Press, 112-139.

Fofonoff, N. P. and M. M. Hall, 1983: Estimates of mass, momentum and kinetic energy fluxes of the Gulf Stream. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1868-1877.

Fofonoff, N. P. and R. C. M. Jr., 1983: Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater. UNESCO Tech. Papers in Mar. Sci. 44, p. -53.

Fofonoff, N. P. and R. C. M. Jr., 1983: Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater. UNESCO Tech. Papers Mar. Sci. 44, -53.

Foldvik, A., 1962: Two-dimensional mountain waves-A method for the rapid computation of lee wavelengths and vertical ve-locities. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 88, 271-285.

Foldvik, A. and M. G. Wurtele, 1967: The computation of the transient gravity wave. Geophys. J. Roy. Astron. Soc., 13, 167-185.

Foley, J. A., J. E. Kutzbach, M. T. Coe, and S. Lewis, 1994: Feed-backs between climate and boreal forests during the Holocene epoch. Nature, 371, 52-54.

Folland, C., J. Owen, and K. Maskell, 1989: Physical causes and predictability of variations in seasonal rainfall over sub-Saharan Africa. Remote Sensing and Large-Scale Global Processes. Int. Assoc. of Hydrological Sci. Pub. No. 186, 87-95.

Folland, C., T. Palmer, and D. Parker, 1986: Sahel rainfall and world-wide sea temperatures. 1901-85, Nature, 320.

Folland, C. K., T. R. Karl, N. Nicholls, B. S. Nyenzi, D. E. Parker, and K. Y. Vinnikov, 1990: Observed climate variations and change. Chap. 7, Climate Change, The IPCC Scientific Assessment.

Folland, C. K., T. R. Karl, N. Nicholls, B. S. Nyenzi, D. E. Parker, and K. Y. Vinnikov, 1992: Observed climate variability and change. Climate Change 1992. The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment. J. T. Houghton, B. A. Callander, and S. K. VarneyEds.

Folland, C. K., T. R. Karl, and K. Y. Vinnikov, 1990: Observed climate variations and change. Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment, J. T. Houghton, G. J. Jenkins.

Folland, C. K., T. R. Karl, and K. Y. Vinnikov, 1992: Observed climate variability and change Chap. C. Climate Change 1992, Suppl. IPCC Scientific Assessment, J. T. Houghton.

Folland, C. K., J. Owen, M. N. Ward, and A. Coleman, 1991: Prediction of seasonal rainfall in the Sahel region using empirical and dynamical methods. J. Forecasting, 10, 21-56.

Folland, C. K., J. A. Owen, M. N. Ward, and A. W. Colman, 1991: Prediction of seasonal rainfall in the Sahel region using empirical and dynamical methods. J. Forecasting, 10, 21-56.

Folland, C. K., T. N. Palmer, and D. E. Parker, 1986: Sahel rainfall and world-wide sea temperatures, 1901-1985. Nature, 320, 602-607.

Folland, C. K. and D. E. Parker, 1995: Correction of instrumental biases in historical sea surface temperature data. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121, 319-367.

Folland, C. K., D. E. Parker, and F. E. Kates, 1984: Worldwide marine temperature fluctuations, 1856-1981. Nature, 310, 670-673.

Folland, C. K., R. W. Reynolds, M. Gordon, and D. E. Parker, 1993: A study of six operational sea surface temperature analyses. J. Climate, 6, 96-113.

Folland, C. K. and A. Woodcock, 1986: Experimental monthly long-range forecasts for the United Kingdom. Part I: Description of the forecasting system. Meteor. Mag., 115, 301-318.

Folland, C. K., A. Woodcock, and L. D. Varah, 1986: Experimental monthly long-range forecasts for the United Kingdom. Part III: Skill of monthly forecasts. Meteor. Mag., 115, 377-393.

Follard, C. K., T. R. Karl, N. Nicholls, B. S. Nyenzi, D. E. Parker, and K. Y. Vinnikov, 1992: Observed climate variability and change. Climate Change 1992, J. T. Houghton, B. A. Callander.

Foltz, G. S. and W. M. Gray, 1979: Diurnal variation in the troposphere's energy balance. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1450-1466.

Fomby, T. B. and T. J. Vogelsang, 2002: The Application of Size-Robust Trend Statistics to Global-Warming Temperature Series. J. Climate, 15, 117-123.

Fonner, H. A. and E. Ganor, 1992: The chemical and mineralogical composition of some urban atmospheric aerosols in Israel. Atmos. Environ., 26B, 125-133.

Font, J., 1990: A comparison of seasonal winds with currents on the conti-nental slope of the Catalan Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 95(C2), 1537-1545.

Font, J., J. Salat, and J. Tintore´, 1988: Permanent features of the circulation in the Catalan Sea. Oceanol. Acta. S-9, 51-57.

Fontaine, B. and S. Bigot, 1993: West African rainfall deficits and sea surface temperatures. Int. J. Climatol., 13, 271-285.

Fontaine, B., S. Janicot, and V. Moron, 1995: Rainfall anomaly patterns and wind field signals over West Africa in August (1958-1989). J. Climate, 8, 1503-1510.

Fontaine, E., O. M. Faltinsen, and R. Cointe, 2000: New insight into the generation of ship bow waves. J. Fluid Mech., 15.

Foord, R., R. Jones, J. M. Vaughan, and D. V. Willetts, 1983: Precise comparison of experimental and theoretical SNRs in CO2 laser heterodyne systems. Appl. Opt., 23, 3787-3795.

Foot, J. S., 1986: A new pyrgeometer. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 3, 363-370.

Foot, J. S., 1988: Some observations of the optical properties of clouds. Part I: Stratocumulus. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 129-144.

Foot, J. S., 1988: Some observations of the optical properties of clouds. Part II: Cirrus. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 14-5164.

Foot, J. S., M. Kitchen, and C. J. Readings, 1985: The measurement of diffuse solar radiation from an aircraft. Atmos. Environ., 19, 811-818.

Foote, G. B., 1984: A study of hail growth utilizing observed storm conditions. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 84ñ1-01.

Foote, G. B. and J. C. Fankhauser, 1973: Airflow and moisture budget beneath a northeast Colorado hailstorm. J. Appl. Meteor., 12, 1330-1353.

Foote, G. B. and H. W. Frank, 1983: Case study of a hailstorm in Colorado. Part III: Airflow from triple-Doppler measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 686-707.

Foote, G. B. and P. S. d. Toit, 1969: Terminal velocity of raindrops aloft. J. Appl. Meteor., 8, 249-253.

Forbes, G. S., 1981: On the reliability of hook echoes as tornado indicators. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1457-1466.

Forbes, G. S., R. A. Anthes, and D. W. Thomson, 1987: Synoptic and mesoscale aspects of an Appalachian ice storm associated with cold-air damming. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 564-591.

Forbes, G. S. and W. D. Lottes, 1985: Classification of mesoscale vortices in polar airstreams and the influence of the large-scale environment on their evolutions. Tellus, 37A, 132-155.

Forbes, G. S. and R. M. Wakimoto, 1983: A concentrated outbreak of tornadoes, downbursts and microbursts, and implications regarding vortex classification. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 220-235.

Forbes, J. M., 1982: Atmospheric tides 2. The solar and lunar semidiurnal components. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 5241-5252.

Forbes, J. M., J. Gu, and S. Miyahara, 1991: On the interactions between gravity waves and the diurnal propagating tide. Planet. Space Sci., 39, 1249-1257.

Forbes, J. M. and M. E. Hagan, 1988: Diurnal propagating tide in the presence of mean winds and dissipation: A numerical investigation. Planet. Space Sci., 36, 579-590.

Ford, M., J. Wang, and R. T. Cheng, 1990: Predicting the vertical structure of tidal current and salinity in San Francisco Bay, California. Water Resour. Res., 26, 1027-1045.

Ford, R., S. J. A. Malham, and M. Oliver, 2002: A new model for shallow water in the low-Rossby-number limit. J. Fluid Mech., 450, 287-296.

Forecasts, E. C. f. M.-R. W., 1993: The description of the ECMWF/ WCRP III-A Global Atmospheric Data Archive. Technical Attachment, 1-18 pp.

Foreman, M. C., 1978: Manual for tidal current analysis and prediction. Inst. Ocean Sci. Victoria. B.C., Pacific Marine Sci. Rep. 78-6, 70.

Foreman, M. G. G., A. M. Bapista, and R. A. Walters, 1992: Tidal model studies of particle trajectories around a shallow coastal bank. Atmos.-Ocean, 30, 43-69.

Foreman, M. G. G. and A. F. Bennett, 1988: On no-slip boundary conditions for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 12, 47-70.

Foreman, M. G. G. and H. J. Freeland, 1991: A comparison of techniques for tide removal from ship-mounted acoustic doppler measurements along the southwest coast of Vancouver Island. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 17007-17021.

Foreman, M. G. G., R. F. Henry, R. A. Walters, and V. A. Ballantyn, 1993: A finite element model for tides and resonance along the north coast of British Columbia. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2509-2531.

Foreman, M. G. G., R. F. Henry, R. A. Walters, and V. A. Ballantyne, 1993: A finite element model for tides and resonance along the north coast of British Columbia. J. Geophys. Res., 98(C2), 2509-2531.

Foreman, M. G. G. and R. A. Walters, 1990: A finite-element tidal model for the southwest coast of Vancouver Island. Atmos.Ocean, 18, 261-287.

Foreman, S. J., 1990: Ocean model: mixed layer formulation. UKMO Unified Model Documentation Paper No. 41.1. U.K. Meteorological Office, 12.

Forest, C. E., M. R. Allen, A. P. Sokolov, and P. H. Stone, 2001: Constraining climate model properties using optimal fingerprint detection methods. Climate Dynamics, 18, 277-296.

Forgan, B. W., 1979: The measurement of solar irradiance. Research Rep. 15. Flinders Institute for Atmospheric and Marine Sciences, Bedford Park, South Australia.

Forgan, B. W., 1994: General method for calibrating sun photometers. Appl. Opt., 33, 4841-4850.

Forgy, E. W., 1965: Cluster analysis of multivariate data: Efficiency versus interpretability of classification. Biometrics, 21, 7-68.

Forkel, R., W. G. Panhaus, R. Welch, and W. Zdunkowski, 1984: A one-dimensional numerical study to simulate the influence of soil moisture pollution and vertical exchange on the evolution of radiation fog. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 57, 72-91.

Forkert, T., B. Strauß, and P. Wendling, 1994: On the climatic effects of contrails. Impact of Emissions from Aircraft and Spacecraft upon the Atmosphere. U. Schumann and D. WurzelEds., DLR-Mitteilung, 396-400.

Formenti, P., M. O. Andreae, and J. Lelieveld, 2001: Physical and chemical characteristics of aerosols over the Negev Desert (Israel) during summer 1996. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 4871.

Formulation. J. Appl. Meteor., s. S., U., T. Hauf, H. Holler, H. Schmidt, and H. Volkert, 1987: A mesoscale model for the simulation of turbulence, clouds and flow over mountains: Formulation and validation examples. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 60, 413-446.

Fornberg, B., 1977: A numerical study of 2-D turbulence. J. Comput. Phys., 25, 1-31.

Fornberg, B. and G. B. Whitham, 1978: A numerical and theoretical study of certain nonlinear wave phenomena. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 289, 373-404.

Forristall, G. Z., 1980: A two-layer model for hurricane-driven cur-rents on an irregular grid. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 1417-1438.

Forristall, G. Z., R. C. Hamilton, and V. J. Cardone, 1977: Continental shelf currents in Tropical Storm Delia: Observations and theory. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 532-546.

Forristall, G. Z., K. J. Schaudt, and C. K. Cooper, 1992: Evolution and kinematics of a Loop Current eddy in the Gulf of Mexico during 1985. J. Geophy. Res., 97, 2173-2184.

Forsdyke, A. G., 1944: Synoptic analysis in the western Indian Ocean. EAMD. Memoirs II. No. 3.

Forsdyke, A. G., 1949: Weather forecasting in tropical regions. Great Britain Meteorological Office. Geophys. Mem., X, No. 82.

Forstner, H. and E. Gnaiger, 1983: Appendix A: Calculation of equilibrium oxygen concentration. Polarographic Oxygen Sensors. E. Gnaiger and H. ForstnerEds., Springerverlag, 323-333.

Forstythe, J. M., T. H. Vonder Haar, and D. L. Reinke, 2000: Cloud-Base Height Estimates Using a Combination of Meteorological Satellite Imagery and Surface Reports. J. App. Meteor., 39, 2336.

Fort Collins, C., J. Powell, W. R. Cotton, and R. A. Pielke, 1987: The forward in time upstream advection scheme: Extension to higher orders. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 540-555.

Forterre, Y. and O. Pouliquen, 2002: Stability analysis of rapid granular chute flows: formation of longitudinal vortices. J. Fluid Mech., 467, 361-388.

Forti, M. C., A. J. Melfi, and A.-H. Fostier, 2000: Rainfall chemistry composition in two ecosystems in the northeastern Brazilian Amazon (Amapa State). J. Geophys. Res., 105, 28895.

Fortuin, J. P. F., 1992: The surface mass balance and temperature of Antarctica. Ph.D. thesis. Utrecht University, 106.

Fortuin, J. P. F. and J. Oerlemans, 1992: An atmospheric model for simulating the mass balance and temperature on the Antarctic ice sheet. Z. Gletscherkd. Glazialgeol. 26, 31-56.

Fortune, M., 1980: Properties of African squall lines inferred from time-lapse satellite imagery. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 153-168.

Fortune, M., 1980: Properties of African disturbance lines inferred from time-lapse satellite imagery. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 153-168.

Fosberg, M. A., W. E. Marlatt, and L. Krupuak, 1976: Estimating airflow patterns over complex terrain. Res. Pap. RM-162, 1-16 pp.

Fosdick, E. K. and P. J. Smith, 1991: Latent heat release in an extratropical cyclone that developed explosively over the southeastern United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 193-207.

Foster, D., 1992: Land-use history (1730-1990) and vegetation dynamics in central New England. USA, J. Ecol., 80.

Foster, D. S., 1958: Thunderstorm gusts compared with computed downdraft speeds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 86, 91-94.

Foster, I., W. Gropp, and R. Stevens, 1992: The parallel scalability of the spectral transform method. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 83-5850.

Foster, I. F. and P. H. Worley, 1993: Parallelizing the spectral transform method: A comparison of alternative parallel algorithms. Parallel Processing for Scientific Computing. R. F. Sincovec, D. E. Keyes, M. R. Leuze.

Foster, J., M. Owe, and A. Rango, 1983: Snow cover and temperature relationships in North America and Eurasia. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 460-469.

Foster, J. L., 1986: The snow cover record in Eurasia. Snow Watch '85. Glaciological Data Rep. GD-18, World Data Center A for Glaciology, University of Colorado.

Foster, J. L., 1989: The significance of the date of snow disappearance on the Arctic tundra as a possible indicator of climate change. Arct. Alp. Res., 21, 60-70.

Foster, R. C. and R. A. Brown, 1994: On large scale PBL modelling: Surface wind and latent heat flux comparisons. Global Atmos.Ocean Syst., 3, 199-219.

Foster, R. C. and G. Levy, 1998: The Contribution of Organized Roll Vortices to the Surface Wind Vector in Baroclinic Conditions. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1466-1472.

Foster, T. D., 1972: Haline convection in polynyas and leads. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 2, 462-469.

Foster, T. D. and E. C. Carmack, 1976: Temperature and salinity structure in the Weddell Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 36-44.

Foufoula-Georgiou, E., P. Kumar, and Eds., 1994: Wavelets in Geophysics. Academic Press, 400.

Foufoula-Georgiou, E. and D. P. Lettenmaier, 1987: A Markov re-newal model for rainfall occurrences. Water Resour. Res., 23, 875-884.

Fouilloux, A. and J. Iaquinta, 1998: Mesoscale Cirrus Cloud Modeling and Comparisons against Experimental Data Collected on 17 April 1994 during the EUCREX Campaign. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2422-2434.

Foukal, P. and J. Lean, 1990: An empirical model of total solar irradiance variation between 1874 and 1988. Science, 247, 55-6558.

Foukal, P. V., C. Hoyt, and P. Miller, 1990: Cryogenic absolute ra-diometers and laboratory standards, remote sensing detectors, and pyrheliometer. Appl. Opt., 29, 988-993.

Fountain, A. G. and T. Ohtake, 1985: Concentrations and source areas of ice nuclei in the Alaskan atmosphere. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 377-382.

Fountain, G. O., D. V. Khakhar, and J. M. Ottino, 2000: Chaotic mixing in a bounded three-dimensional flow. J. Fluid Mech., 265.

Fouquart, Y. and B. Bonnel, 1980: Computations of solar heating of the Earth's atmosphere: A new parameterization. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 53, 35-62.

Fouquart, Y., B. Bonnel, and V. Ramaswamy, 1991: Intercomparing shortwave radiation codes used in climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 96(D5), 8955-8968.

Fouquart, Y., B. Bonnel, and V. Ramaswamy, 1991: Intercomparing shortwave radiation codes for climate studies. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 8955-8968.

Fouquart, Y., B. Bonnel, M. C. Roquai, and R. Santer, 1987: Observations of Saharan aerosols: Results of ECLATS field experiment. Part I: Optical thickness and aerosol size distributions. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 28-37.

Fouquart, Y., J. C. Buriez, M. Herman, and R. S. Kandel, 1990: The influence of clouds on radiation: A climate-modeling perspective. Rev. Geophys., 145-166.

Fovell, R., 2002: Upstream influence of numerically simulated squall-line storms. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., In press.

Fovell, R. and P. H. Tan, 2000: A simplified squall-line model revisited. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 173-188.

Fovell, R. G., 1991: Influence of the Coriolis force on two-dimensional model storms. Mon. Weal Rev., 119, 606-630.

Fovell, R. G., 2002: Upstream influence of numerically simulated squall-line storms. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 893-912.

Fovell, R. G. and P. S. Dailey, 1995: The temporal behavior of numerically simulated multicell-type storms, Part I: Modes of behavior. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2073-2095.

Fovell, R. G. and P. S. Dailey, 2001: Numerical Simulation of the Interaction between the Sea-Breeze Front and Horizontal Convective Rolls. Part II: Alongshore Ambient Flow. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2057-2072.

Fovell, R. G., D. Durran, and J. R. Holton, 1992: Numerical simulations of convectively generated stratospheric gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1427-1442.

Fovell, R. G. and M. C. Fovell, 1993: Climate zones of the conter-minous United States defined using cluster analysis. J. Climate, 6, 2103-2135.

Fovell, R. G. and Y. Ogura, 1988: Numerical simulation of a midlatitude squall line in two dimensions. J. Atmos. Sci, 45, 3846-3879.

Fovell, R. G. and Y. Ogura, 1989: Effect of vertical wind shear on numerically simulated multicell storm structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3144-3176.

Fovell, R. G. and P.-H. Tan, 1998: The Temporal Behavior of Numerically Simulated Multicell-Type Storms. Part II: The Convective Cell Life Cycle and Cell Regeneration. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 551-577.

Fowler, A. C., 1984: The use of the method of averaging in predicting chaotic motion. Phys. Letts. A, 100, 1-6.

Fowler, L. D. and and, 1996: Liquid and ice cloud microphysics in the CSU general circulation model. Part II: Impact on cloudiness, the earth's radiation budget, and the general circulation of the Atmosphere. J. Climate, 9, 530-560.

Fowler, L. D., and, and S. A. Rutledge, 1996: Liquid and ice cloud microphysics in the CSU general circulation model. Part I: Model description and simulated cloud microphysical processes. J. Climate, 9, 489-529.

Fowler, L. D. and D. A. Randall, 1994: A global-radiative-convective feedback. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2035-2038.

Fowler, L. D., D. A. Randall, and S. A. Rutledge, 1996: Liquid and ice cloud microphysics in the CSU general circulation model. Part I: Model description and simulated microphysical processes. J. Climate, 9, 489-529.

Fowler, M. M. and S. Barr, 1983: A long-range atmospheric tracer field test. Atmos. Environ., 17, 1677-1685.

Fox, D. G., 1981: Judging air quality model performance-Review of the Woods Hole workshop. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 62, 599-609.

Fox, D. G. and J. W. Deardorff, 1972: Computer methods for simulation of multidimensional, nonlinear, subsonic, incompressible flow. J. Heat Transfer, Ser. C, 94, 337-346.

Fox, D. G. and S. A. Orszag, 1973: Pseudospectral approximation to two-dimensional tlirbulence. J. Comp. Phy., 11, 612-619.

Fox, D. N., W. J. Teague, C. N. Barron, M. R. Carnes, and C. M. Lee, 2002: The Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS). J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 240-252.

Fox, G., R. Williams, and P. Messina, 1994: Parallel Computing Works! Morgan Kaufman, 977.

Fox, M. F., 1991: Gender. environmental milieu, and productivity in science. The Outer Circle: Women in the Scientific Com-munity, H. Zuckerman.

Fox, N. J., S. W. H. Cowley, J. A. Davies, R. A. Greenwald, M. Lester, M. Lockwood, and H. Luhr, 2001: Ionospheric ion and electron heating at the poleward boundary of a poleward expanding substorm-disturbed region (Paper 1999JA000387). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,845-12,862.

Fox, N. P. and J. E. Martin, 1990: Comparison of two cryogenic radiometers by determining the absolute spectral responsivity of silicon photodiodes with an uncertainty of 0.02%. Appl. Opt., 29, 4686-4693.

Fox-Rabinonitz, 1996: Computational dispersion properties of 3D staggerred grids for a nonhydrostatic anelastic system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 498-510.

Fox-Rabinovitz, M., H. M. Helfand, A. Hou, L. L. Tackas, and A. Molod, 1991: Numerical experiments on forecasting climate simulation and data assimilation with the new 17-layer GLA GCM. Ninth Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction. Denver, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Fox-Rabinovitz, M. S., 1974: Economical explicit and semi-implicit integration schemes for forecast equations ( in Russian). Meteor. Gidrol., 11, 11-19.

Fox-Rabinovitz, M. S., 1991: Computational dispersion properties of horizontal staggered grids for atmospheric and ocean models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1624-1639.

Fox-Rabinovitz, M. S., 1994: Computational dispersion properties of vertically staggered grids for atmospheric models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 377-392.

Fox-Rabinovitz, M. S., 1996: Diabatic dynamic initialization with an iterative time integration scheme as a filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, in press.

Fox-Rabinovitz, M. S., 2000: Simulation of anomalous regional climate events with a variable-resolution stretched-grid GCM. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29635.

Fox-Rabinovitz, M. S. and and, 1993: Diabatic dynamic initialization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 549-564.

Fox-Rabinovitz, M. S. and N. G. Fedorova, 1972: Dynamical adjustment of initial data for PE models. Soc. Meteor. Hydrol., 5, 3-21.

Fox-Rabinovitz, M. S. and B. Gross, 1993: Diabatic dynamic initialization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 549-564.

Fox-Rabinovitz, M. S. and B. D. Gross, 1993: Diabatic dynamic initialization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 549-564.

Fox-Rabinovitz, M. S. and R. S. Lindzen, 1993: Numerical experiments on consistent horizontal and vertical resolution for atmospheric models and observing systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 264-271.

Fox-Rabinovitz, M. S., G. L. Stenchikov, and M. J. Suarez, 1997: A finete-difference GCM dynamic code with variable-resolution stretched grid. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2943-2968.

Fox-Rabinovitz, M. S., G. L. Stenchikov, M. J. Suarez, and L. L. Takacs, 1997: A Finite-Difference GCM Dynamical Core with a Variable-Resolution Stretched Grid. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2943-2968.

Fox-Rabinovitz, M. S., L. L. Takacs, and M. J. Suarez, 2001: A Variable-Resolution Stretched-Grid General Circulation Model: Regional Climate Simulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 453.

Fraccarollo, L. and H. Capart, 2002: Riemann wave description of erosional dam-break flows. J. Fluid Mech., 461, 183-228.

Frachebourg, L. and P. A. Martin, 2000: Exact statistics properties of the Burgers equation. J. Fluid Mech., 323.

Fraederick, K., 1972: A simple climatological model of the dynamics and energetics of the nocturnal circulation at Lake Victoria. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 332-335.

Fraedrich, K., 1976: A mass budget of an ensemble of transient cumulus clouds determined from direct cloud observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 262-268.

Fraedrich, K., 1986: Estimating the dimensions of weather and climate attractors. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 419-432.

Fraedrich, K., 1986: Estimating the dimension of weather and climate attractors. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 419-432.

Fraedrich, K. and and, 1995: Large-scale convective instability revisited. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1914-1923.

Fraedrich, K. and T. Frisius, 2001: Two-level primitive-equation baroclinic instability on an f-plane. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 2053-2068.

Fraedrich, K. and C. Z.-S. K., 1994: Predictability experiments with persistence forecasts in a red-noise atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 387-428.

Fraedrich, K. and M. Lutz, 1986: Zonal teleconnections and longitudetime lag correlations of the 500 mb geopotential along 507S. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2116-2126.

Fraedrich, K. and M. Lutz, 1987: A modified time-longitude diagram applied to 500 mb heights along 50 north and south. Tellus, 39A, 25-32.

Fraedrich, K. and J. L. McBride, 1989: The physical mechanism of CISK and the free-ride balance. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2642-2648.

Fraedrich, K., J. L. McBride, W. M. Frank, and R. Wang, 1997: Extended EOF Analysis of Tropical Disturbances: TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2363-2372.

Fraedrich, K. and K. Mu¨ller, 1992: Climate anomalies in Europe associated with ENSO extremes. Int. J. Climatol., 12, 25-31.

Fraedrich, K., S. Pawson, and R. Wang, 1993: An EOF analysis of the vertical-time delay structure of the quasi-biennial oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3357-3365.

Fraedrich, K., C. Ziehmann, and F. Sielmann, 1995: Estimates spatial degrees of freedom. J. Climate, 8, 361-369.

Fraile, R., A. Castro, and J. L. Sa´nchez, 1992: Analysis of hailstone size distributions from a hailpad network. Atmos. Res., 28, 311-326.

Fraile, R., J. L. Sa´nchez, J. L. d. l. Madrid, and A. Castro, 1991: A network of hailpads in Spain. J. Wea. Mod., 23, 56-62.

France. Elliott, W. P. and D. J. Gaffen, 1991: On the utility of radiosonde humidity archives for climate studies. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 1507-1520.

France.] Berry, E. X. and and, 1974: An analysis of cloud drop growth by collection. Part III: Accretion and self-collection. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 2118-2126.

France.] Berry, E. X. and R. L. Reinhardt, 1974: An analysis of cloud drop growth by collection. Part II: Single initial distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1825-1831.

France.] Bougeault, a., A. J. Clar, B. Benech, B. Carissimo, J. Pelon, and E. Rich-ard, 1990: Momentum budget over the Pyrenees: The PYREX experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 71, 806-818.

France.] Bougeault, A. and Coauthors, 1993: The atmospheric momentum budget over a major atmospheric mountain range: First results of the PYREX program. Ann. Geophys., 11, 395-418.

France.] Bougeault, P. and P. Lacarre`re, 1989: Parameterization of orographic induced turbulence in a mesobeta scale model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1872-1890.

France.] Hollingsworth, A. and P. Lˆnnberg, 1989: The verification of objective analyses: Diagnostic of analysis system performance. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 40, 3ñ-27.

France.] Phillips, D. S., 1984: Analytical surface pressure and drag for linear hydrostatic flow over three-dimensional elliptical mountains. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1073-1084.

Francey, R. J. and J. R. Garratt, 1981: Interpretation of flux-profile observations at ITCE (1976). J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 603-618.

Francey, R. J., L. P. Steele, R. L. Langenfelds, and B. C. Pak, 1999: High Precision Long-Term Monitoring of Radiatively Active and Related Trace Gases at Surface Sites and from Aircraft in the Southern Hemisphere Atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 279-285.

Francis, E., 1987: Calibration of the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), 1979-19840. M.S. thesis, Oregon State University, 248.

Francis, J. A., 1994: Improvements to TOVS retrievals over sea ice and applications to estimating Arctic energy fluxes. J. Geophys. Res., 99(10), 395-408.

Francis, J. A., T. P. Ackerman, K. B. Katsaros, R. J. Lind, and K. L. Davidson, 1991: A comparison of radiation budgets in the Fram Strait summer marginal ice zone. J. Climate, 4, 218-235.

Francis, P. E., 1975: The use of a multipoint filter as a dissipative mechanism in a numerical model of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 101, 567-582.

Francis, P. E. and R. A. Stratton, 1990: Some experiments to investigate the assimilation of SEASAT altimeter wave height data into a global wave model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 1225-1251.

Francis, P. N., 1995: Some aircraft observations of the scattering properties of ice crystals. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1142-1154.

Francis, R. and Coauthors, 1991: The ERS-1 spacecraft and its pay-load. ESA Bull., 65, 27-48.

Francois, C. and C. Ottle, 1994: Estimation of the angular variation of the sea surface emissivity with the ATSR/ ERS-1 data. Remote Sens. Environ., 48, 302-308.

Frank, H. W. and G. B. Foote, 1982: The 22 July 1976 case study: Storm air-flow, updraft structure, and mass flux from triple Doppler measurements. Vol. Vol.II, Hail Storms of the Central High Plains, Colorado Associated University Press, 131-162 pp.

Frank, J. and S. Reich, 2002: A Particle-Mesh Method for the Shallow Water Equations Near Geostrophic Balance. J. Comp. Phy., 180, 407-426.

Frank, N., P. L. Moore, and G. E. Fisher, 1967: Summer shower distribution over the Florida peninsula as deduced from digital radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 6, 309-316.

Frank, N. L., 1970: Atlantic tropical systems of 1969. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98, 307-314.

Frank, N. L., 1975: Atlantic tropical systems of 1974. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 294-300.

Frank, N. L., 1976: Atlantic tropical systems of 1975. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 466-477.

Frank, N. L., P. L. Moore, and G. E. Ficher, 1967: Summer shower distribution of the Florida peninsula as deduced from digitized radar data. J. Appl. Meteor., 6, 309ñ3-16.

Frank, N. L., P. L. Moore, and G. E. Fisher, 1967: Summer shower distribution over the Florida Peninsula as deduced from digitized radar data. J. Appl. Meteor., 6, 309-3.16.

Frank, W., 1977: The structure and energetics of the tropical cyclone. Part I: Storm structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1119-1135.

Frank, W. M., 1977: The structure and energetics of the tropical cyclone. Part I: Storm structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 1119-1135.

Frank, W. M., 1978: The life cycles of GATE convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci.. 35,1256-1264.

Frank, W. M., 1978: The life-cycle of GATE convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1256-1264.

Frank, W. M., 1979: Individual time period analyses over the GATE ship array. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1600-1616.

Frank, W. M., 1980: Modulations of the net tropospheric temperature during GATE. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1056-1064.

Frank, W. M., 1980: Modulation of the net tropospheric temperature during GATE. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1056-1064.

Frank, W. M., 1982: Large-scale characteristics of tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 573-586.

Frank, W. M., 1983: The structure and energetics of the east Atlantic intertropical convergence zone. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1916-1929.

Frank, W. M., 1983: A review of the cumulus parameterization problem. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1859-1871.

Frank, W. M., 1983: The cumulus parameterization problem. Mon. Wea. Rev., 1ll, 1859-1871.

Frank, W. M., 1984: A cumulus parameterization scheme incorporating subgrid scale convective forcing. Postprints. 15th Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Miami, FL.

Frank, W. M., 1984: A composite analysis of the core of a mature hurricane. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 2401-2420.

Frank, W. M., 1987: Tropical cyclone formation. A Global View of Tropical Cyclones. R. L. ElsberryEd., Office of Naval Research, 53-90.

Frank, W. M. and C. Cohen, 1985: Properties of tropical cloud ensembles estimated using a cloud model and an observed updraft population. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1911-1928.

Frank, W. M. and C. Cohen, 1987: Simulation of tropical convective systems. Part I: A cumulus parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3787-3799.

Frank, W. M. and J. L. McBride, 1989: The vertical distribution of heating in AMEX and GATE cloud clusters. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 34643478.

Frank, W. M. and J. L. McBride, 1989: The vertical distribution of heating in AMEX and GATE convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3464-3478.

Frank, W. M. and E. A. Ritchie, 1999: Effects of Environmental Flow upon Tropical Cyclone Structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2044-2061.

Frank, W. M. and E. A. Ritchie, 2001: Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on the Intensity and Structure of Numerically Simulated Hurricanes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2249-2269.

Franke, P. M. and W. A. Robinson, 1999: Nonlinear Behavior in the Propagation of Atmospheric Gravity Waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3010-3027.

Franke, R., 1982: Sources of error in objective analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 260-270.

Franke, R., 1985: Sources of error in objective analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 260-270.

Franke, R., 1988: Statistical interpolation by iteration. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 961-963.

Franke, R., 1999: Three-Dimensional Covariance Functions for NOGAPS Data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2293-2308.

Franke, R. and E. Barker, 2000: Vertical Correlation Functions for Temperature and Relative Humidity Errors. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3962.

Frankenfield, H. C., 1917: Forecasts and warnings of November 1917. Mon. Wea. Rev., 45, 544-546.

Frankignoul, C., 1979: Stochastic forcing models of climate variability. Dyn. Atmos. Ocean, 3, 465-479.

Frankignoul, C., 1981: Low-frequency temperature fluctuations off Bermuda. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 6522-6528.

Frankignoul, C., 1985: Sea surface temperature anomalies, planetary waves and air-sea feedback in midlatitudes. Rev. Geophys., 23, 357-390.

Frankignoul, C., 1995: Climate spectra and stochastic climate models. analysis of Climate Variability. Application of Statistical Techniques, H. von Storch and A. NavarraEds., Springerverlag.

Frankignoul, C. and K. Hasselmann, 1977: Stochastic climate models. Part II: Application to seasurface temperature anomalies and thermohaline variability. Tellus, 29, 289-305.

Frankignoul, C. and R. W. Reynolds, 1983: Testing a dynamical model for midlatitude sea surface temperature anomalies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1131-1145.

Frankignoul, C. J., 1970: Effect of weak shear and rotation on internal waves. Tellus, 22, 194-203.

Franklin, J. L., 1987: Reduction of errors in Omega dropwindsonde data through postprocessing. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL AOML-65, Miami, 22.

Franklin, J. L., 1990: Dropwindsonde observations of the environmental flow of Hurricane Josephine (1984) : Relationships to vortex motion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2732-2744.

Franklin, J. L., L. A. Avila, J. L. Beven, M. B. Lawrence, R. J. Pasch, and S. R. Stewart, 2001: Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2000. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 3037-3056.

Franklin, J. L. and M. DeMaria, 1992: The impact of Omega drop-windsonde observations on barotropic hurricane track forecasts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 381-391.

Franklin, J. L., S. E. Feuer, J. Kaplan, and S. D. Aberson, 1996: Tropical cyclone motion and surrounding flow relationships: Searching for beta gyres in Omega dropwindsonde datasets. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 64-84.

Franklin, J. L. and P. R. Julian, 1985: An investigation of Omega wind-finding accuracy. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2, 212-231.

Franklin, J. L., S. J. Lord, S. E. Feuer, and F. D. M. Jr., 1993: The kinematic structure of Hurricane Gloria (1985) determined from nested analyses dropwindsonde and Doppler radar data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2433-2451.

Franklin, J. L., S. J. Lord, and F. D. M. Jr., 1988: Dropwindsonde and radar observations of the eye of Hurricane Gloria (1985). Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1237-1244.

Franz, A. and K. H. Hoffmann, 2002: Optimal Annealing Schedules for a Modified Tsallis Statistics. J. Compu. Phy., 176, 196-204.

Franzke, C., K. Fradrich, and F. Lunkeit, 2000: Low-frequency variability in a simplified atmospheric global circulation model: Storm-track induced `spatial resonance'. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2691.

Franzke, C., K. Fraedrich, and F. Lunkeit, 2001: Teleconnections and low-frequency variability in idealized experiments with two storm tracks. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1321-1340.

Fraser, A. B., R. Easter, and P. Hobbs, 1973: A theoretical study of the flow of air and fallout of solid precipitation over mountain-ous terrain. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 813-823.

Fraser, A. B., R. C. Easter, and P. V. Hobbs, 1973: A theoretical study of the flow of air and fallout of solid precipitation over mountainous terrain. Part I. Airflow model. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 801-812.

Fraser, G. J., 1989: Monthly mean winds in the mesosphere at 447S and 787S. Pure Appl. Geophys., 130, 291-301.

Frasetto, R. and J. Northrup, 1957: Virgin Islands bathymetric sur-vey. Deep-Sea Res., 4, 138-146.

Fratantoni, D., W. E. Johns, and T. L. Townsend, 1995: Rings of the North Brazil Current: Their structure and behavior inferred from observations and a numerical simulation. J. Geophys. Res., 100(C6), 10633-10654.

Frech, M., F. Holzapfel, T. Gerz, and J. Konopka, 2002: Short-term prediction of the horizontal wind vector within a wake vortex warning system. Meteor. App., 9, 9-20.

Frederick, J. E. and C. Erlick, 1997: The Attenuation of Sunlight by High-Latitude Clouds: Spectral Dependence and Its Physical Mechanisms. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2813-2819.

Frederick, J. E., A. E. Koob, A. D. Alberts, and E. C. W. M, 1993: Empirical studies of tropospheric transmission in the ultra-violet: Broadband measurements. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 1883-1892.

Frederick, J. E. and D. Lubin, 1988: The budget of biologically active ultraviolet radiation in the earth-atmosphere system. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 3825-3832.

Frederick, J. E. and H. E. Snell, 1990: Tropospheric influence on solar ultra-violet radiation: The role of clouds. J. Climate, 3, 373-381.

Frederiksen, C. S. and R. C. Balgovind, 1994: The influence of the Indian Ocean/ Indonesian SST gradient on the Australian winter rainfall and circulation in an atmospheric GCM. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 923-952.

Frederiksen, C. S., W. Drosdowsky, R. C. Balgovind, and N. Nicholls, 1990: Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures and Australian rainfall. Int. Toga Sci. Conf. Proc., WCRP-43, 229-239.

Frederiksen, C. S. and J. S. Frederiksen, 1992: Northern Hemisphere storm tracks and teleconnection patterns in primitive equation and quasi-geostrophic models. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1443-1458.

Frederiksen, C. S. and J. S. Frederiksen, 1993: Monsoon disturbances, intraseasonal oscillation, teleconnection patterns.

Frederiksen, C. S., H. Zhang, R. C. Balgovind, N. Nicholls, W. Drosdowsky, and L. Chambers, 2001: Dynamical Seasonal Forecasts during the 1997/98 ENSO Using Persisted SST Anomalies. J. Climate, 14, 2675-2695.

Frederiksen, J. S., 1981: Growth and vacillation cycles of disturbances in Southern Hemisphere flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 136-01375.

Frederiksen, J. S., 1982: Instability of the three-dimensional distorted stratospheric polar vortex at the onset of the sudden warming. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2313-2329.

Frederiksen, J. S., 1982: A unified three-dimensional instability theory of the onset of blocking and cyclogenesis. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 969-982.

Frederiksen, J. S., 1983: Disturbances and eddy fluxes in Northern Hemisphere flows: Instability of three-dimensional January and July flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 836-855.

Frederiksen, J. S., 1983: A unified three-dimensional instability theory of the onset of blocking and cyclogenesis. II: Teleconnection patterns. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2593-2609.

Frederiksen, J. S., 1985: Strongly nonlinear topographic instability and phase transitions. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 32, 103-122.

Frederiksen, J. S., 1986: Instability theory and the nonlinear evolution of blocks and mature anomalies. Advances in Geophysics. Vol. 29, Academic Press, 277-303.

Frederiksen, J. S., 1991: Nonlinear studies on the effects of topography on baroclinic zonal flows. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 59, 57-82.

Frederiksen, J. S., 1992: Towards a unified instability theory of large-scale Atmospheric disturbances. Trends Atmos. Sci. 1, 239-261.

Frederiksen, J. S., 1997: Adjoint Sensitivity and Finite-Time Normal Mode Disturbances during Blocking. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1144-1165.

Frederiksen, J. S., 1998: Precursors to Blocking Anomalies: The Tangent Linear and Inverse Problems. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2419-2436.

Frederiksen, J. S., 1999: "Subgrid-Scale Parameterizations of Eddy-Topographic Force, Eddy Viscosity, and Stochastic Backscatter for Flow over Topography". J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1481-1494.

Frederiksen, J. S., 2000: "Singular Vectors, Finite-Time Normal Modes, and Error Growth during Blocking". J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 312-333.

Frederiksen, J. S. and C. S. F. a, 1993: Monsoon disturbances, intraseasonal.

Frederiksen, J. S. and and, 1981: Topographic waves in nonlinear and linear spherical barotropic models. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 69-86.

Frederiksen, J. S. and and, 1984: Energy and entropy evolution of interactiong internal gravity waves and turbulence. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 28, 171-203.

Frederiksen, J. S. and R. C. Bell, 1983: Statistical dynamics of internal gravity wavesturbulence. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 26, 25-7301.

Frederiksen, J. S. and R. C. Bell, 1987: Teleconnection patterns and the roles of baroclinic, barotropic and topographic instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2200-2218.

Frederiksen, J. S. and R. C. Bell, 1990: North-Atlantic blocking during January 1979: Linear theory. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 128-91313.

Frederiksen, J. S. and A. G. Davies, 1997: Eddy Viscosity and Stochastic Backscatter Parameterizations on the Sphere for Atmospheric Circulation Models. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2475-2492.

Frederiksen, J. S. and C. S. Frederiksen, 1993: Southern Hemisphere storm tracks, blocking, and low-frequency anomalies in a primitive equation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3148-3163.

Frederiksen, J. S. and B. L. Sawford, 1980: Statistical dynamics of two-dimensional inviscid flow on a sphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 717-732.

Frederiksen, J. S. and P. J. Webster, 1988: Alternative theories of atmospheric teleconnections and low-frequency fluctuations. Rev. Geophys., 26, 459-494.

Fredrickson, S. E., 1993: National Severe Storms Laboratory mobile atmospheric observatories; Surface meteorological measurements. Extended Abstracts. Eighth Symp. on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, Anaheim, CA.

Freebairn, J. W. and J. W. Zillman, 2002: Economic benefits of meterological services. Meteor. App., 9, 33-44.

Freebairn, J. W. and J. W. Zillman, 2002: Funding meteorological services. Meteor. App., 9, 45-54.

Freeden, W., 1981: On spherical spline interpolation and approximation. Math. Methods Appl. Sci., 3, 551-575.

Freedman, A. F. R. and B. M. Z. Jacobson, 2002: Transport-Dissipation Analytical Solutions to the E - epsilon Turbulence Model and their Role in Predictions of the Neutral ABL. Bound. Layer Meteor., 102, 117-138.

Freehafer, J. E., 1988: Tropospheric refraction. Propagation of Short Radio Waves. D. E. KerrEd., Peninsula Publishing, 9-22.

Freeland, H. J. and K. L. Denman, 1982: A topographically controlled upwelling center off southern Vancouver Island. J. Mar. Res., 40, 1069-1093.

Freeman Company. Matson, R. J. and A. W. Huggins, 1980: The direct measurement of the sizes, shapes and kinematics of falling hailstones. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1107-1125.

Freeman, M. H., 1967: The accuracy of long-range forecasts issued by the Meteorological Office. Weather, 22, 72-76.

Frehlich, R., 2001: Estimation of Velocity Error for Doppler Lidar Measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 1628-1639.

Frehlich, R., 2001: Errors for Space-Based Doppler Lidar Wind Measurements: Definition, Performance, and Verification. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 1749-1772.

Frehlich, R. and L. Cornman, 2002: Estimating Spatial Velocity Statistics with Coherent Doppler Lidar. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 355-366.

Frehlich, R. G., 1993: Coherent Doppler lidar signal covariance including wind shear and wind turbulence. Appl. Opt., 33, 6472-6481.

Frehlich, R. G., 1993: Cramer-Rao bound for Gaussian random processes and applications to radar processing of atmospheric signals. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 31, 1123-1131.

Frehlich, R. G., 1995: Comparison of 2and 10-mm coherent Doppler lidar performance. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 415-420.

Frehlich, R. G., S. Hannon, and S. Henderson, 1994: Performance of a 2-mm coherent Doppler lidar for wind measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1517-1528.

Frehlich, R. G. and M. J. Yadlowsky, 1994: Performance of mean frequency estimators for Doppler radar and lidar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1217-1230; Corrigendum.

Frei, C. and H. C. Davies, 1993: Anomaly in the Alpine diurnal pressure signal: Observations and theory. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 1269-1289.

Frei, C. and C. Schar, 2001: Detection Probability of Trends in Rare Events: Theory and Application to Heavy Precipitation in the Alpine Region. J. Climate, 14, 1568.

Freiberger, W. F. and Ed., 1960: The International Dictionary of Applied Mathematics. D. Van Nostrand, 1173.

Freilich, M. H. and D. B. Chelton, 1986: Wavenumber spectra of Pacific winds measured by the Seasat scatterometer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 741-757.

Freilich, M. H. and R. S. Dunbar, 1993: Derivation of satellite wind model functions using operational surface wind analyses: An altimeter example. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 14633-14649.

Freitag, H. P., M. J. McPhaden, and A. J. Shepherd, 1987: Equatorial current and temperature data: 1087W to 1107W: October 1979 to November 1983. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL-PMEL-17. -99.

Freitas, S. R., M. A. F. S. Dias, and H. Fischer, 2000: A convective kinematic trajectory technique for low-resolution atmospheric models. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24375.

Freitas, S. R., M. A. F. Silva Dias, and H. Fischer, 2000: A convective kinematic trajectory technique for low-resolution atmospheric models. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24375.

French, J. R., G. Vali, and R. D. Kelly, 2000: Observations of microphysics pertaining to the development of drizzle in warm, shallow cumulus clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 415.

Frenkiel, F. N., 1953: Turbulent diffusion: Mean concentration distribution in a flow field of homogeneous turbulence. Adv. Appl. Mech., 3, 61-107.

Frenzen, P. and and, 1994: On the sensitivity of the fm function to k:A corrected illustration for the turbulent kinetic energy budget in the ASL. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 68, 439-442.

Frenzen, P. and C. A. Vogel, 1992: The turbulent kinetic energy budget in the atmospheric surface layer: A review and an experimental reexamination in the field. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 60, 49-76.

Frenzen, P. and C. A. Vogel, 2001: Further Studies of Atmospheric Turbulence in Layers near the Surface: Scaling the TKE Budget above the Roughness Sublayer. Bound. Lay. Meteor., 99, 173.

Freudenthaler, V., F. Homburg, and H. Ja¨ger, 1995: Contrail observations by ground-based scanning lidar: Cross-sectional growth. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3501-3504.

Freund, J. B., 2001: Noise sources in a low-Reynolds-number turbulent jet at Mach 0.9. J. Fluid Mech., 438, 277-306.

Freund, J. B., S. K. Lele, and P. Moin, 2000: Compressibility effects in a turbulent annular mixing layer. Part 1. Turbulence and growth rate. J. Fluid Mech., 229.

Freund, J. B., P. Moin, and S. K. Lele, 2000: Compressibility effects in a turbulent annular mixing layer. Part 2. Mixing of a passive scalar. J. Fluid Mech., 269.

Freund, R. J. and R. C. Littell, 1991: SAS System for Regression. 2d ed. SAS Institute. Inc., 210.

Frey, H., M. Latif, and T. Stockdale, 1997: The Coupled GCM ECHO-2. Part I: The Tropical Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 703-720.

Frey, R. A., S. A. Ackerman, and B. J. Soden, 1996: Climate parameters from satellite spectral measurements. Part I: Collocated AVHRR and HIRS/ 2 observations of spectral greenhouse parameter. J. Climate, 9, 327-344.

Freymuth, P., 1966: On transition in a separated laminar boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech., 25, 683-704.

Freytag, C., 1985: MERKUR-results: Aspects of the temperature field and the energy budget in a large alpine valley during mountain and valley wind. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 58, 458-476.

Freytag, C., 1987: Results from the MERKUR experiment: Mass budget and vertical motions in a large valley during mountain and valley wind. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 37, 129-140.

FRG. Jenkins, W. J., 1982: On the climate of a subtropical ocean gyre: Decade timescale variations in water mass renewal in the Sar-gasso Sea. J. Mar. Res., 40(Suppl.), 427-464.

Frick, G. M. and W. A. Hoppel, 1993: Airship measurements of aerosol size distributions, cloud droplet spectra, and trace gas concentrations in the marine boundary layer. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 2195-2202.

Friday, E. W., 1994: The modernization and associated restructuring of the National Weather Service: An overview. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 43-52.

Friday, E. W. and Jr., 1994: The modernization and associated restructuring of the National Weather Service: An overview. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 43-52.

Fried, G. D., J. J. Cahir, and R. A. Anthes, 1979: Effect of subjectively enhancing the initial vorticity field in a short-range numerical forecast. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 1188-1204.

Frieden, B. R., 1983: Probability, Statistical Optics, and Data Testing. Springerverlag, 404.

Friedl, M. A., 1995: Modeling land surface fluxes using a sparse canopy model and radiometric surface temperature measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25435-25446.

Friedl, M. A. and F. W. Davis, 1994: Sources of variation in radiometric surface temperature over a tallgrass prairie. Remote Sens. Environ., 48, 1-17.

Friedlander, S. K., 1977: Smoke. Dust and Haze, John Wiley and Sons, 317.

Friedman, K. S., T. D. Sikora, W. G. Pichel, P. ClementeColon, and G. Hufford, 2001: Using Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar to Improve Marine Surface Analyses. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 270-276.

Friedman, R. M., 1989: Appropriating the Weather: Vilhelm Bjerknes and the Construction of a Modern Meteorology. Cornell University Press, 251 pp.

Friedman, R. M., 1989: Appropriating the Weather: Vilhelm Bjerknes and the Construction of a Modern Meteorology. Cornell University Press, 251.

Friedrich, E., J. C. Samson, I. Voronkov, and G. Rostoker, 2001: Dynamics of the substorm expansive phase (Paper 2000JA000292). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 13,145-13,164.

Friehe, C. A. and Coauthors, 1991: Air-sea fluxes and surface-layer turbulence around a seasurface front. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 8593-8609.

Friehe, C. A., R. L. Grossman, and Y. Pann, 1986: Calibration of an airborne Lymanalpha hygrometer and measurement of water vapor flux using a thermoelectric hygrometer. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 3, 299-304.

Friehe, C. A., E. R. Williams, and R. L. Grossman, 1988: An intercomparison of two aircraft gust probe systems. Extended Abstracts. Symp. on Lower Tropospheric Profiling: Needs and Technologies, Boulder, CO.

Friend, A. L., D. Djurie, and K. C. Brundidge, 1977: A combination of isentropic and sigma coordinates in numerical weather prediction. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 50, 290-295.

Frierl, G. R. and R. P. Mied, 1985: Frictionally induced circulations and spin down of a warm-core ring. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 8917-8927.

Friese, T., F. Schmidt, and D. Yevick, 2000: Transparent Boundary Conditions for a Wide-Angle Approximation of the One-Way Helmholtz Equation. J. Comp. Phys., 165, 645.

Friis-Christensen, E. and K. Lassen, 1991: Length of the solar cycle: An indicator of solar activity closely associated with climate. Science, 254, 698-700.

Frisch, A. S. and J. A. Businger, 1973: A study of convective elements in the atmospheric surface layer. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 3, 301-328.

Frisch, A. S., C. W. Fairall, and J. B. Snider, 1995: On the measurement of stratus cloud and drizzle parameters with a Ka-band Doppler radar and a microwave radiometer. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2788-2799.

Frisch, A. S., B. W. Orr, and B. E. Martner, 1992: Doppler radar observations of the development of a boundary-layer nocturnal jet. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 3-16.

Frisch, S., M. Shupe, I. Dialalova, G. Feingold, and M. Poellot, 2002: The Retrieval of Stratus Cloud Droplet Effective Radius with Cloud Radars. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 19, 835-842.

Frisch, U., P.-L. Sulem, and M. Nelkin, 1978: A simple dynamical model of intermittent fully-developed turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 87, 719-736.

Frisius, T., 1998: A Mechanism for the Barotropic Equilibration of Baroclinic Waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2918-2936.

Frisius, T., 1999: A Simple Model for the Baroclinic Life Cycle of Meridionally Elongated Eddies in Uniform Shear. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3508-3519.

Fritsch, J. M., 1975: Cumulus dynamics: Local compensating subsidence and its implications for cumulus parameterization. Pure Appl Geophys., 113, 851-867.

Fritsch, J. M., 1986: Modification of mesoscale convective weather systems. Precipitation Enhancement-A Scientific Challenge. Meteor. Monogr., No. 43, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Fritsch, J. M. and J. M. Brown, 1982: On the generation of the convectively driven mesohighs aloft. Mon. Weal Rev., 110, 1554-1563.

Fritsch, J. M. and C. F. Chappell, 1980: Numerical prediction of convectively driven mesoscale pressure systems. Part I: Convective parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1722-1733.

Fritsch, J. M. and C. F. Chappell, 1980: Numerical prediction of convectively driven mesoscale pressure systems. Part II. Mesoscale model. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1734-1762.

Fritsch, J. M. and C. F. Chappell, 1981: Preliminary numerical tests of the modification of mesoscale convective systems. J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 910-921.

Fritsch, J. M., C. F. Chappell, and L. K. Hoxit, 1976: The use of large scale budgets for convective parameterizations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1408-1418.

Fritsch, J. M., J. Hilliker, and R. L. Vislocky, 2000: Model Consensus. Wea. Forecasting, 15, 571.

Fritsch, J. M., R. J. Kane, and C. R. Chelius, 1986: The contribution of mesoscale convective weather systems to the warm-season precipitation in the United States. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 1333-1345.

Fritsch, J. M., J. Kapolka, and P. A. Hirschberg, 1992: The effects of subcloud-layer diabatic processes on cold air damming. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 49-70.

Fritsch, J. M. and R. A. Maddox, 1981: Convectively driven mesoscale weather systems aloft. Part II: Numerical simulation. J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 20-26.

Fritsch, J. M. and R. A. Maddox, 1981: Convectively driven mesoscale weather systems aloft. Part I: Observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 9-19.

Fritsch, J. M., R. A. Maddox, and A. G. Barnston, 1981: The character of mesoscale convective complex precipitation and its contribution to warm season rainfall in the U. S. Preprints, Fourth Conference on Hydrometeorology, Reno, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94-99.

Fritsch, J. M., E. L. Magaziner, and C. F. Chappell, 1980: Analytical initialization for three-dimensional numerical models. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 809-818.

Fritsch, J. M., J. D. Murphy, and J. S. Kain, 1994: Warm core vortex amplification over land. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1780-1807.

Fritschen, L. J., P. Qian, E. T. Kanemasu, D. Nie, E. A. Smith, J. B. Stewart, S. B. Verma, and M. L. Wesely, 1992: comparisons of surface flux measurement systems used in FIFE 1989. J. Geophys. Res., 97(D17), 18697-18713.

Fritschen, L. J. and J. R. Simpson, 1989: Surface energy and radiation balance systems: General description and improvements. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 28, 680-689.

Fritts, D., 1989: A review of gravity wave saturation processes, effects, and variability in the middle atmosphere. Pure Appl. Geophys., 130, 343-371.

Fritts, D. C., 1982: Shear excitation of atmospheric gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1936-1952.

Fritts, D. C., 1982: The transient critical-level interaction in a Boussinesq fluid. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 7997-8016.

Fritts, D. C., 1984: Gravity wave saturation in the middle atmosphere: A review of theory and observations. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 22, 275-308.

Fritts, D. C., 1984: Shear excitation of atmospheric gravity waves. Part II: Nonlinear radiation from a free shear layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 524-537.

Fritts, D. C., 1989: A review of gravity wave saturation processes, effects, and variability in the middle atmosphere. Pure Appl. Geophys. 130, 343-371.

Fritts, D. C. and and, 1985: Fluxes of heat and constituents due to convectively unstable gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 549-556.

Fritts, D. C., R. C. Blanchard, and L. Coy, 1989: Gravity wave and tidal structures between 60 and 90 km inferred from space shuttle reentry data. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 423-434.

Fritts, D. C. and T. J. Dunkerton, 1984: A quasilinear study of gravity wave saturation and self-acceleration. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3272-3289.

Fritts, D. C., J. F. Garten, and O. Andreassen, 1996: Wave breaking and transition to turbulence in stratified shear flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1057-1085.

Fritts, D. C. and J. R. Isler, 1994: Mean motions and tidal and two-day structure and variability in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Hawaii. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2145-2164.

Fritts, D. C., J. R. Isler, and O. Andreassen, 1994: Gravity wave breaking in two and three dimensions. 2. Three-dimensional evolution and instability structure. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8109-8124.

Fritts, D. C., J. R. Isler, and G. E. Thomas, 1993: Wave breaking signatures in noctilucent clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2039-2042.

Fritts, D. C. and W. Lu, 1993: Spectral estimates of gravity wave energy and momentum fluxes. Part II: Parameterization of wave forcing and variability. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3695-3713.

Fritts, D. C. and G. D. Nastrom, 1992: Sources of mesoscale variability of gravity waves. Part II: Frontal, convective, and jet stream excitation. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 111-127.

Fritts, D. C., T. L. Palmer, O. Andreassen, and I. Lie, 1996: Evolution and breakdown of Kelvin-Helmholtz billows in stratified compress-ible flows. Part I: Comparison of twoand three-dimensional flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3173-3191.

Fritts, D. C. and P. K. Rastogi, 1985: Convective and dynamical instabilities due to gravity wave motions in the lower and middle atmosphere: Theory and observations. Radio Sci., 20, 124-71277.

Fritts, D. C., T. Tsuda, T. E. VanZandt, S. A. Smith, T. Sato, S. Fukao, and S. Kato, 1990: Studies of velocity fluctuations in the lower Atmosphere using the MU radar. Part II: Momentum fluxes and energy densities. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 51-66.

Fritts, D. C. and T. E. VanZandt, 1993: Spectral estimates of gravity wave energy and momentum fluxes. Part I: Energy dissipation, acceleration and constraints. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3685-3694.

Fritts, D. C. and R. A. Vincent, 1987: Mesospheric momentum flux studies at Adelaide, Australia: Observations and a gravity wave-tidal interaction model. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 605-619.

Fritts, D. C., D.-Y. Wang, and R. C. Blanchard, 1993: Gravity wave and tidal structures between 60 and 140 km inferred from space shuttle reentry data. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 837-849.

Fritts, D. C. and L. Yuan, 1989: Stability analysis of inertio-gravity wave structure in the middle atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 173-81745.

Fritz, S., 1951: Solar radiant energy. Compendium of Meteorology. T. F. MaloneEd., Wiley and Sons, 14-29.

Fro¨ hlich, C. and G. E. Shaw, 1980: New determination of Rayleigh scattering in the terrestrial atmosphere. Appl. Opt., 19, 177-31775.

Froc, L., 1920: Atlas of the Tracks of 620 Typhoons (1893ñ1919). Observatory of Zikawei, 38.

Froelich, P. N. and D. K. Atwood, 1974: New evidence for sporadic renewal of Venezuela Basin water. Deep-Sea Res., 21, 969-975.

Frogner, I. and T. Iversen, 2002: High-resolution limited-area ensemble predictions based on low-resolution targeted singular vectors. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1321-1342.

Frohn, L. M., J. H. Christensen, and J. Brandt, 2002: Development of a High-Resolution Nested Air Pollution Model. The Numerical Approach. J. Comp. Phy., 179, 68-94.

Froidevaux, L. and Coauthors, 1994: Validation of UARS MLS ozone measurements.

Froidevaux, L., J. W. Waters, W. G. Read, L. S. Elson, D. A. Flower, and R. F. Jarnot, 1994: Global ozone observations from UARS MLS: An overview of zonal mean results. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2846-2866.

Frontera, C. and E. Vives, 2001: An Algorithm for Finding the First Excited State in the Random-Field Ising Model. J. Comp. Phys., 168, 219.

Frouin, R., C. Gautier, and J. J. Morcrette, 1988: Downward long-wave irradiance at the ocean surface from satellite data: Meth-odology and in situ validation. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 597-619.

Frush, C., R. J. Doviak, M. Sachidananda, and D. S. Zrnic, 2002: Application of the SZ Phase Code to Mitigate Range-Velocity Ambiguities in Weather Radars. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 413-430.

Fryberger, S. G., 1979: Dune forms and wind regime. A Study of Global Sand Seas. E. D. McKeeEd., U.S. Geological Survey, 137-169.

Fryberger, S. G. and T. S. Ahlbrandt, 1979: Mechanisms for the formation of eolian sand seas. Z. Geomorphol. N.F., 23(4), 440-460.

Fryberger, S. G., A. M. Al-Sari, T. J. Clisham, S. A. R. Rizvi, and K. G. Al-Hinai, 1984: Wind sedimentation in the Jafurah sand sea. Saudi Arabia. Sedimentology, 31, 413-431.

Fryberger, S. G. and A. S. Goudie, 1981: Arid geomorphology. Progress in Physical Geography. Vol. 5, 420-428.

Frye, J. L. and Y. L. Chen, 2001: Evolution of Downslope Flow under Strong Opposing Trade Winds and Frequent Trade-Wind Rainshowers over the Island of Hawaii. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 956-977.

fu ¨ r Luft-und Raum Germany.], T. P., 1995: Impact of aircraft emissions on stratospheric ozone: A research strategy. Phys. Chem. Earth, 20, 12-3131.

fu ¨ r Luft-und Raum Th. Pete, M. M. H. and P. Fabian, 1996: Small-scale chemical evolution of aircraft exhaust species at cruising altitudes. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 15169-15190.

fu ¨ r Luft-und Raum Th. Pete, T. P. and R. Ottmann, 1995: Contrail formation: Homoge-neous nucleation of H2SO4 /H2O droplets. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1501-1504.

fu ¨ r Luft-und Raumfahrt, K. l. and Germany.], 1995: A trajectory box model for aircraft exhaust plumes. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18835-18844.

Fu, C. and J. O. Fletcher, 1985: The relationship between Tibettropical ocean thermal contrast and interannual variability of Indian monsoon rainfall. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 84-1847.

Fu, C. B., 1992: Transitional climate zones and biome boundaries: A case study from China. Landscape Boundaries. Consequences for Biotic Diversity and Ecological Flows, A, J. Hansen and F. D. CastriEds.

Fu, L., J. Vazquez, and M. Parke, 1987: Seasonal variability of the Gulf Stream from satellite. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 749-754.

Fu, L.-L., 1983: On the wavenumber spectrum of oceanic mesoscale variability observed by the Seasat altimeter. J. Geophys. Res., 88(C7), 4331-4341.

Fu, L. L., 1981: The general circulation and meridional heat transport of the subtropical South Atlantic determined by inverse methods. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1171-1193.

Fu, L. L., 1986: Mass, heat and freshwater fluxes in the south Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1683-1693.

Fu, L. L., I. Fukumori, and R. N. Miller, 1993: Fitting dynamic models to the Geosat sea level observations in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Part II: A linear wind-driven model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2162-2182.

Fu, L.-L. and R. E. Cheney, 1995: Applications of satellite altimetry to ocean circulation studies: 1987-1994. Rev. Geophys., 32 (Suppl.), 213-223.

Fu, L.-L., E. J. Christensen, C. A. Yamarone, M. Lefebvre, Y. Menard, M. Dorrer, and P. Escudier, 1994: TOPEX/POSEIDON mission overview. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24369-24381.

Fu, L.-L. and R. A. Davidson, 1995: A note on the barotropic response of sea level to time-dependent wind forcing. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 24955-24963.

Fu, L.-L., I. Fukumori, and R. N. Miller, 1993: Fitting dynamic models to the Geosat sea level observations in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Part II: A linear wind-driven model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2162-2181.

Fu, L.-L. and G. Pihos, 1994: Determining the response of sea level to atmospheric pressure forcing using TOPEX/POSEIDON data. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24633-24642.

Fu, Q., S. K. Krueger, and K. N. Liou, 1995: Interactions between radiation and convection in simulated tropical cloud clusters. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1310-1328.

Fu, Q. and K.-N. Liou, 1992: On the correlated k-distribution method for radiative transfer in nonhomogeneous atmospheres. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2139-2156.

Fu, Q. and K.-N. Liou, 1993: Parameterization of the radiative properties of cirrus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2008-2025.

Fu, Q. and K. N. Liou, 1992: A three-parameter approximation for radiative transfer in nonhomogeneous atmospheres: Application to the O3 9.6-mm band. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 13051-13058.

Fu, Q., K. N. Liou, M. C. Cribb, T. P. Charlock, and A. Grossman, 1997: Multiple Scattering Parameterization in Thermal Infrared Radiative Transfer. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2799-2812.

Fu, Q., W. B. Sun, and P. Yang, 1999: Modeling of Scattering and Absorption by Nonspherical Cirrus Ice Particles at Thermal Infrared Wavelengths. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2937-2947.

Fu, R., A. D. DelGenio, and W. B. Rossow, 1990: Behavior of deep convective clouds in the tropical Pactfic deduced from ISCCP radiances. J. Climate, 3, 1129-1152.

Fu, R., R. E. Dickinson, M. Chen, and H. Wang, 2001: How Do Tropical Sea Surface Temperatures Influence the Seasonal Distribution of Precipitation in the Equatorial Amazon? J. Clim., 14, 4003-4026.

Fu, R., A. D. D. Genio, and W. B. Rossow, 1990: Behavior of deep convective clouds in the tropical Pacific deduced from ISCCP radiances. J. Climate, 3, 1129-1152.

Fu, R., A. D. D. Genio, and W. B. Rossow, 1994: Influence of ocean surface conditions on atmospheric vertical thermodynamic structure and deep convection. J. Climate, 7, 1092-1108.

Fu, R., A. D. D. Genio, W. B. Rossow, and W. T. Liu, 1992: Are cirrus clouds a ''thermostat'' for tropical sea surface temperatures? Nature, 358, 3-94.

Fu, R. and W. T. Liu, 1993: Tropical cloud sea surface temperature.

Fu, Y. and G. Liu, 2001: The Variability of Tropical Precipitation Profiles and Its Impact on Microwave Brightness Temperatures as Inferred from TRMM Data. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 2130-2143.

Fuchs, N. A., 1963: On the stationary charge distribution of aerosol particles in a bipolar ionic atmosphere. Geofis. Pura. Appl., 56, 185-193.

Fuchs, N. A., 1964: The Mechanics of Aerosols. Pergamon Press. 4-08.

Fuehrer, P. L. and C. A. Friehe, 2002: Flux Corrections Revisited. Bound. Layer Meteor., 102, 415-457.

Fuelberg, H. E., Y. Lin, and H. Chang, 1986: A moisture analysis of the meso-b-scale thunderstorm environment during AVE-SES-AME V (20-21 May 1979). Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 534-545.

Fuelberg, H. E., R. L. Schudalla, and A. R. Guillory, 1991: Analysis of sudden mesoscale drying at the surface. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1391-1406.

Fuggle, R. F. and T. R. Oke, 1976: Long-wave radiative flux divergence and nocturnal cooling of the urban atmosphere. I. Above Roof-Level. Bound. Layer Meteor., 10, 113-120.

Fuglister, F., 1960: Atlantic Ocean Atlas of Temperature and Salinity Profiles and Data from the International Geophysical Year of 1957-1958. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Atlas Se-ries. Vol. 1, 209.

Fuglister, F. C., 1960: The Atlantic Ocean Atlas of Temperature and Salinity Profiles and Data from the International Geophysical Year of 1957-1958. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 209.

Fuglister, F. C., 1963: Gulf Stream '60. Progress in Oceanography. Vol. 1, Pergamon, 265-373.

Fuglister, F. C. and A. D. Voorhis, 1965: A new method of tracking the Gulf Stream. Limnol. Oceanogr., 10(Suppl.), R115-124.

Fuglister, F. C. and L. V. Worthington, 1951: Some results of a multiple ship survey of the Gulf Stream. Tellus, 3, 1-14.

Fujibe, F., 1981: Seasonal characteristics of land and sea breezes (in Japanese). Tenki, 28, 367-375.

Fujibe, F. and T. Asai, 1980: Some features of a surface wind system associated with the Tokyo heat island. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 58, 149-152.

Fujii, T., 1998: Statistical Analysis of the Characteristics of Severe Typhoons Hitting the Japanese Main Islands. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1091-1097.

Fujiki, N. M., D. J. W. Geldart, and P. Chylek, 1994: Effect of air bubbles on radar backscattering by hailstones. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 304-308.

Fujiki, N. M., D. J. W. Geldart, and P. C. lek, 1994: Effect of air bubbles on radar backscattering by hailstones. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 304-308.

Fujimura, M. and Y. Nagata, 1992: Mixing process in the Mixed Water Region and Kuroshio Extension Regions and modification of the intermediate Kuroshio water. Oceanogr. Mag., 42, 1-20.

Fujinami, H. and T. Yasunari, 2001: The Seasonal and Intraseasonal Variability of Diurnal Cloud Activity over the Tibetan Plateau. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 79, 1207-1227.

Fujita, M., 1983: An algorithm for estimating rain rate by dual-frequency radar. Radio Sci., 18, 697-708.

Fujita, M., K. Okamoto, M. Masuko, S. Yoshikado, and K. Naka-mura, 1985: Inference of rain rate profile and path-integrated rain rate by an airborne microwave rain scatterometer. Radio Sci., 20, 631-642.

Fujita, M., K. Okamoto, S. Yoshikado, and K. Nakamura, 1985: Inference of rain rate profile and path-integrated rain rate by an airborne microwave scatterometer. Radio Sci., 20, 631-642.

Fujita, T., 1958: The structure and movement of a dry front. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 39, 574-582.

Fujita, T., 1959: Precipitation and cold-air production in mesoscale thunderstorm systems. J. Meteor., 16, 454-466.

Fujita, T. T., 1955: Results of detailed synoptic studies of squall lines. Tellus, 7, 405-436.

Fujita, T. T., 1958: Mesoanalysis of the Illinois tornadoes of 9 April 1953. J. Meteor., 15, 288-296.

Fujita, T. T., 1958: Structure and movement of a dry front. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 39, 574-582.

Fujita, T. T., 1963: Analytical Mesometeorology. A Review. Vol. 5, Met. Monogr., 77-125 pp.

Fujita, T. T., 1963: Analytical mesometeorology: A review. Severe Local Storms. Meteor. Monogr., No. 27, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Fujita, T. T., 1965: Formation and steering mechanisms of tornado cyclones and associated hook echoes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 93, 67-78.

Fujita, T. T., 1971: A proposed characterization of tornadoes and hurricanes by area and intensity. SMRP Res. Paper 91. Dept. of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 42.

Fujita, T. T., 1980: In search of mesoscale wind fields in landfalling hurricanes. 13th Am. Meteor. Soc. Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Miami Beach, Florida.

Fujita, T. T., 1981: Tornadoes and downbursts in the context of generalized planetary scales. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1511-1534.

Fujita, T. T., 1982: Principle of stereoscopic height computations and their applications to stratospheric cirrus over severe thunderstorms. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 355-368.

Fujita, T. T., 1985: The Downburst-Microburst and Macroburst. Report of Projects NIMROD and JAWS. SMRP, 122 pp.

Fujita, T. T., 1985: The downburst. SMRP Research Paper 210. University of Chicago, 122.

Fujita, T. T., 1986: DFW Microburst on August 2, 1985. University of Chicago Press, 154 pp.

Fujita, T. T., 1987: U.S. Tornadoes. Part One: 70-Year Statistics.

Fujita, T. T., 1987: U.S. tornadoes. Part 1. SRMP Research Paper 218. University of Chicago, 122.

Fujita, T. T., 1992: Damage survey of Hurricane Andrew in south Florida. Storm Data, 34, 25-30.

Fujita, T. T., 1992: Mystery of severe storms. WRL Research Paper No. 239. The University of Chicago, 298pp. [NTIS-PB 92-182021.].

Fujita, T. T., 1993: Damage survey of Hurricane Andrew in South Florida. NOAA Storm Data, 34, 8.

Fujita, T. T., D. L. Bradbury, and C. F. V. Thullenar, 1983: Palm Sunday tornadoes of April 11, 1965. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98, 29-69.

Fujita, T. T. and H. A. Brown, 1958: A study of mesosystems and their radar echoes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 39, 538-554.

Fujita, T. T. and F. Caracena, 1977: An analysis of three weatherrelated aircraft accidents. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 58, 1164-1181.

Fujita, T. T., G. S. Forbes, and T. A. Umenhofer, 1976: Closeup view of 20 March 1976 tornadoes: Sinking cloud tops to suction vortices. Weatherwise, 29, 116-131.

Fujita, T. T., G. S. Forbes, and T. A. Umenhofer, 1976: Close-up view of 20 March 1976 tornadoes: Sinking cloud tops to suction vorti-ces. Weatherwise, 29, 116-131.

Fujita, T. T. and H. Grandoso, 1968: Split of a thunderstorm into anticyclonic and cyclonic storms and their motion as determined from numerical model experiments. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 416439.

Fujita, T. T., E. W. Pearl, and W. E. Shenk, 1975: Satellite tracked cumulus velocities. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 407-413.

Fujita, T. T. and R. M. Wakimoto, 1981: Five scales of airflow associated with a series of downbursts of 16 July 1980. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1438-1456.

Fujita, T. T. and R. M. Wakimoto, 1982: Eflfects of miso-and mesoscale observations on PAM winds obtained during project NIMROD. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 840-858.

Fujita, T. T. and R. M. Wakimoto, 1983: Microbursts in JAWS depicted by Doppler radars, PAM, and aerial photographs. Preprints, 21st Conference on Radar Meteorology, Edmonton, Canada, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, 638-645.

Fujitani, T., 1981: Direct measurement of turbulent fluxes over the sea during AMTEX. Pap. Meteor. Geophys., 32, 119-134.

Fujitsu, X., 1990: ECL RAM Products. Fujitsu Microelectronics. Inc., 587.

Fujiwara, M., 1965: Raindrop-size distribution from individual storms. J. Atmos. Sci., 22, 585-591.

Fujiwhara, S., 1921: The natural tendency towards symmetry of motion and its application as a principle of motion. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 47, 287-293.

Fujiyoshi, Y., 1986: Melting snowflakes. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 30-7311.

Fujiyoshi, Y., N. Yoshimoto, and T. Takeda, 1998: A Dual-Doppler Radar Study of Longitudinal-Mode Snowbands. Part I: A Three-Dimensional Kinematic Structure of Meso--Scale Convective Cloud Systems within a Longitudinal-Mode Snowband. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 72-91.

Fukao, S., M. F. Larsen, M. D. Yamanaka, H. Furukawa, T. Tsuda, and S. Kato, 1991: Observations of a reversal in longterm average vertical velocities near the jet stream wind maximum. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1479-1489.

Fukao, S., T. Sato, T. Tsuda, S. Kato, K. Wakasugi, and T. Makihara, 1985: The MU radar with an active phased array system 1: Antenna and power amplifiers. Radio Sci., 20, 1155-1168.

Fukao, S., K. Wakasugi, T. Sato, S. Morimoto, T. Tsuda, I. Hirota, I. Kimura, and S. Kato, 1985: Direct measurement of air and precipitation particle motion by very high frequency Doppler radar. Nature, 316, 712-714.

Fukasawa, M., 1992: Large scale convection in the ocean (in Japa-nese). Kagaku, 62, 616-624.

Fukumori, I., 1995: Assimilation of TOPEX sea level measurements with a reduced-gravity. shallow water model of the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 100.

Fukumori, I., 2002: A Partitioned Kalman Filter and Smoother. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1370-1383.

Fukumori, I. and P. M.-R. C. A, 1995: An approximate Kalman filter for ocean data assimilation: An example with an idealized Gulf Stream model. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6777-6793.

Fukumori, I. and C. Wunsch, 1991: Efficient representation of the North Atlantic hydrographic and chemical distributions. Progress in Oceanography. Vol. 27, Pergamon, 111-195.

Fukumoto, Y. and H. K. Moffatt, 2000: Motion and expansion of a viscous vortex ring. Part 1. A higher-order asymptotic formula for the velocity. J. Fluid Mech., 1.

Fukuta, N., 1965: Production of ice crystals in air by a pressure-pack method. J. Appl. Meteor., 4, 454-456.

Fukuta, N., 1973: Thermodynamics of cloud glaciation. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1645-1649.

Fukuta, N., 1987: The surface temperature of dry ice, solid CO2. J. Wea. Mod., 19, 99-101.

Fukuta, N., 1989: Project Mountain Valley Sunshine. Fifth WMO Scientific Conf. on Weather Modification and Applied Cloud Physics. Bei-jing, China, World Meteorological Organization.

Fukuta, N. and R. C. Schaller, 1982: Ice nucleation by aerosol particles: Theory of condensation-freezing nucleation. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 648-655.

Fukuta, N., W. A. Schmeling, and L. F. Evans, 1971: Experimental determination of the ice nucleation by falling dry ice pellets. J. Appl. Meteor., 10, 1174-1179.

Fukuta, N. and T. Takahashi, 1999: The Growth of Atmospheric Ice Crystals: A Summary of Findings in Vertical Supercooled Cloud Tunnel Studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1963-1979.

Fukutomi, Y. and T. Yasunari, 2002: Tropical-Extratropical Interaction Associated with the 10-25-day Oscillation over the Western Pacific during the Northern Summer. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 311-331.

Fulakeza, M., L. M. Druyan, and T. N. Krishnamurti, 2002: A simple moisture scheme for regional climate simulations in the tropics. Meteor. Atmos. Phy., 79, 105-125.

Fulks, J. R., 1951: The instability line. Compendium of Meteorology. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 647-652.

Fullard, H. and H. C. Darby, 1984: The Prentice-Hall University Atlas. Prentice-Hall, 140.

Fullmer, J. W. A., 1982: Calculations of the quasigeostrophic potential vorticity gradient from climatological data. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1873-1877.

Fullmer, J. W. A., 1982: The baroclinic instability of highly structured one-dimensional basic states. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2371-2387.

Fulton, R. and G. M. Heymsfield, 1991: Microphysical and radiative characteristics of convective clouds during COHMEX. J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 98-116.

Fulton, R. and G. M. Heymsfield, 1991: Microphysical and radiative of convective clouds during COHMEX. J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 98-116.

Fulton, R., D. S. Zrnic, and R. J. Doviak, 1990: Initiation of a solitary wave family in the demise of a nocturnal thunderstorm density current. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 319-337.

Fulton, S. R., 2001: An Adaptive Multigrid Barotropic Tropical Cyclone Track Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 138.

Fulton, S. R., P. E. Ciesielski, and W. H. Schubert, 1986: Multigrid methods for elliptic problems: A review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 943-959.

Fulton, S. R. and W. H. Schubert, 1985: Vertical normal mode transforms: Theory and application. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 647-658.

Fulton, S. R. and W. H. Schubert, 1991: Surface frontogenesis in isentropic coordinates. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2534-2541.

Fulton, S. R., W. H. Schubert, and S. A. Hausman, 1995: Dynamical adjustment of mesoscale convective anvils. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3215-3226.

Fultz, D., R. R. Long, G. V. Owens, W. Behan, R. Kaylor, and J. Weil, 1959: Studies of Thermal Convection in a Rotating Cylinder with Some Implications for Large-Scale Atmospheric Motion. Meteor. Monogr., Vol. 4, No. 21.

Fultz, D., R. R. Long, G. V. Owens, W. Bohan, R. Kaylor, and J. Weil, 1959: Studies of Thermal Convection in a Rotating Cyl-inder with Some Implications for Large-Scale Atmospheric Motions. Meteor. Monogr., No. 21, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Funada, T. and D. D. Joseph, 2001: Viscous potential flow analysis of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in a channel. J. Fluid Mech., 445, 263-284.

Fundamentals Experimental Techniques. Wiley Interscience. Kley, D. and M. McFarland, 1980: Chemiluminescence detector for NO and NO2. Atmos. Technol., 12, 63-69.

Fung, I. Y., D. E. Harrison, and A. A. Lacis, 1984: On the variability of the net longwave radiation at the ocean surface. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 22, 177-193.

Fung, I. Y., C. J. Tucker, and K. C. Prentice, 1987: Application of advanced very high resolution radiometer vegetation index to study atmosphere-biosphere exchange of CO2. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 2999-3015.

Fung, J. C. H., J. C. R. Hunt, N. A. Malik, and R. J. Perkins, 1992: Kinematic simulation of homogeneous turbulence by unsteady random Fourier modes. J. Fluid Mech., 236, 281-318.

Funk, T., 1991: Forecasting techniques utilized by the Forecast Branch of the National Meteorological Center during a major convective rainfall event. Wea. Forecasting, 6, 548-564.

Funk, T. W., 1991: Forecasting techniques utilized by the forecast branch of the National Meteorological Center during a major convective rainfall event. Wea. Forecasting, 6, 548-564.

Fuquay, D. M., 1982: Positive cloud-to-ground lightning in summer thunderstorms. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 7131-7140.

Furger, M., 1992: The radiosoundings of Payerne: Aspects of the synopticdynamic climatology of the wind field near mountain ranges. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 45, 3-17.

Furger, M., P. Drobinski, A. S. H. Prevot, R. O. Weber, W. K. Graber, and B. Neininger, 2001: Comparison of Horizontal and Vertical Scintillometer Crosswinds during Strong Foehn with Lidar and Aircraft Measurements. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 18, 1975-1988.

Furger, M., C. D. Whiteman, and J. M. Wilczak, 1995: Uncertainty of boundary layer heat budgets computed from wind profiler-RASS networks. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 790-799.

Furukawa, J., Y. Noguchi, T. Hirano, and F. A. Williams, 2002: Anisotropic enhancement of turbulence in large-scale, low-intensity turbulent premixed propane-air flames. J. Fluid Mech., 462, 209-244.

Furukawa, T., 1973: Numerical experiments of the airflow over mountains. l. Uniform current with constant static stability. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 51, 400-419.

Furukawa, Y., 1982: Structures and formation mechanisms of snow polycrystals. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 535-547.

Fustenberg, H., 1963: Noncommuting random products. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 198, 377-428.

Fyfe, J. and G. Marinone, 1995: On the role of unresolved eddies in a model of the residual currents in the central Strait of Georgia B.C. Atmos.-Ocean, 33, 613-619.