Oakey, N. H., 1982: Determination of the rate of dissipation of turbulent energy from simultaneous temperature and velocity shear microstructure measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 256-271.

Oakey, N. S., 1985: Statistics of mixing parameters in the upper ocean during JASIN phase 2. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1662-1675.

Oakey, N. S. and J. A. Eliott, 1977: Vertical temperature gradient structure across the Gulf Stream. J. Geophys. Res., 82, 1369-1369.

Oakey, N. S. and J. A. Elliott, 1982: Dissipation within surface mixed layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 171-185.

Oakley, T., 1993: Instruments and observing methods. World Meteorological Organization/ TD-No. 587. Rep. No. 56, 90.

Obabko, A. V. and K. W. Cassel, 2002: Navier-Stokes solutions of unsteady separation induced by a vortex. J. Fluid Mech., 465, 99-130.

Obayashi, M., 1991: Data processing in the system for very short-range forecast of precipitation (in Japanese). Sokko-Jihou, 58, 189-207.

Oberhuber, J. M., 1988: An Atlas based on the ''COADS'' Data Set: The Budgets of Heat. Buoyancy and Turbulent Kinetic Energy at the Surface of the Global Ocean. Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology/ Hamburg, Report No. 1-5.

Oberhuber, J. M., 1993: Simulation of the Atlantic circulation with a coupled sea ice-mixed layer-isopycnal general circulation model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 808-829.

Oberhuber, J. M., 1993: Simulation of the Atlantic circulation with a coupled sea ice-mixed layer-isopycnal general circulation model. Part II: Model experiment. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 830-845.

Obleitner, F., 2000: The Energy Budget of Snow and Ice at Breidamerkurjokull, Vatnajokull, Iceland. Bound. Lay. Meteor., 97, 385.

O'Brien, D. M., 1992: Accelerated quasi-Monte Carlo integration of the radiative transfer equation. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 48, 41-59.

O'Brien, D. M. and R. M. Mitchell, 1992: Error estimates for re-trieval of cloud-top pressure using absorption in the A band of oxygen. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 1179-1192.

O'Brien, E. and L. E. Branscome, 1990: The effects of large-scale topography on the circulation in loworder models. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2597-2611.

O'Brien, J. J., 1970: Alternative solutions to the classical vertical velocity problem. J. Appl. Meteor., 9, 197-203.

O'Brien, J. J., 1970: A note on the vertical structure of the eddy exchange coefficient in the planetary boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 1213-1215.

O'Brien, J. J., 1970: Alternate solution to the classical vertical velocity problem. J. Appl. Meteor., 9, 197-203.

O'Brien, J. J. and H. E. Hurlburt, 1972: A numerical model of coastal upwelling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 2, 14-26.

O'Brien, J. J. and F. Parham, 1992: Equatorial Kelvin waves do not vanish. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1764-1766.

O'Brien, J. J. and R. O. Reid, 1967: The nonlinear response of a two-layer, baroclinic ocean to a stationary, axially-symmetric hurricane. Part I: Upwelling induced by momentum transfer. J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 197-207.

Obrien, T. P., D. Sornette, and R. L. McPherron, 2001: Statistical asynchronous regression: Determining the relationship between two quantities that are not measured simultaneously (Paper 2000JA9000193). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 13,247-13259.

Observatory, U. S. N., 1993: The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1994. Nautical Almanac Office, United States Naval.

Observatory, W., D. Cho, H.-R., M. Niewiadomski, J. Iribarne, and O. Melo, 1989: A model of the effect of cumulus clouds on the redistribution and transformation of pollutants. J. Geophys. Res., D10, 12895-12910.

Obukhov, A., 1949: Structure of the temperature field in turbulence. Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR. Ser. Geogr., 13, 55-69.

Obukhov, A. M., 1946: Turbulence in an atmosphere with a non-uniform temperature. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 2, 7-29.

Obukhov, A. M., 1949: Pulsations of pressure in turbulent streams. Doklady ANSSSR, 66, 1-7.

Obukhov, A. M., 1962: On the dynamics of a stratified fluid. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 145(6), 1239-1242. [English translation in Soviet Physics.

ocean on parallel computers. J. Geophys. Res., s., C. Hill, L. Perelman, and A. Adcroft, 1996: Hydrostatic, quasi-hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic ocean modeling. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

Ocean, W. K., K. Dixon, and K. Bryan, 1989: Simulations of radiocarbon in a coarse-resolution world ocean model. 2. Distributions of bomb-produced carbon 14. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8243-8264.

Ocean. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., s. S. and P. H., 1972: A simplified radiativedynamical model for the static stability of rotary atmospheres. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 405-418.

Oceanogr. Onderz. Noordzee, D. B. and t. N. T. S. Group, 1985: Ocean Wave Modeling. Plenum Publishing, 256.

Oceanography, a., 1992: Nimbus-7 SSMR precipitation observations calibrated against surface radar during TAMEX. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 489-505.

Oceanography, D. K. M., 1995: Satellite microwave observations of precipitation correlated with intensification rate in extratropical oceanic cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1904-1911.

Oceanography, S. D., CA., and and, 1990: Automated cloud cover , visibility systems for real time applications. Tech. Note 217, Marine Physical Laboratory, SCRIPPS Institution of Oceanography.

Ochs, H. T., R. R. Czys, and K. V. Beard, 1986: Laboratory measurements of coalescence efficiencies for small precipitating drops. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 225-232.

Ockendon, H., J. R. Ockendon, and S. Falle, 2001: The Fanno model for turbulent compressible flow. J. Fluid Mech., 445, 187-206.

Ockert-Bell, M. E. and D. L. Hartmann, 1992: The effect of cloud type on earth's energy balance: Results for selected regions. J. Climate, 5, 1157-1170.

O'Connor, W. P., 1991: A numerical model of tides and storm surges in the Rio de la Plata Estuary. Contin. Shelf Res., 11, 1491-1508.

Oden, J. T. and K. S. Vemaganti, 2000: Estimation of Local Modeling Error and Goal-Oriented Adaptive Modeling of Heterogeneous Materials. I. Error Estimates and Adaptive Algorithms. J. Comp. Phys., 164, 22.

O'Dowd, C. D., 2001: Biogenic coastal aerosol production and its influence on aerosol radiative properties. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 1545.

Oerlemans, J., 1980: A case study of a sub ynoptic disturbance in a polar outbreak. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 313-325.

Oerlemans, J., 2002: Global dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheet. Climate Dynamics, 19, 85-94.

Oerlemans, J. and H. M. v. d. Dool, 1978: Energy balance climate models: Stability experiments with a refined albedo and updated coefficients for infrared emission. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 371-381.

Oerlemans, J. and H. F. Vugts, 1993: A meteorological experiment in the melting zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 355-365.

Oey, L.-Y., 1995: Eddy and windforced shelf circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8621-8637.

Oey, L.-Y. and and, 1992: A model simulation of circulation in the Northeast Atlantic shelves and seas. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20087-20115.

Oey, L.-Y. and P. Chen, 1992: A nested-grid ocean model: With application for the simulation of meanders and eddies in the Norwegian coastal current. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20063-20086.

Oey, L.-Y., T. Ezer, G. L. Mellor, and P. Chen, 1992: A model study of ''bump'' induced western boundary current variabilities. J. Mar. Sys., 3, 321-342.

Oey, L.-Y., G. L. Mellor, and R. I. Hires, 1985: A three-dimensional simulation of the Hudson-Raritan estuary. Part I: Description of the model and model simulations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1676-1692.

of Arizona, T. and and, 1988: The southwest branch of the North American monsoon during summer 1979. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1175-1187.

of Arizona, T., A. Reyes, S., and D. L. Cadet, 1986: Atmospheric water vapor and surface flow patterns over the tropical Americas during May-August 1979. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 582-593.

of Chicago, R., J., and C. Williams, 1991: An integrated visual language and software development environment. J. Visual Languages Comput., 2, 217-246.

of Maryland. Newell, R. A. and J. W. Kidson, 1984: African mean wind changes between Sahelian wet and dry periods. J. Climatol., 4, 1-7.

of Science Press. Squires, P., 1958: Penetrative downdraughts in cumuli. Tellus, 10, 382-389.

of the sphere., L. M. L., 1977: On the selection of grids for semi-implicit schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 236-238.

of Wisconsin-Madison, M., W. Liao, X., W. B. Rossow, and D. Rind, 1995: Comparison between SAGE II and ISCCP high-level clouds. Part I: Global and zonal mean cloud amounts. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1121-1135.

of Wisconsin-Madison WI. Liao, W. L. and and, 1995: Comparison between SAGE II and ISCCP high-level clouds. Part II: Locating cloud tops. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1137-1147.

Office. Bates, J. J., 1991: High-frequency variability of Special Sensor Microwave/Imager derived wind speed and moisture during an intraseasonal oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3411-3423.

Officer, C. B., 1976: Physical Oceanography of Estuaries (and Associated Coastal Waters). Wiley , Sons. 465.

Offiler, D., 1994: The Calibration of ERS-1 Satellite Scatterometer Winds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1002-1017.

Ofuruton, H., N. Kondo, M. Kamogawa, M. Aoki, and Y. I. Ohtsuki, 2001: Experimental conditions for ball lightning creation by using air gap discharge embedded in a microwave field (Paper 2000JD900726). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,637-12,730.

Ogata, S. and K. Watanabe, 2002: Limiting maximum drag-reduction asymptote for the moment coefficient of a rotating disk in drag-reducing surfactant solution. J. Fluid Mech., 457, 325-338.

Ogawa, Y., P. G. Diosey, K. Uehara, and H. Ueda, 1981: A wind tunnel for studying the effects of thermal stratification in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ., 15, 807-821.

Ogawa, Y., T. Ohara, S. Wakamatsu, P. G. Diosey, and I. Uno, 1986: Observations of lake breeze penetration and subsequent development of the thermal internal boundary layer for the Nanticoke II shoreline diffusion experiment. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 35, 207-230.

Oglesby, R. J., 1991: Springtime soil moisture variability, and North American drought as simulated by the NCAR Community Cli-mate Model I. J. Climate, 4, 890-897.

Oglesby, R. J., 1991: Springtime soil moisture variability, and North American drought as simulated by the NCAR Community Climate Model I. J. Climate, 4, 890-897.

Oglesby, R. J. and D. J. E. an, 1989: Soil moisture and the persistence of North American drought. J. Climate, 2, 1362-1380.

Oglesby, R. J., S. Marshall, and F. R. Robertson, 2001: Diagnosing warm season precipitation over the GCIP region fro a GCM and reanalysis. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3357.

Oguchi, T., 1977: Scattering properties of Pruppacherand-Pitter form raindrops and cross polarization due to rain: Calculations at 11, 13, 19.3 and 34.8 GHz. Radio Sci., 12, 41-51.

Oguchi, T., 1981: Scattering from hydrometeors: A survey. Radio Sci., 16, 691-730.

Oguchi, T., 1983: Electromagnetic wave propagation and scattering in rain and other hydrometeors. Proc. IEEE, 71, 1029-1078.

Ogura, H., 1971: Spectra representation of periodic nonstationary random processes. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 17, 143-149.

Ogura, Y., 1962: Energy transfer in a normally distributed and isotropic turbulent velocity field in two dimensions. Phys. Fluids, 5, 395-401.

Ogura, Y., 1963: A review of numerical modeling research on small-scale convection in the atmosphere. Meteor. Monogr., 5, 65-76.

Ogura, Y., 1963: A consequence of the zero-fourth-cumulant approximation in the decay of isotropic turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 16, 33-40.

Ogura, Y., 1971: A numerical study of wave-number selection in finite-amplitude Rayleigh convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 709-717.

Ogura, Y., 1972: Clouds and convection. CARP Publication, Series No. 8, WMO, 20-29 pp.

Ogura, Y., 1975: On the interaction between cumulus clouds and the larger scale environment. Pure Appl. Geophys., 113, 869-889.

Ogura, Y., 1985: Modeling studies of convection. Issues in Atmospheric and Ocean Modeling, Saltzman, B., Ed., Academic Press, 387-422.

Ogura, Y. and J. Charney, 1962: A numerical model of thermal convection in the atmosphere. Proc. of the international symposium on N. W. P., Tokyo, Japan`, 431-451.

Ogura, Y. and Y.-L. Chen, 1977: A life history of an intense mesoscale convective storm in Oklahoma. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1458-1476.

Ogura, Y., Y.-L. Chen, J. Russell, and S.-T. Soong, 1979: On the formation of organized convective systems observed over the eastern Atlantic. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 426-441.

Ogura, Y., Y.-L. Chen, J. Russell, and S.-T. Soong, 1979: On the formation of organized convection in the eastern Atlantic. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 426-441.

Ogura, Y. and H.-N. Chin, 1987: A case study of cross-equatorial twin vortices over the Pacific in the northern winter using FGGE data. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 65, 669-674.

Ogura, Y. and H.-R. Cho, 1973: Diagnostic determination of cumulus populations from large-scale variables. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 12761286.

Ogura, Y. and K. Hoshino, 2001: A Bore-like Disturbance Observed in the Kanto Plain Area. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 79, 1257-1268.

Ogura, Y. and C.-Y. J. Kao, 1987: Numerical simulation of a tropical mesoscale convective system using the Arakawa-Schubert parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2459-2476.

Ogura, Y. and M.-T. Liou, 1980: The structure of a midlatitude squall line: A case study. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 553-567.

Ogura, Y. and N. A. Phillips, 1962: Scale analysis of deep and shallow convection in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 19, 173-1,79.

Ogura, Y. and N. A. Phillips, 1962: Scale analysis of deep and shal-low convection in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 19, 173-179.

Ogura, Y. and D. Portis, 1982: Structure of the cold front observed in SESAME-AYE III and its comparison with the Hoskins-Bretherton frontogenesis model. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2773-2792.

Ogura, Y. and T. Takahashi, 1971: Numerical simulation of the life cycle of a thunderstorm cell. Mon. Wea. Rev., 99, 895-911.

Ogura, Y. and T. Takahashi, 1973: The development of warm rain in a cumulus cloud. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 262-277.

Ogura, Y. and T. Takahashi, 1973: The development of warm rain in a cumulus model. J. A tmos. Sci., 30, 262-277.

Oh, H. S., H. Kim, and S. J. Lee, 2001: The Numerical Methods for Oscillating Singularities in Elliptic Boundary Value Problems. J. Comp. Phy., 170, 742-763.

O'Handley, C. and L. F. Bosart, 1989: Subsynoptic-scale structure in a major synoptic-scale cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 607-630.

Ohara, T., T. Uno, and S. Wakamatsu, 1989: Observed structure of a land breeze head in the Tokyo metropolitan area. J. Appl. Meteor., 28, 693-704.

Ohashi, Y. and H. Kida, 2002: Local Circulations Developed in the Vicinity of Both Coastal and Inland Urban Areas: A Numerical Study with a Mesoscale Atmospheric Model. J. App. Meteor., 41, 30-45.

Ohashi, Y. and H. Kida, 2002: Numerical Experiments on the Weak-Wind Region Formed Ahead of the Sea-Breeze Front. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 519-527.

Ohashi, Y., H. Kida, L. Tian, T. Yao, A. Numaguti, and W. Sun, 2001: Observational Results of the Sea Breeze with a Weak Wind Region over the Northern Osaka Urban Area

Stable Isotope Variations in Monsoon Precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 79, 949-955.

Ohata, T., K. Higuchi, and K. Ikegami, 1981: Mountain-valley wind system in the Khumbu Himal, East Nepal. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 59, 753-672.

O'Hirok, W. and C. Gautier, 1998: A Three-Dimensional Radiative Transfer Model to Investigate the Solar Radiation within a Cloudy Atmosphere. Part I: Spatial Effects. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2162-2179.

O'Hirok, W. and C. Gautier, 1998: A Three-Dimensional Radiative Transfer Model to Investigate the Solar Radiation within a Cloudy Atmosphere. Part II: Spectral Effects. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3065-3076.

Ohl, C. O. G., P. H. Taylor, R. E. Taylor, and A. G. L. Borthwick, 2001: Water wave diffraction by a cylinder array. Part 2. Irregular waves. J. Fluid Mech., 442, 33-66.

Ohl, C. O. G., R. E. Taylor, P. H. Taylor, and A. G. L. Borthwick, 2001: Water wave diffraction by a cylinder array. Part 1. Regular waves. J. Fluid Mech., 442, 1-32.

Ohmura, A., 2001: Physical Basis for the Temperature-Based Melt-Index Method. J. App. Meteor., 40, 753.

Ohmura, A. and and, 1993: Reevaluation of the global energy balance. Geophys. Monogr. No. 75, IUGG, 93-110.

Ohmura, A. and H. Gilgen, 1991: Global Energy Balance Archive (GEBA). World Climate Program-Water Project A7, Report 2: The GEBA Database, Interactive Application.

Ohring, G., P. F. Clapp, T. R. Headdinghouse, and A. F. Kruger, 1981: The quasi global distribution of the sensitivity of the earth-atmosphere radiation budget to clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2539-2541.

Ohring, G., A. Gruber, and R. Ellingson, 1984: Satellite determinations of the relationship between total longwave radiation flux and infrared window radiance. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 416-425.

Ohsaki, Y., K. Nakamura, and T. Takeda, 2001: Simulation-Based Analysis of Dependence of the Mean Storm Height Measured by a Spaceborne Radar on Its Angle from the Nadir. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 1127-1135.

Ohsawa, T., T. Hayashi, and J. Matsumoto, 2000: Intraseasonal variation of monsoon activities associated with the rainfall over Bangladesh during the 1995 summer monsoon season. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29445.

Ohtake, T., 1963: Hemispheric investigation of warm rain by radiosonde data. J. Appl. Meteor., 2, 594-607.

Ohtaki, E., O. Tsukamoto, Y. Iwatani, and Y. Mitsuta, 1989: Measurements of the carbon dioxide flux over the ocean. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 67, 541-554.

Ohtani, K., 1970: Relative transport in the Alaskan Stream in winter. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 26, 271-282.

Ohtani, K., 1989: The role of the Sea of Okhotsk on the Oyashio Water (in Japanese). Umi to Sora. 65, 63-83.

Ohtani, R. and I. Naito, 2000: Comparisons of GPS-derived precipitable water vapors with radiosonde observations in Japan. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26917.

Ohwada, T., 2002: On the Construction of Kinetic Schemes. J. Compu. Phy., 177, 156-175.

Oikarinen, L., 2001: Polarization of light in UV-visible limb radiance measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 1533.

OK. Dolfi-Bouteyre, A., C. Loth, G. Ancellet, and P. H. Flamant, 1988: A coherent pulsed CO2 lidar system for backscatter measurement. 14th International Laser Radar Conf. San Candido, Italy, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche.

Oka, A., H. Hasumi, and N. Suginohara, 2001: Stabilization of thermohaline circulation by wind-driven and vertical diffusive salt transport. Climate Dynamics, 18, 71-84.

Okada, I. and T. Yamanouchi, 2002: Seasonal Change of the Atmospheric Heat Budget over the Southern Ocean from ECMWF and ERBE Data. J. Climate, 15, 2527-2536.

Okamoto, K., S. Miyazaki, and T. Ishida, 1979: Remote sensing of precipitation by a satellite-borne microwave remote sensor. Acta Astronautica. 6, 1043-1060.

Okamoto, K., T. Ojima, S. Yoshikado, H. Masuko, H. Inomata, and N. Fugono, 1982: System design and examination of spaceborne microwave rain scatterometer. Acta Astronaut. 9, 713-721.

Okamoto, S. and K. Shiozawa, 1978: Validation of an air pollution model for the Keihin area. Atmos. Environ., 12, 2139-2149.

Oke, J. B. and R. E. Schild, 1970: The absolute spectral energy distribution of Alpha Lyrae. Astrophys. J., 161, 1015-1023.

Oke, T. R., 1973: City size and the urban heat island. Atmos. Environ., 7, 769-779.

Oke, T. R., 1976: The distinction between canopy and boundary-layer urban heat islands. Atmosphere, 14, 268-277.

Oke, T. R., 1978: Boundary Layer Climates. Methuen and Sons, 372 pp.

Oke, T. R., Ed., 1978: Boundary Layer Climates. Methuen and Sons, 435 pp.

Oke, T. R., 1982: The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 1-24.

Oke, T. R. and R. F. Fuggle, 1972: Comparison of urban/rural counter and net radiation at night. Bound. Layer Meteor., 2, 290-308.

Okeyo, A. E., 1982: A two-dimensional numerical model of the lake-land and sea-land breezes over Kenya, Dept. of Meteorology, University of Nairobipp, Kenya.

Okeyo, A. E., 1987: The influence of Lake Victoria on the convective activities over the Kenya highlands. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, Spe-cial volume, 689-695.

Oki, R. and A. Sumi, 1994: Sampling simulation of TRMM rainfall estimation using radar-AMeDAS composites. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 1597-1608.

Okland, H., 1990: The dynamics of coastal troughs and coastal fronts. Tellus, 42A, 444-462.

Okland, H. and Y. Gotaas, 1995: Modelling and prediction of steam fog. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 68, 121-131.

Okongo, N. A. and J. Bellan, 2002: Direct numerical simulation of a transitional supercritical binary mixing layer: heptane and nitrogen. J. Fluid Mech., 464, 1-34.

Okoola, R. E. A., 1989: Westward moving disturbances in the southwest Indian Ocean. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 41, 35-44.

Okuyama, K., Y. Kousaka, Y. Kida, and T. Yoshida, 1977: Turbulent coagulation of aerosols in a stirred tank. J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 10, 142-147.

Olafsson, H. and P. Bougeault, 1996: Nonliear flow past an elliptic mountain range. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2465-2489.

Ólafsson, H. and P. Bougeault, 1997: The Effect of Rotation and Surface Friction on Orographic Drag. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 193-210.

Olaguer, E. P., H. Yang, and K. K. Tung, 1992: A reexamination of the radiative balance of the stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1242-1263.

Olanski, I., B. Ross, L. Polinsky, and R. Shaginaw, 1985: Advances in the theory of atmospheric fronts. Issues in Atmospheric and Ocean Modeling, Saltzman, B., Ed., Academic Press, 223-254.

Olbers, D., 1989: Diffusion parameterizations for the climatological circulation of the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean. Parameterization of Small-Scale Processes. Proc. 'Aha Huliko'a Hawaiian Winter Workshop, Hawaiian Inst. Geophysics, 181-203.

Olbers, D., 1992: Hydrographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean. Alfred Wegener Institut. 82.

Olbers, D. J., 1983: Models of the oceanic internal wave field. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 21, 1567-1606.

Olbers, D. J., M. Wenzel, and J. Willebrand, 1985: The inference of North Atlantic circulation patterns from climatological hydrographic data. Rev. Geophys., 23, 313-356.

Oldenborgh, G. J. v., G. Burgers, S. Venzke, C. Eckert, and R. Giering, 1999: Tracking Down the ENSO Delayed Oscillator with an Adjoint OGCM. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1477-1496.

Olendraru, C. and A. Sellier, 2002: Viscous effects in the absolute-convective instability of the Batchelor vortex. J. Fluid Mech., 459, 371-396.

O'Lenic, E., 1994: A new paradigm for production and dissemination of the NWS's long lead-time seasonal climate outlooks. Proc. 19th Annual Climate Diagnostics Workshop, College Park, MD.

O'Lenic, E. A. and R. E. Livezey, 1988: Practical considerations in the use of rotated principal component analysis (RCPA) in the diagnostic studies of upper-air height fields. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1682-1689.

O'Lenic, E. A. and R. E. Livezey, 1989: Relationships between systematic errors in medium range numerical forecasts and some of the principal modes of low-frequency variability of the Northern Hemisphere 700 mb circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1262-1280.

Olesen, F.-S. and H. Grassl, 1985: Cloud detection and classification over oceans at night with NOAA-7. Int. J. Remote. Sens., 6, 1435-1444.

Olesen, H. R., S. E. Larsen, and J. Hojstrup, 1984: Modelling velocity spectra in the lower part of the planetary boundary layer. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 29, 285-312.

Oleson, K. W., K. L. Driese, J. A. Maslanik, W. J. Emery, and W. A. Reiners, 1997: The Sensitivity of a Land Surface Parameterization Scheme to the Choice of Remotely Sensed Land-Cover Datasets. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1537-1555.

Olfe, D. B. and R. L. Lee, 1971: Linearized calculations of urban heat island convection effects. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1374-1388.

Oliger, J. and A. Sundstrom, 1978: Theoretical and practical aspects of some initial boundary value problems in fluid dynamics. SIAM J. Appl. Math., 35, 419-446.

Oliger, J. and S. A. Sundstrom, 1976: Theoretical and practical aspects of some intial-boundary value problems in fluid dynamicsSTAN-CS-76-578.

Oliphant, A. J., A. P. Sturman, and N. J. Tapper, 2001: The evolution and structure of a tropical island sea/land-breeze system, northern Australia. Meteor. Atmos. Phy., 78, 45-60.

Olivari, D. and V. Babuska, 1990: Use of video camera recording and digital image processing for the analysis of pollutant dispersion in the near wake of a cube. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 34, 291-300.

Oliveira, A. P. and D. R. Fitzjarrald, 1994: The Amazon River breeze and the local boundary layer. Part II: Linear analysis and modeling. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 67, 75-96.

Oliver, D. A., W. S. Lewellen, and G. G. Williamson, 1978: The interaction between turbulent and radiative transport in the development of fog and low-level stratus. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 301-316.

Oliver, H. R., 1971: Wind profiles in and above a forest canopy. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 97, 548-553.

Oliver, R. C., 1976: On the response of hemispheric mean temperature to stratospheric dust: An empirical approach. J. Appl. Meteor., 15, 933-950.

Olsen, R. L., D. V. Rogers, and D. B. Hodge, 1978: The aR b relation in the calculation of rain attenuation. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., AP-26, 318-329.

Olson, D. A., 1985: The impact of existing boundaries on the usefulness of operational model QPF. Preprints, Sixth Conf. on Hydrometeorology, Indianapolis, IN.

Olson, D. A., N. W. Junker, and B. Korty, 1995: Evaluation of 33 years of quantitative precipitation forecasting at NMC. Wea. Forecasting, 10, 498-511.

Olson, D. B., 1980: The physical oceanography of two rings observed by the cyclonic ring experiment. Part II: Dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 514-528.

Olson, D. B., 1991: Rings in the ocean. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 19, 283-311.

Olson, D. B. and R. H. Evans, 1986: Rings of the Agulhas current. Deep-Sea Res., 33, 27-42.

Olson, D. B., R. A. Fine, and A. L. Gordon, 1992: Convective modification of water masses in the Agulhas. Deep-Sea Res.(Suppl.), S163-S1-81.

Olson, D. B., G. H. Ostlund, and J. Sarmiento, 1986: The western boundary undercurrent off the Bahamas. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 233-240.

Olson, D. B., G. P. Podesta, R. H. Evans, and O. B. Brown, 1988: Temporal variations in the separation of Brazil and Malvinas Currents. Deep-Sea Res., 35, 1971-1990.

Olson, D. B., R. W. Schmitt, M. Kennelly, and T. M. Joyce, 1985: A two-layer diagnostic model of the longterm physical evolution of warm-core ring 82B. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 8813-8822.

Olson, D. B., F. A. Schott, R. J. Zantopp, and K. D. Leaman, 1984: The mean circulation east of the Bahamas as determined from a recent measurement program and historical XBT data. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 1470-1487.

Olson, J. S., J. A. Watts, and L. J. Allison, 1983: Carbon in live vegetation of major world ecosystems. ORNL-5862, Environmental Sciences Division Publ. 1997. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak.

Olson, W. S., 1989: Physical retrieval of rainfall rates over the ocean by multispectral microwave radiometry: Application to tropical cyclones. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 2267-2280.

Olson, W. S., P. Bauer, C. D. Kummerow, Y. Hong, and W. K. Tao, 2001: A Melting-Layer Model for Passive/Active Microwave Remote Sensing Applications. Part II: Simulation of TRMM Observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1164-1179.

Olson, W. S., P. Bauer, N. F. Viltard, D. E. Johnson, W. K. Tao, R. Meneghini, and L. Liao, 2001: A Melting-Layer Model for Passive/Active Microwave Remote Sensing Applications. Part I: Model Formulation and Comparison with Observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1145-1163.

Olson, W. S., Y. Hong, C. D. Kummerow, and J. Turk, 2001: A Texture-Polarization Method for Estimating Convective-Stratiform Precipitation Area Coverage from Passive Microwave Radiometer Data. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1577-1591.

Olson, W. S. and C. D. Kummerow, 1996: Simulated retrieval of precipitation profiles from TRMM Microwave Imager and Precipitation Radar data. Proc. Eighth Conf. on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, Atlanta, GA.

Olson, W. S., C. D. Kummerow, G. M. Heymsfield, and L. Giglio, 1996: A method for combined passiveactive microwave retrievals of cloud and precipitation profiles. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 1763-1789.

Olsson, P. Q. and W. R. Cotton, 1997: Balanced and Unbalanced Circulations in a Primitive Equation Simulation of a Midlatitude MCC. Part I: The Numerical Simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 457-478.

Olsson, P. Q. and W. R. Cotton, 1997: Balanced and Unbalanced Circulations in a Primitive Equation Simulation of a Midlatitude MCC. Part II: Analysis of Balance. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 479-497.

Oltmans, S. J. and D. J. Hofmann, 1995: Increase in lower-stratospheric water vapor at a midlatitude Northern Hemisphere site from 1981 to 1994. Nature, 374, 146-149.

Oltmans, S. J. and J. London, 1982: The quasi-biennial oscillation in atmospheric ozone. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8981-8989.

Oman, S. D., 1982: Shrinking towards subspaces in multiple regression. Technometrics, 24, 307-311.

Omnes, P. and P. Louvet, 2001: Self-consistent Numerical Simulation of Isotope Separation by Selective Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating in a Magnetically Confined Plasma. J. Comput. Phy., 172, 326-347.

Omoto, Y., 1965: On pre-frontal precipitation zones in the United States. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 43, 310-330.

Omoto, Y. and H. Seino, 1978: On relationships between hailfall characteristics and crop damage. J. Agric. Meteor. Tokyo, 34, 65-76.

on Ozone. Paris, F. V. and A., 1977: Internal boundary layer development and fu-migation. Atmos. Environ., 11, 479-482.

Oncley, S. P., A. C. Delany, T. W. Horst, and P. P. Tans, 1993: Verification of flux measurement using relaxed eddy accumulation. Atmos. Environ., 27, 2417-2426.

O'Neill, A. and and, 1993: The coupling between radiation and dynamics in the stratosphere. Adv. Space Res., 13, 351-358.

O'Neill, A., W. L. Grose, V. D. Pope, H. Maclean, and R. Swinbank, 1994: Evolution of the stratosphere during northern winter 1991/ 92 as diagnosed from U.K. meteorological office analyses. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2800-2817.

O'Neill, A. and V. D. Pope, 1988: Simulations of linear and nonlinear disturbances in the stratosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 1063-1110.

O'Neill, N. T., 1997: Perturbation Correction to the Two-Stream Model Applied to the Earth's Atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 231-236.

Onishi, G., 1968: Numerical study on atmospheric boundary layer flow over inhomogeneous terrain. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 46, 280-286.

Onishi, H. and K. Ohtani, 1993: Zonal transport estimation from geostrophic flow in the North Pacific subarctic gyre. Abstracts, Second Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES). 25-30.

Onken, R., 1992: Mesoscale upwelling and density finestructure in the seasonal thermocline-a dynamical model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 1257-1273.

Onken, R., 1994: The asymmetry of western boundary currents in the upper Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 928-948.

Ono, A. and F. Sakuma, 1991: ASTER calibration concept. Proc. SPIE, 1490, 285-298.

Ono, H., 1975: Algebraic solitary waves in stratified fluids. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 39, 1082-1091.

Onton, D. J. and W. J. Steenburgh, 2001: Diagnostic and Sensitivity Studies of the 7 December 1998 Great Salt Lake-Effect Snowstorm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1318-1338.

Oochs, H. J. I. and D. B. Johnson, 1980: Urban effects on the properties of first echoes. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 1160-1166.

Ookouchi, Y., 1972: A computation scheme for the nesting fine mesh in the primitive equation model. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 50, 37-47.

Ookouchi, Y., 1978: Preliminary test of typhoon forecast with a moving~nulti-nested grid (MNG. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 56, 571-582.

Ookouchi, Y., 1992: On the parameter dependence of two-dimensional sea-breeze models. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 689-701.

Ookouchi, Y., M. Segal, R. C. Kessler, and R. A. Pielke, 1984: Evaluation of soil moisture effects on the generation and modification of mesoscale circulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 2281-2292.

Ookouchi, Y., M. Segal, R. C. Kessler, and R. A. Pielke, 1984: Evaluation of soil moisture effects on the generation and modification of mesoscale circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 2281-2292.

Ookouchi, Y., M. Uryu, and R. Sawada, 1978: A numerical study of the effects of a mountain on the land and sea breezes. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 56, 368-385.

Oort, A. H., 1964: On estimates of the atmospheric energy cycle. Mon. Weal Rev., 92, 483-493.

Oort, A. H., 1974: Year-to-year variations in the energy balance of the Arctic atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 79, 1253-1260.

Oort, A. H., 1983: Global atmosphere circulation statistics. 19581973. NOAA Prof. Paper No. 14, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 180.

Oort, A. H., 1983: Global Atmospheric Circulation Statistics. 19581973. NOAA Prof. Paper 14, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Commerce.

Oort, A. H., 1993: Observed humidity trends in the atmosphere. Preprints, Proc., 17th Annual Climate Diagnostics Workshop, Norman, OK.

Oort, A. H., 1994: An investigation of the historical station records of upper air humidity. Preprints, Proc., 18th Annual Climate Diagnostics Workshop, Boulder, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Oort, A. H. and and, 1983: Global angular momentum and energy balance requirements from observations. Adv. Geophys., 25, 355-490.

Oort, A. H., Y. H. Pan, R. W. Reynolds, and C. F. Ropelewski, 1987: Historical trends in the surface temperature over the oceans based on the COADS. Climate Dyn., 2, 29-38.

Oort, A. H. and J. P. Peixot, 1983: Global angular momentum and energy balance requirements from observations. Theory of Climate, Saltzman, B., Ed., Academic Press, 355-490.

Oort, A. H. and J. P. Peixoto, 1974: The annual cycle of the energetics of the atmosphere on a planetary scale. J. Geophys. Res., 79, 2705-2719.

Oort, A. H. and J. P. Peixoto, 1983: Global angular momentum and energy balance requirements from observations. Adv. Geophys., 25, 355-490.

Oort, A. H. and E. M. Rasmussen, 1981: Atmospheric circulation statistics. NOAA Prof. Paper 5. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 3-23.

Oort, A. H. and E. M. Rasmusson, 1970: On the annual variation of the monthly mean meridional circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98, 423-442.

Oort, A. H. and E. M. Rasmusson, 1971: Atmospheric circulation statistics. NOAA Prof. Pap. 5. 323.

Oort, A. H. and J. J. Yienger, 1996: Observed variability in the Hadley circulation and its connection with ENSO. J. Climate, 9, 2751-2767.

Oortwijn, J., 1998: Predictability of the Onset of Blocking and Strong Zonal Flow Regimes. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 973-994.

Oortwijn, J., 1999: Growth Properties of Optimal Transition Perturbations. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2491-2511.

Oortwijn, J. and J. Barkmeijer, 1995: Perturbations that optimally trigger weather regimes. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3932-3944.

Oost, W. A., G. J. Komen, C. M. Jacobs, and C. VanOort, 2002: New evidence for a relation between wind stress and wave age from measurements during ASGAMAGE. Bound. Layer Meteor., 103, 409-438.

Ooyama, K., 1964: A dynamical model for the study of tropical cyclone development. Geofis. Int., 4, 187-198.

Ooyama, K., 1969: Numerical simulation of the life cycle of tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 3-40.

Ooyama, K., 1971: A theory on parameterization of cumulus convection. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 49, 744-756.

Ooyama, K., 1982: Conceptual evolution of the theory and modeling of the tropical cyclone. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 369-379.

Ooyama, K., 1987: Scale-controlled objective analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2476-2506.

Ooyama, K. V., 1969: Numerical simulation of the life-cycle of tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 3-40.

Ooyama, K. V., 1971: A theory of parameterization of cumulus convection. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 49, 744-756.

Ooyama, K. V., 1982: Conceptual evolution of the theory and modeling of the tropical cyclone. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., Ser. 1, 160, 369-380.

Ooyama, K. V., 1982: Conceptual evolution and modeling of tropical cyclones. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 369-380.

Ooyama, K. V., 1987: Numerical experiments of steady and transient jets with a simple model of the hurricane outflow layer. Extended Abstracts. 17th Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Miami, FL.

Ooyama, K. V., 1987: Scale controlled objective analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2479-2506.

Ooyama, K. V., 1987: Numerical experiments of steady and transient jets with a simple model of the hurricane outflow layer. Extended Abstracts, 17th Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Miami, FL. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 318-320.

Ooyama, K. V., 1987: Scale-controlled objective analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2479-2506.

Ooyama, K. V., 2002: The Cubic-Spline Transform Method: Basic Definitions and Tests in a 1D Single Domain. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2392-2415.

Ooyama, V. K., 1969: Numerical simulation of the life cycle of tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 3-40.

Ooyama, V. K., 1982: Conceptual evolution of the theory and modeling of the tropical cyclone. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 369-379.

Ooyama, V. K., 1982: Schemes and Closures. Workshop on the Impact of Cumulus Parameterization on Large-Scale Numerical Weather Prediction, Tallahassee, FL. [Available from the author, HRD/ AOML/NOAA, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway].

Ooyama, V. K., 1987: Scale-controlled objective analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2479-2506.

Or, A. C., L. Cortelezzi, and J. L. Speyer, 2001: Robust feedback control of Rayleigh-Benard convection. J. Fluid Mech., 437, 175-202.

Or, A. C. and R. E. Kelly, 2001: Feedback control of weakly nonlinear Rayleigh-Benard-Marangoni convection. J. Fluid Mech., 440, 27-48.

Oravec, R. J. and R. H. Grumm, 1993: The prediction of rapidly deepening cyclones by NMC's Nested Grid Model: Winter 1989-Autumn 1991. Wea. Forecasting, 8, 248-270.

Oreopoulos, L., R. F. Cahalan, and G. Wen, 2000: A New Normalized Difference Cloud Retrieval Technique Applied to Landsat Radiances over the Oklahoma ARM Site. J. App. Meteor., 39, 2305.

Orf, L. G. and J. R. Anderson, 1999: A Numerical Study of Traveling Microbursts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1244-1258.

Organisations, B. S. B., B. Vukovitch, and F. M., 1983: An analysis of the ground temperature and reflectivity pattern about St Louis, Missouri, using HCMM satellite data. J. Climate Appl. Meteor. 22, 560-571.

Organization. Farrar, T. J., S. E. Nicholson, and A. R. Lare, 1994: The influence of soil type on the relationships between NDVI, rainfall and soil moisture in semi-arid Botswana. Part II: Relationship to soil moisture. Remote Sens. Environ., 50, 121-130. Goutorbe.

Orgill, M. M. and G. A. Sehmel, 1976: Frequency and diurnal variation of dust storms in the contiguous U.S.A. Atmos. Environ., 10, 813-825.

Orheim, O. and B. K. Lucchitta, 1988: Numerical analysis of Landsat Thematic Mapper images of Antarctica: Surface temperatures and physical properties. Ann. Glaciol. 11, 109-120.

Orlandi, P. and R. A. Antonia, 2002: Dependence of the non-stationary form of Yaglom's equation on the Schmidt number. J. Fluid Mech., 451, 99-108.

Orlandini, S. and I. Morlini, 2000: Artificial neural network estimation of rainfall intensity from radar observations. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24849.

Orlanski, I., 1968: Instability of frontal waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 178-200.

Orlanski, I., 1969: The influence of bottom topography on the stability of jets in a baroclinic fluid. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 1216-1232.

Orlanski, I., 1973: Trapeze instability as a source of internal gravity waves. Part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1007-1016.

Orlanski, I., 1975: A rational subdivision of scales for atmospheric processes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 56, 527-530.

Orlanski, I., 1976: A simple boundary condition for unbounded hyperbolic flows. J. Comput. Phys., 21, 251-269.

Orlanski, I., 1981: The quasi-hydrostatic approximation. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 572-582.

Orlanski, I., 1983: The influence of nesting in limiting mesoscale predictability. IAMAP General Assembly, Hamburg, IGUU.

Orlanski, I., 1984: Scale analysis and equations of motion for mesoscale. Draft manuscript prepared for a Nordic course on Mesoscale Meteorology, Pinnarpsbaden, Sweden, May 30June 10,1983. Organized by Swedish Meteorology and Hydrology Institute.

Orlanski, I., 1986: Localized baroclinicity: A source for meso- cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2857-2885.

Orlanski, I., 1998: Poleward Deflection of Storm Tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2577-2602.

Orlanski, I. and and, 1995: Stages in the energetics of baroclinic systems. Tellus, 47A, 605-628.

Orlanski, I. and K. Bryan, 1969: Formation of the thermocline step structure by large amplitude internal gravity waves. J. Geophys. Res., 74, 183-196.

Orlanski, I. and C. P. Cerasoli, 1981: Energy transfer among internal gravity modes: weak and strong interactions. J. Geophys. Res., 26 (C5), 4103-4124.

Orlanski, I. and E. K. M. Chang, 1993: Ageostrophic geopotential fluxes in downstream and upstream development of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 212-225.

Orlanski, I. and K. M. Chang, 1993: Ageostrophic geopotential fluxes in downstream and upstream development of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 212-225.

Orlanski, I. and B. D. Gross, 1994: Orographic modification of cyclone development. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 589-611.

Orlanski, I. and J. Katzfey, 1991: The life cycle of a cyclone wave in the Southern Hemisphere. Part I: Eddy energy budget. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1972-1998.

Orlanski, I., D. Miller, and K. Miyakoda, 1983: The impact of initialization-analyses in the forecasting of mesoscale precipitation patterns. Preprint, for the First Conference on Mesoscale Meteorology, 31 May-3 June.

Orlanski, I. and L. J. Polinsky, 1983: Ocean response to mesoscale atmospheric forcing. Tellus, 35A, 296-323.

Orlanski, I., B. Ross, and L. Polinsky, 1973: Diurnal variation of the planetary boundary layer in :a mesoscale model. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 965-989.

Orlanski, I., B. Ross, and L. Polinsky, 1974: Diurnal variation of the planetary boundary layer in a mesoscale model. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 965-989.

Orlanski, I. and B. B. Ross, 1973: Numerical simulation of the generation and breaking of internal gravity waves. J. Geophys. Res., 78(36), 8808-8826.

Orlanski, I. and B. B. Ross, 1977: The circulation associated with a cold front. Part I: Dry case. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1619-1633.

Orlanski, I. and B. B. Ross, 1977: The circulation associated with a cold front. Part I: Numerical simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1619-1633.

Orlanski, I. and B. B. Ross, 1984: The evolution of a cold front. Part II: Mesoscale dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1669-1703.

Orlanski, I. and J. Sheldon, 1993: A case of downstream baroclinic development over western North America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2929-2950.

Orlanski, I. and J. P. Sheldon, 1995: Stages in the energetics of baroclinic systems. Tellus, 47A, 605-628.

Orlanski, l. and B. B. Ross, 1984: The evolution of an observed cold front. Part II: Mesoscale dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 16691703.

Orlic¥, M., M. Gac?ic¥, and P. L. Violette, 1992: The currents and circulation of the Adriatic Sea. Oceanol. Acta, 15, 109-124.

Orlic¥, M., M. Kuzmic¥, and I. Pasaric¥, 1994: Response of the Adriatic Sea to the bora and sirocco forcing. Contin. Shelf Res., 14, 91-116.

Ormsby, J. F. A., 1961: Design of numerical filters with applications to missile data processing. J. Assoc. Comput. Mach., 8, 440-466.

Oroud, I. M., 2001: Dynamics of evaporation from saline water bodies. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 4695.

Orr, B. W., B. E. Martner, and J. S. Gibson, 1994: A test of wind profiler cloud detection capability. Preprints, Third Int. Symp. on Tropospheric Profiling, Hamburg, Germany.

Orr, C., F. K. Hurd, and W. J. Corbett, 1958: Aerosol size and relative humidity. J. Colloid Sci., 13, 472-482.

Orr, W. M. F., 1907: Stability or instability of the steady motions of a perfect liquid. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 27, 9-69.

Orrell, D., 2002: Role of the metric in forecast error growth: how chaotic is the weather? Tellus, 54, 350-362.

Orsi, A., T. W. III, and W. N. Jr., 1995: On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep-Sea Res. 42, 641-673.

Orszag, 1971: Numerical simulation of incompressible flows within simple boundaries: Galerkin, spectral representation. Stud. Appl. Math., 50, 293-327.

Orszag, S. A., 1970: Transform method for the calculation of vector coupled sums: Application to the spectral form of the vorticity equation. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 890-895.

Orszag, S. A., 1970: Analytical theories of turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 41, 363-386.

Orszag, S. A., 1970: Transform method for calculating vector-coupled sums: Application to the spectral form of the vorticity equation. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 890-895.

Orszag, S. A., 1971: Numerical simulation of incompressible flows within simple boundaries: Accuracy. J. Fluid Mech., 49, 76-112.

Ortega, J. M., 1987: Introduction to Parallel and Vector Solution of Linear Systems, Frontiers of Computer Science. Plenum Press. 305.

Ortiz, M. J. and A. R. d. Elvira, 1985: A cyclo-stationary model of sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. Tellus, 37A, 14-23.

Orville, H. D., 1964: On mountain upslope winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 622-633.

Orville, H. D., 1965: A numerical study of the initiation of cumulus clouds over mountainous terrain. J. Atmos. Sci., 22, 684-699.

Orville, H. D., 1968: Ambient wind effects on the initiation and development of cumulus clouds over mountains. J. Atmos. Sci., 2, 385-403.

Orville, H. D., 1978: A review of hailstone-hailstorm numerical simulations. Am. Meteor. Soc. Monogr., 38, 49-61.

Orville, H. D., 1986: A review of dynamic-mode seeding of summer cumuli. Precipitation Enhancement-A Scientific Challenge. Meteor. Monogr., No. 43, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Orville, H. D., 1992: A review of theoretical developments in weather modification in the past twenty years. Proc. Symp. on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification, Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 35-41.

Orville, H. D. and and, 1973: Reply. J. Appl. Meteor., 12, 14-16.

Orville, H. D. and and, 1978: Reply. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1554-1555.

Orville, H. D. and J.-M. Chen, 1982: Effects of cloud seeding, latent heat of fusion and condensate loading on cloud dynamics and precipitation evolution: A numerical study. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2807-2827.

Orville, H. D., P. A. Eckhoff, J. E. Peak, J. H. Hirsch, and F. J. Kopp, 1981: Numerical simulation of the eflects of cooling tower complexes on clouds and severe weather. Atmos. Environ., 15, 823-836.

Orville, H. D., P. A. Eckhoff, J. E. Peak, J. H. Hirsch, and F. J. Kopp, 1981: Numerical simulation of the effects of cooling tower complexes on clouds and severe storms. Atmos. Environ., 15, 823-836.

Orville, H. D., R. D. Farley, and J. H. Hirsch, 1984: Some surprising results from simulated seeding of stratiform-type clouds. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 1585-1600.

Orville, H. D., R. D. Farley, and F. J. Kopp, 1991: The simulation of cloud seeding effects using numerical cloud models. J. Wea. Modif., 23, 17-26.

Orville, H. D., J. H. Hirsch, and R. D. Farley, 1987: Further results on numerical cloud seeding simulations of stratiform-type clouds. J. Wea. Modif., 19, 57-61.

Orville, H. D. and K. G. Hubbard, 1973: On the freezing of liquid water in a cloud. J. Appl. Meteor., 12, 671-676.

Orville, H. D. and F. J. Kopp, 1977: Numerical simulation of the life history of a hail storm. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1596-1618.

Orville, H. D. and F. J. Kopp, 1990: A numerical simulation of the 22 July 1979 HIPLEX-1 case. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 539-550.

Orville, H. D., F. J. Kopp, R. D. Farley, and R. B. Hoffman, 1989: The numerical modeling of ice-phase cloud seeding effects in a warm-base cloud: Preliminary results. J. Wea. Modif., 21, 4-8.

Orville, H. D., F. J. Kopp, U. S. Nair, J. L. Stith, and R. Rinehart, 1990: On the origin of ice in strong convective cells. Preprints, Conf. Cloud Physics, San Francisco, CA.

Orville, H. D., Y.-H. Kuo, R. D. Farley, and C. S. Hwang, 1980: Numerical simulation of cloud interactions. J. Rech. Atmos., 14, 499-516.

Orville, H. D. and L. J. Sloan, 1970: A numerical simulation of the life history of a rainstorm. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 1148-1159.

Orville, R. E., 1991: Annual Summary: Lightning ground flash density in the contiguous United States-1989. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 573-577.

Orville, R. E., 1993: Cloud-to-ground lightning in the blizzard of '93. Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 1367-1370.

Orville, R. E., 1994: Cloud-to-ground lightning flash characteristics in the contiguous United States: 1989-1991. J. Geophys. Res., 99(D5), 10833-10841.

Orville, R. E., 1999: Comments on "Large Peak Current Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Flashes during the Summer Months in the Contiguous United States". Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1937-1938.

Orville, R. E. and R. W. Henderson, 1986: Global distributions of midnight lightning: September 1977 to August 1978. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 2640-2653.

Orville, R. E., R. W. Henderson, and L. F. Bosart, 1983: An East Coast lightning detection network. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 64, 1029-1037.

Orville, R. E., R. W. Henderson, and L. F. Bosart, 1988: Bipole patterns re-vealed by lightning locations in mesoscale storm systems. Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 129-132.

Orville, R. E. and G. R. Huffines, 1999: Lightning Ground Flash Measurements over the Contiguous United States: 1995-97. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2693-2703.

Orville, R. E. and G. R. Huffines, 2001: Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in the United States: NLDN Results in the First Decade, 1989-98. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1179-1193.

Orville, R. E., G. R. Huffines, W. R. Burrows, R. L. Holle, and K. L. Cummins, 2002: The North American Lightning Detection Network (NALDN)-First Results: 1998-2000. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2098-2109.

Orville, R. E. and A. C. Silver, 1997: Lighting Ground Flash Density in the Contiguous United States: 1992-95. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 631-638.

Orville, R. E. and D. W. Spencer, 1979: Global lightning flash frequency. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 934-943.

Orville, R. E., R. A. Weisman, R. B. Pyle, R. W. Henderson, and R. E. O. J. K, 1987: Cloud-to-ground lightning flash characteristics from June 1984 through May 1985. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 5640-5644.

Orville, R. E., E. J. Zipser, and C. Weidman, 1994: TOGA COARE: Results from a lightning direction finder network in the remote western Pacific Ocean. Preprints, Symp. on Global Electrical Circuit, Global Change, and the Meteorological Applications of Lightning.

Osborn, T., D. M. Farmer, S. Vagle, S. Thorpe, and M. Cure, 1992: Measurements of bubble plumes and turbulence from a sub-marine. Atmos.-Ocean, 30, 419-440.

Osborn, T. R., 1974: Vertical profiling of velocity microstructure. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 4, 109-115.

Osborn, T. R., 1980: Estimates of the local rate of vertical dif-fusion from dissipation measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 83-89.

Osborn, T. R. and C. S. Cox, 1972: Oceanic fine structure. Geophys. Fluid Dyn., 3, 321-345.

Osborne, A. R., A. D. Kirwan, A. Provenzale, and and, 1989: Fractal drifter trajectories in the Kuroshio extension. Tellus, 41A, 416-435.

Osborne, A. R., A. D. Kirwan, A. Provenzale, and L. Bergamasco, 1986: A search for chaotic behaviour in large and mesoscale motions in the Pacific Ocean. Physica D, 23D, 75-83.

Osborne, T. R., 1980: Estimates of the local rate of vertical diffusion from dissipation measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 83-89.

Oschlies, A., 1999: On Spurious Interactions among a Mixed Layer Model, Convective Adjustment, and Isopycnal Mixing in Ocean Circulation Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1920-1927.

oscillations, t. b. and and, 1993: Southern Hemisphere storm tracks, blocking, and low-frequency anomalies in a primitive equation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3148-3163.

oscillations, t. b., A. G. Davies, and R. C. Bell, 1994: Closure theories with non-Gaussian restarts for truncated two-dimensional turbulence. Phys. Fluids, 6, 3153-3163.

Ose, T., 1993: An examination of the effects of explicit cloud water in the UCLA GCM. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 71, 93-108.

Ose, T., C. R. Mechoso, and D. Halpern, 1994: A comparison between general circulation model simulations using two sea surface temperature datasets for January 1979. J. Climate, 7, 498-505.

Oseledec, V. I., 1968: The multiplicative ergodic theorem. The Lyapunov characteristic numbers of dynamical systems. Trans. Moscow Math. Soc., 19, 197-231.

Osher, S. and R. P. Fedkiw, 2001: Level Set Methods: An Overview and Some Recent Results. J. Comp. Phy., 169, 463-502.

Osher, S. J. and F. Santosa, 2001: Level Set Methods for Optimization Problems Involving Geometry and Constraints. I. Frequencies of a Two-Density Inhomogeneous Drum. J. Comp. Phy., 171, 272-288.

Ostapoff, F., 1977: B/ C-scale oceanography. Report of the U.S. GATE Central Program Workshop. NCAR, 407-440.

Ostapoff, F., Y. Tarbeyez, and S. Worthem, 1973: Heat flux and precipitation estimates from oceanographic observations. Science, 180, 960-962.

Ostby, F. P., 1992: Operations of the National Severe Storms forecast Center. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 546-563.

Ostby, F. P., 1993: The changing nature of tornado climatology. Preprints, 17th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, MO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 1-5.

Ostdiek, V., W. Blumen, A. D. T. I. Oscillation, and D. Frontogenesis, 1997: and the Ekman-Taylor Boundary Layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1490-1502.

O'Steen, L. B., 2000: Numerical Simulation of Nocturnal Drainage Flows in Idealized Valley-Tributary Systems. J. App. Meteor., 39, 1845.

Oster, G. and M. Yamamoto, 1963: Density gradient techniques. Chem. Rev., 63, 257-268.

Osterwald, C. R. and K. A. Emery, 2000: Spectroradiometric Sun Photometry. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 17, 1171.

Ostiguy, L. and J. P. R. Laprise, 1990: On the positivity of mass in commonly used numerical transport schemes. Atmos.-Ocean, 28, 147-161.

Ostrovsky, L. A. and I. A. Soustova, 1979: Upper mixed layer of the ocean as a sink of internal wave energy. Okeanologia. 19, 973-981.

Ostrovsky, L. A., Y. A. Stepanyants, and L. S. Tsimring, 1983: Interaction of internal waves with flows and turbulence in the ocean. Nonlinear Waves: Self-Organization. Nauka, 204-238.

Ostrovsky, L. A. and D. V. Zaborskik, 1996: Damping of internal gravity waves by a small-scale turbulence. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 388-397.

O'Sullivan, D. and P. Chen, 1996: Modeling the QBO's influence on isentropic tracer transport in the subtropics. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6811-6821.

O'Sullivan, D. and T. J. Dunkerton, 1994: Seasonal development of the extratropical QBO in a numerical model of the middle atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3706-3721.

O'Sullivan, D. and T. J. Dunkerton, 1995: Generation of Inertia-gravity waves in a simulated life cycle of baroclinic instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3695-3716.

O'Sullivan, D. and M. L. Salby, 1990: Coupling of the quasi-biennial oscillation and the extratropical circulation in the stratosphere through planetary wave transport. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 650-673.

Othmer, C., U. Motschmann, and K. H. Glassmeier, 2002: Creation of Spatial Charge Separation in Plasmas with Rigorously Charge-Conserving Local Electromagnetic Field Solvers. J. Comp. Phy., 180, 99-109.

Otsuka, K., 1990: Self-induced phase turbulence and chaotic itinerancy in coupled laser systems. Phys. Rev. Lett., 65, 329-332.

Ott, S. and J. Mann, 2000: An experimental investigation of the relative diffusion of particle pairs in three-dimensional turbulent flow. J. Fluid Mech., 207.

Otte, T. L., N. L. Seaman, and D. R. Stauffer, 2001: A Heuristic Study on the Importance of Anisotropic Error Distributions in Data Assimilation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 766.

Otterman, J., 1974: Baring high albedo soils by desert)fication-a hypothesized desert)fication mechanism. cience, 184, 531-533.

Otterman, J., 1974: Baring high albedo soils by overgrazing: A hypothesized desertification mechanism. Science, 196, 531-533.

Otterman, J., 1981: Plane with protrusions as an atmospheric boundary. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 6627-6630.

Otterman, J., 1981: Satellite and field studies of man's impact on the surface in arid regions. Tellus, 33, 68-77.

Otterman, J., A. Manes, S. Rubin, P. Alpert, and D. O. C. Starr, 1990: An increase of early rains in southern Israel following land-use change? Bound.-Layer Meteor., 53, 333-351.

Otterman, J., J. Susskind, G. Dalu, D. Kratz, and I. L. Goldberg, 1992: Effects of water emission anisotrophy on multi-spectral remote sensing at thermal wavelengths of ocean temperature and of cirrus clouds. Appl. Opt., 31, 7633-7646.

Ottersten, H., 1969: Radar backscattering from turbulent clear Atmosphere. Radio Sci., 4, 1251-1255.

Ottino, J. M., F. J. Muzzio, M. Tjahjadi, J. G. Franjione, S. C. Jona, and H. A. Kusch, 1992: Chaos, symmetry, and selfsimilarity: Exploiting order and disorder in mixing process. Science, 257, 754-760.

Ottle, C. and D. Vidal-Madjar, 1992: Estimation of land surface temperature with NOAA-9 Data. Remote Sens. Environ., 40, 27-41.

Otto, S. R., A. N. Yannacopoulos, and J. R. Blake, 2001: Transport and mixing in Stokes flow: the effect of chaotic dynamics on the blinking stokeslet. J. Fluid Mech., 1.

OttoBliesner, B. L. and E. C. Brady, 2001: Tropical Pacific Variability in the NCAR Climate System Model. J. Clim., 14, 3587-3607.

Ou, H. W., 1984: Geostrophic adjustment: A mechanism for frontogenesis. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 994-1000.

Ou, H. W. and W. P. M. D. Ruijter, 1986: Separation of an inertial boundary current from a curved coastline. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 280-289.

Ou, S. C. and Coauthors, 1995: Remote sounding of cirrus cloud optical depths and ice crystal sizes from AVHRR data: Verification using FIRE-II-IFO measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 4143-4158.

Ou, S. C., K. N. Liou, W. M. Gooch, and Y. Takano, 1993: Remote sensing of cirrus cloud parameters using advanced very-high resolution radiometer 3.7 and 10.9 mm channels. Appl. Opt., 32, 2171-2180.

Ou, S. C., K. N. Liou, and W. J. Liou, 1989: The seasonal cycle of the global zonally averaged energy balance. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 40, 9-23.

Oue, H., 2001: Effects of Vertical Profiles of Plant Area Density and Stomatal Resistance on the Energy Exchange Processes within a Rice Canopy. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 79, 925-938.

Ouergli, A., 2002: Hilbert Transform from Wavelet Analysis to Extract the Envelope of an Atmospheric Mode: Examples. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 19, 1082-1086.

Oury, S., X. Dou, and J. Testud, 2000: Estimate of Precipitation from the Dual-Beam Airborne Radars in TOGA COARE. Part II: Precipitation Efficiency in the 9 February 1993 MCS. J. App. Meteor., 39, 2371.

Ovchinkov, I. M., 1966: Circulation in the surface and intermediate layers of the Mediterranean. Oceanology, 6, 48-59.

Over, T. M. and V. K. Gupta, 1994: Statistical analysis of mesoscale rainfall: Dependence of a random cascade generator on large-scale forcing. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 1526-1542.

Overbeck, J. A., M. S. Salisbury, and R. Richmond, 1996: Air-borne lidar system profiles wind fields. Laser Focus World. 32, 89-92.

Overland, J. E., 1984: Scale analysis of marine winds in straits and along mountainous coasts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 2532-2536.

Overland, J. E. and N. Bond, 1993: The influence of coastal orography: The Yakutat storm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1388-1397.

Overland, J. E. and W. H. Gemmill, 1978: Marine winds in the New York Bight. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1003-1008.

Overland, J. E. and P. S. Guest, 1991: The Arctic snow and air temperature budget over sea ice during winter. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 4651-4662.

Overland, J. E. and R. W. Presiendorfer, 1982: A significance test for principal components applied to a cyclone climatology. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1-4.

Overland, J. E., M. C. Spillane, H. E. Hurlburt, and A. J. Wallcraft, 1994: A numerical study of the circulation of the Bering Sea basin and exchange with the North Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 736-758.

Overland, J. E. and P. Turet, 1994: Variability of the Atmospheric Energy Flux across 707N computed from the GFDL data set. Nansen Centennial Volume, Geophys. Monogr., 84. Amer. Geophys. Union, 313-325.

Overland, J. E., B. A. Walter, and Jr., 1981: Gap winds in the strait of Juan de Fuca. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 2221-2233.

Overland, J. E., M. Wang, and N. A. Bond, 2002: Recent Temperature Changes in the Western Arctic during Spring. J. Climate, 15, 1702-1716.

Overpeck, J. T., D. Rind, and R. Goldberg, 1990: Climate-induced changes in forest disturbance and vegetation. Nature, 343, 51-53.

Ovington, J., 1954: A companson of rainfall in different woodlands. Forestry, 27, 41-53.

Owen, G. W., I. D. Abrahams, A. J. Willmott, and C. W. Hughes, 2002: On the scattering of baroclinic Rossby waves by a ridge in a continuously stratified ocean. J. Fluid Mech., 465, 131-156.

Owen, J. A. and T. N. Palmer, 1987: The impact of El Ninò o on an ensemble of extended-range forecasts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2103-2117.

Owen, J. A. and M. N. Ward, 1989: Forecasting Sahel rainfall. Weather. 44, 57-64.

Owen, P. R. and W. R. Thomson, 1963: Heat transfer across rough surfaces. J. Fluid Mech., 15, 321-324.

Owen, T. W. and K. P. Gallo, 2000: Updated Population Metadata for United States Historical Climatology Network Stations. J. Climate, 13, 4028.

Owenby, J. R. and D. S. Ezell, 1992: Monthly station normals of temperature. precipitation, and heating and cooling degree days 1961-1990. Climatography of the United States No. 81, National Climatic Data Center.

Owens, J. C., 1967: Optical refractive index of air: dependence on pressure, temperature and composition. Appl. Opt., 6, 51-59.

Owens, L., 1990: MIT and the federal ÎangelÌ: Academic R,D and federal-private cooperation before WWII. Isis. 81, 188Ò2-13.

Owens, W. B., 1984: A synoptic and statistical description of the Gulf Stream and subtropical gyre using SOFAR floats. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 104-113.

Owens, W. B., 1991: A statistical description of the mean circulation and eddy variability in the northwestern Atlantic using SOFAR floats. Progress in Oceanography. Vol. 28, Pergamon, 257-303.

Owens, W. B. and N. G. Hogg, 1980: Oceanic observations of stratified Taylor columns near a bump. Deep-Sea Res., 27, 1029-1045.

Owens, W. B. and R. C. M. Jr., 1985: A new algorithm for CTD oxygen calibration. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 621-631.

Owens, W. B. and P. Lemke, 1990: Sensitivity studies with a sea ice-mixed layer-pycnocline model in the Weddell sea. J. Geophys. Res., 95(C6), 9527-9538.

Oye, R. and R. E. Carbone, 1981: Interactive Doppler editing software. Preprint, 20th Conf, Radar Meteor., Boston, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 683-689.

Ozawa, H., K. Goto-Azuma, K. Iwanami, and R. M. Koerner, 1998: PICTURE OF THE MONTH: Cirriform Rotor Cloud Observed on a Canadian Arctic Ice Cap. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1741-1747.

Ozieblo, A. and J. Etcheto, 1991: A method for masking microwave radiometer data polluted by the presence of land and ice. Int. J. Remote Sens., 12, 2379-2388.

Ozmidov, R. V., 1965: On the turbulent exchange in a stably stratified ocean. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR Atmos. Oceanic. Phys., 1, 853-860.

Ozoe, H., T. Shibata, H. Sayama, and H. Ueda, 1983: Characteristics of air pollution in the presence of land and sea breeze-a numerical simulation. Atmos. Environ., 17, 35-42.