C. A. Nobre, G. T. M., C. A. G. P. Zamparoni, and P. R. A. Carvalho, 1992: Dry season micrometeorology of central Amazonian ranchland. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 108-31099.

C. S. Ruf, A. S. S., J. Vongsathorn, and R. R. Ferraro, 1990: Determination of cloud liquid water content using the SSM/I. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 28, 817-822.

C. S. Ruf, A. S. S. J., A. S. Snyder, J. Vongsathorn, and R. R. Ferraro, 1990: Determination of oceanic total precitable water from the SSM/I. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 28, 811-816.

C. U. Hammer, P. I., J. Jouzel, B. Stauffer, and J. P. Steffensen, 1992: Irregular glacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice core. Nature, 359, 311-313.

CA., a., 1995: A method for the objective evaluation of optical flow. Tech. Note SAND95-8236, Sandia National Labo-ratories.

Cabal, A., J. Szumbarski, and J. M. Floryan, 2002: Stability of flow in a wavy channel. J. Fluid Mech., 457, 191-212.

Caballeria, M., G. Coco, A. Falques, and D. A. Huntley, 2002: Self-organization mechanisms for the formation of nearshore crescentic and transverse sand bars. J. Fluid Mech., 465, 379-410.

Cabosnarvaez, W., F. A. Garcia, and M. J. Ortizbevia, 2002: Generation of equatorial Atlantic warm and cold events in a coupled general circulation model simulation. Tellus, 54, 426-438.

Cabrol, N. A., and coauthors, 2001: Nomad Rover Field Experiment, Atacama Desert, Chile, 2, Identification of paleolife evidence using a robotic vehicle: Lessons and recommendations for a Mars sample return mission (Paper 1999JE001181). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 7807-7815.

Cabrol, N. A., and coauthors, 2001: Nomad Rover Field Experiment, Atacama Desert, Chile, 1, Science results overview (Paper 1999JE001166). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 7785-7806.

Caccia, J.-L., B. Benech, V. Klaus, S.-T. D. o. N. T. L. W. U. S. Radars, and Aircraft, 1997: and Constant Volume Balloons during the PYREX Experiment. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1821-1833.

Caccia, J.-L. and J.-P. Cammas, 1998: VHF-ST Radar Observations of an Upper-Level Front Using Vertical and Oblique-Beam C2N Measurements. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 483-501.

Cachier, H., M.-P. Bremond, and P. Buat-Menard, 1989: Carbona-ceous aerosols from different tropical biomass burning sources. Nature, 340, 371-373.

Cadby, J. R. and C. M. Linton, 2000: Three-dimensional water-wave scattering in two-layer fluids. J. Fluid Mech., 115.

Cadel, S. H., R. J. Countess, and N. A. Kelly, 1982: Nitric acid and ammonia in urban and rural locations. Atmos. Environ., 16, 2501-2506.

Cadet, D., 1983: Mean fields of precipitable water over the Indian Ocean during the 1979 summer monsoon from the TIROS-N sounding system. Satellite Hydrology, M. Deutich, D. R. W. a. A. R., Ed., 5th Annul Symp. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 115-123.

Cadet, D. and H. Ovarlez, 1976: Low-level air flow circulation over the Arabian Sea during the summer monsoon as deduced from satellite tracked superpressure balloons. Part I: Balloon trajectories. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 102, 805-816.

Cadet, D. and H. Teitelbaum, 1979: Observational evidence of internal inertia-gravity waves in the tropical stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 892-907.

Cadet, D. L., 1983: The monsoon over the Indian Ocean during sum-mer 1975. Part II: Break and active monsoons. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 95-108.

Cadet, D. L., 1985: The Southern Oscillation over the Indian Ocean. J. Climatol., 5, 189-212.

Cadet, D. L. and P. Olory-Togbe´, 1977: The propagation of tropical disturbances over the Indian Ocean during the summer mon-soon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 700-708.

Cadet, D. L. and P. Olory-Togbe´, 1977: The propagation of tropical disturbances over the Indian Ocean during the summer monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 700-708.

Cadot, O. and S. Kumar, 2000: Experimental characterization of viscoelastic effects on two- and three-dimensional shear instabilities. J. Fluid Mech., 151.

Cahalan, R., W. Ridgway, and W. Wiscombe, 1994: Independent pixel and Monte Carlo estimates of stratocumulus albedo. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3776-3790.

Cahalan, R. F., 1989: Overview of fractal clouds. Advances in Remote Sensing Retrieval Methods. A. Deepak, H. Fleming, and J. Theon Eds., A. Deepak, 371-388.

Cahalan, R. F., 1989: Overview of fractal clouds. Advances in Remote Sensing. Deepak. 371-389.

Cahalan, R. F. and J. H. Joseph, 1989: Fractal statistics of cloud fields. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 261-272.

Cahalan, R. F., W. Ridgeway, W. J. Wiscombe, T. L. Bell, and J. B. Snider, 1994: The albedo of fractal stratocumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2434-2455.

Cahalan, R. F., W. Ridgway, W. J. Wiscombe, T. L. Bell, and J. B. Snider, 1994: The albedo of fractal stratocumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2434-2455.

Cahalan, R. F., W. Ridgway, W. J. Wiscombe, S. Gollmer, and Harshvardhan, 1994: Independent pixel and Monte Carlo estimates of stratocumulus albedo. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3776-3790.

Cahalan, R. F. and J. B. Snider, 1989: Marine stratocumulus structure. Remote Sens. Environ., 28, 95-107.

Cahill, T. A., K. Wilkinson, and R. Schnell, 1992: Composition analyses of size-resolved aerosol samples taken from aircraft down-wind of Kuwait, spring 1991. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 1451-314520.

Cahir, J. J., J. M. Norman, and D. A. Lowry, 1981: Use of a real time computer graphics system in analysis and forecasting. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 485-500.

Cahn, A., 1945: An investigation of the free oscillations of a simple current system. J. Meteor., 2, 113ñ1-19.

Cahoon, D. R., Jr., B. J. Stocks, J. S. Levine, W. R. C. III, and K. P. O'Neill, 1992: Seasonal distribution of African savanna fires. Nature, 359, 812-815.

Cai, H. and R. M. Wakimoto, 2001: Retrieved Pressure Field and Its Influence on the Propagation of a Supercell Thunderstorm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2695-2713.

Cai, M., 1992: An analytical study of the baroclinic adjustment in a quasigeostrophic two-layer channel model. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1594-1605.

Cai, M. and and, 1990: Symbiotic relation between planetary and synoptic-scale waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2952-2968.

Cai, M. and and, 1994: Dynamical decomposition of low-frequency tendencies. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2086-2100.

Cai, M. and H. M. v. d. Dool, 1991: Low frequency waves and traveling storm tracks. Part I: Barotropic component. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1420-1436.

Cai, M. and H. M. v. d. Dool, 1991: Low-frequency waves and travelling storm tracks. Part I: Barotropic component. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1420-1436.

Cai, M. and H. M. v. d. Dool, 1994: Dynamical decomposition of low-frequency tendencies. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2086-2100.

Cai, M. and M. H. V. d. D. L., 1992: Low-frequency waves and traveling storm tracks. Part II: Three-dimensional structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2506-2524.

Cai, M. and M. Mak, 1990: On the basic dynamics of regional cyclogenesis. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1417-1442.

Cai, M. and M. Mak, 1990: Symbiotic relation between planetary and synoptic-scale waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2953-2968.

Cai, W., 1994: Circulation driven by observed surface thermohaline fields in a coarse resolution ocean general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10163-10181.

Cai, W., 1995: Global present-day ocean climate and its stability under various surface thermohaline forcing conditions derived from Levitus climatology. Progress in Oceanography. Vol. 36, Pergamon, 219-247.

Cai, W., 1995: Interdecadal variability driven by mismatch between surface flux forcing and oceanic freshwater/ heat transport. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2643-2666.

Cai, W., 1995: The different behavior of modeled ocean circulation under an atmosphere with different heat capacity. J. Oceanogr., 51, 499-517.

Cai, W., 1996: Generation of thermal oscillation in an ocean model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., in press.

Cai, W., 1996: Surface thermohaline forcing conditions and the response of the present-day global ocean climate to a global warming. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 179-193.

Cai, W., 1996: The stability of NADWF under mixed boundary conditions with an improved diagnosed freshwater flux field. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1081-1087.

Cai, W. and P. G. Baines, 1996: Interactions between thermohaline and wind-driven circulations and their relevance to the dynamics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in a coarse resolution global OGCM. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14073-14093.

Cai, W., P. G. Baines, and H. B. Gordon, 2001: Reply. J. Climate, 14, 1332.

Cai, W. and S. Godfrey, 1995: Surface heat flux parameterizations and the variability of thermohaline circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 10679-10692.

Cai, W. and R. J. Greatbatc, 1995: Compensation for the NADW out-flow in a global ocean general circulation model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 226-241.

Cai, W., R. J. Greatbatc, and S. Zhang, 1995: Interdecadal variability in an ocean model driven by a small, zonal redistribution of the surface buoyancy flux. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1998-2010.

Cai, W., R. J. Greatbatch, and S. Zhang, 1995: Interdecadal variability in an ocean model driven by a small, zonal redistribution of the surface buoyancy flux. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1998-2010.

Cai, W., M. Tomczak, and R. Allan, 1995: Effect of hemispheric conjugate atmospheric variations and global warming on NADW in a global ocean GCM. The Global Atmosphere and Ocean system, 2, 325-350.

Cai, W. and I. G. Watterson, 2002: Modes of Interannual Variability of the Southern Hemisphere Circulation Simulated by the CSIRO Climate Model. J. Climate, 15, 1159-1174.

Cai, W. and P. H. Whetton, 2001: Modes of SST variability and the fluctuation of global mean temperature. Climate Dynamics, 17, 889-902.

Cai, W. and P. H. Whetton, 2001: A Time-Varying Greenhouse Warming Pattern and the Tropical-Extratropical Circulation Linkage in the Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 14, 3337-3355.

Cai, Z. Y., Z. S. Wang, and Z. T. Pan, 1992: A numerical study on forecasting the Henan extraordinary heavy rainfall event in August 1975. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 9, 53-62.

Caiden, R., R. P. Fedkiw, and C. Anderson, 2001: A Numerical Method for Two-Phase Flow Consisting of Separate Compressible and Incompressible Regions. J. Comp. Phys., 166, 1.

Cairns, B., A. A. Lacis, and B. E. Carlson, 2000: Absorption within Inhomogeneous Clouds and Its Parameterization in General Circulation Models. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 700-714.

Cairns, R. A., 1979: The role of negative energy waves in some instabilities of parallel flow. J. Fluid Mech., 92, 1-14.

Calas, C., V. Ducrocq, and S. Senesi, 2000: Mesoscale analyses and diagnostic parameters for deep convection nowcasting. Meteor. Appl., 7, 145.

Calbo, J., J. A. Gonzalez, and D. Pages, 2001: A Method for Sky-Condition Classification from Ground-Based Solar Radiation Measurements. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 2193-2199.

Calder, I. R., 1990: Evaporation in the Uplands. Wiley and Sons, 144.

Calder, K. L., 1967: In clarification of the equations of shallow-layer thermal convection in a compressible fluid based on the Boussinesq approximation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 94, 88-92.

Calder, K. L., 1977: Multiple-source plume models of urban air pollution-their general structure. Atmos. Environ., 11, 403-414.

Caldwell, D. R. and W. P. Elliot, 1971: Surface stresses produced by rainfall. J. Geophys. Oceanogr., 2, 145-148.

Caldwell, X., 1983: Small-scale physics of the ocean. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 21, 1192-1205.

Calheiros, R. V. and I. Zawadzki, 1987: Reflectivity rain-rate relationships for radar hydrology in . Brazil. J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 26, 118-132.

Calheiros, R. V. and I. Zawadzki, 1987: Reflectivity-rain rate relationships for radar hydrology in Brazil. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 118-132.

Calheiros, R. V. and I. I. Zawadzki, 1987: Reflectivity rainrate relationships for radar hydrology in Brazil. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 118-132.

Callaghan, P., A. Fusco, G. Francis, and M. Salby, 1999: A Hough Spectral Model for Three-Dimensional Studies of the Middle Atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1461-1480.

Callahan, P., 1993: TOPEX/ POSEIDON NASA GDR users hand-book. JPL Rep. D-8590. Rev. C, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pas-adena.

Callahan, P. S., 1993: TOPEX GDR Users Handbook (Draft-2). Jet.

Callahan, P. S., 1994: TOPEX/POSEIDON GDR User's Hand-book. JPL D-8944. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 70.

Callenaere, M., J. P. Franc, J. M. Michel, and M. Riondet, 2001: The cavitation instability induced by the development of a re-entrant jet. J. Fluid Mech., 444, 223-256.

Callendar, G. S., 1938: The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 64, 223-235.

Callis, L. B., R. E. Bougher, and J. D. Lambeth, 1987: The stratosphere: Climatologies of the radiative heating and cooling rates and the diabatically diagnosed net circulation fields. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 5585-5607.

Calvet, J.-C. and J. Noilhan, 2000: From near-surface to root-zone soil moisture using year-round data. J. Hydrometero., 1, 393-411.

Calvet, J.-C., J. Noilhan, and P. Bessemoulin, 1998: Retrieving the root-zone soil moisture from surface soil moisture or temperature estimates: A feasibility study based on field measurements. J. Appl. Meteor., 37, 371-386.

Calvete, D., A. Falques, H. E. DeSwart, and M. Walgreen, 2001: Modelling the formation of shoreface-connected sand ridges on storm-dominated inner shelves. J. Fluid Mech., 441, 169-194.

Calvo, D. C. and T. R. Akylas, 2002: Stability of steep gravity-capillary solitary waves in deep water. J. Fluid Mech., 452, 123-144.

Camassa, R., 1995: On the geometry of an atmospheric slow manifold. Physica D, 84, 357-397.

Camberlin, P. and N. Philippon, 2002: The East African March-May Rainy Season: Associated Atmospheric Dynamics and Predictability over the 1968-97 Period. J. Climate, 15, 1002-1019.

Cambridge Press. Reider, K. F., J. A. Smith, and R. A. Weller, 1994: Observed directional characteristics of wind, wind stress, and surface waves on open ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 22575-22589.

Camerlengo, A. L. and J. J. O'Brien, 1980: Open boundary conditions in rotating fluids. J. Comput. Phys., 35, 12-35.

Camhi, E., E. Melburg, and M. Ruith, 2000: Miscible rectilinear displacements with gravity override. Part 2. Heterogeneous porous media. J. Fluid Mech., 259.

Camillo, P. and R. J. Gurney, 1986: A resistance parameter for bare soil evaporation models. Soil Sci., 141, 94-105.

Camillo, P. and T. J. Schmugge, 1981: A computer program for the simulation of heat and moisture flow in soils. NASA Tech. Memo. 82 121. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD.

Camillo, P. J. and R. J. Gurney, 1986: A resistance parameter for bare-soil evaporation models. Soil Sci., 2, 95-105.

Camillo, P. J., R. J. Gurney, and T. J. Schmugge, 1983: A soil and atmospheric boundary layer model for evapotranspiration and soil moisture studies. Water Resour. Res., 19, 371-380.

Cammas, J.-P. and D. Ramond, 1989: Analysis and diagnosis of the composition of ageostrophic circulations in jet-front systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 2447-2462.

Camp, J. P. and M. T. Montgomery, 2001: Hurricane Maximum Intensity: Past and Present. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1704-1717.

Camp, N. T. and R. L. Elsberry, 1978: Oceanic thermal response to strong atmospheric forcing. Part II: The role of one-dimensional processes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 215-224.

Campbell, C. A., R. P. Zentner, F. Selles, V. O. Biederbeck, and A. J. Leyshon, 1992: Comparative effects of grain lentil-wheat and monoculture wheat on crop production. N economy and N fertility in a Brown Chernozem, Can. J. Plant Sci., 72.

Campbell, C. S., 2002: Granular shear flows at the elastic limit. J. Fluid Mech., 465, 261-292.

Campbell, G. G. and T. H. V. Haar, 1980: Climatology of radiation budget measurements from satellites. Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 323, Dept. Atmos. Sci., Colorado State University.

Campbell, J. C. and M. J. Shashkov, 2001: A Tensor Artificial Viscosity Using a Mimetic Finite Difference Algorithm. J. Comput. Phy., 172, 739-765.

Campbell, J. R., D. L. Hlavka, E. J. Welton, C. J. Flynn, D. D. Turner, J. D. Spinhirne, V. S. Scott, and I. H. Hwang, 2002: Full-Time, Eye-Safe Cloud and Aerosol Lidar Observation at Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Sites: Instruments and Data Processing. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 431-442.

Campins, J. A., A. Jansa`, B. Benech, and E. Koffi, 1995: PYREX observation and diagnosis of the Tramontane wind. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 56, 209-228.

Campistron, B., 1975: Characteristic distributions of angel ech-oes in the lower atmosphere and their meteorological implications. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 9, 411-426.

Campistron, B., S. Bernard, B. Benech, F. ArdhuinGirard, J. Dessens, E. Dupont, and B. Carissimo, 2002: Turbulent Dissipation Rate In The Boundary Layer Via Uhf Wind Profiler Doppler Spectral Width Measurements. Bound. Layer Meteor., 103, 361-389.

Camuffo, D., 1982: The nocturnal lBL over a hilly island with reference to the diffusion of radioactive nuclei. Bound. Layer Meteor., 22, 233-240.

Camussi, R., G. Guj, and A. Stella, 2002: Experimental study of a jet in a crossflow at very low Reynolds number. J. Fluid Mech., 454, 113-144.

Canby, T., 1977: The year the weather went wild. Natl. Geogr., 152, 798-830.

Canby, T., 1984: El Niño's ill wind. Natl. Geogr., 165, 144-183.

Candela, J., 1991: The Gibraltar Strait and its role in the dynamics of the Mediterranean Sea. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 15, 267-299.

Candela, J., R. C. Beardsley, and R. Limeburner, 1992: Separation of tidal and subtidal currents in ship-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler observations. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 769-788.

Candy, J. and W. Rozmus, 1991: A symplectic integration algo-rithm for separable Hamiltonian functions. J. Comp. Phys., 92, 230-256.

Cane, M., 1979: The response of an equatorial ocean to simple wind stress patterns. Part II: Numerical results. J. Mar. Res., 37, 25-3299.

Cane, M., 1983: Oceanographic events during El Niño. Science, 222, 1189-1195.

Cane, M., S. Dolan, and S. Zebiak, 1986: Experimental forecasts of the 1982/ 83 El Nin˜o. Nature, 321, 827-832.

Cane, M. and E. Sarachik, 1991: Prospectus: A TOGA program on seasonal-to-interannual prediction. NOAA Climate and Global Change Program Special Rep. 4. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO.

Cane, M. and S. Zebiak, 1985: A theory for El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. Science, 228, 1085-1087.

Cane, M. A., 1979: The response of an equatorial ocean to simple wind stress patterns. Part I: Model formulation and analytical results. J. Mar. Res., 37, 233-252.

Cane, M. A., 1984: Modeling sea level during El Nin˜o. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 1864-1874.

Cane, M. A., 1992: Comments on ''The fast-wave limit and interannual oscillations.''. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1947-1949.

Cane, M. A., 1992: Tropical Pacific ENSO models: ENSO as a mode of the coupled system. Climate System Modeling. K. E. TrenberthEd. Cambridge University Press, 583-614.

Cane, M. A. and and, 1981: The response of a linear baroclinic equatorial ocean to periodic forcing. J. Mar. Res., 39, 651-693.

Cane, M. A., G. Eshel, and R. W. Buckland, 1994: Forecasting maize yield in Zimbabwe with eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature. Nature, 313, 204-205.

Cane, M. A. and D. W. Moore, 1981: A note on low-frequency equatorial basin modes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1578-1584.

Cane, M. A., M. Munnich, and S. E. Zebiak, 1990: A study of self-excited oscillation of the tropical ocean-atmosphere system. Part I: Linear analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1562-1577.

Cane, M. A., M. M. nnich, and S. E. Zebiak, 1990: A study of self-excited oscillations of the tropical ocean-atmosphere system. Part I: Linear analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1562-1577.

Cane, M. A. and Patton, 1984: A numerical model for low-frequency equatorial dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanog., 14, 1853-1863.

Cane, M. A. and E. S. Sarachik, 1977: Forced baroclinic ocean motions. Part II: The linear equatorial bounded case. J. Mar. Res., 35, 395-432.

Cane, M. A. and E. S. Sarachik, 1989: Course on Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics. United Nations Development Organization. International Center for Science and Technology, 288.

Cane, M. A. and S. E. Zebiak, 1985: A theory for El Nin˜ o and the Southern Oscillation. Science, 228, 1084-1087.

Cane, M. A. and S. E. Zebiak, 1987: Prediction of El Nin˜ o events using a physical model. Atmospheric and Oceanic Variability. H. CattleEd., Royal Meteorological Society Press, 153-182.

Cane, M. A., S. E. Zebiak, and S. C. Dolan, 1986: Experimental forecasts of El Nin˜o. Nature, 321, 827-832.

Caniaux, G., J.-P. Lafore, and J.-L. Redelsperger, 1995: A numerical study of the stratiform region of a fast-moving squall line. Part II: Relationship between mass, pressure, and momentum fields. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 331-352.

Caniaux, G., J.-L. Redelsperger, and J.-P. Lafore, 1994: A numerical study of the stratiform region of a fast-moving squall line. Part I: General description and water and heat budgets. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2046-2074.

Cannon, A. J., P. H. Whitfield, and E. R. Lord, 2002: Synoptic Map-Pattern Classification Using Recursive Partitioning and Principal Component Analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1187-1206.

Cannon, G. A. and D. J. Pashinski, 1990: Circulation near Axial Seamount. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 12823-12828.

Cannon, G. A., D. J. Pashinski, and M. R. Lemon, 1991: Middepth flow near hydro-thermal venting sites on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 12815-12831.

Cano, B. and A. M. Stuart, 2001: Underresolved Simulations of Heat Baths. J. Comp. Phys., 169, 193.

Cano, N. and F. F. d. Castillejo, 1972: Contribucio´n al conocimiento del Mar de Albora´n III. Variaciones del remolino anticiclo ´ nico. Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr., 157, 3-7.

Canterna, R. and C. Harris, 1979: Problems of calibration of multi-color photometric systems. Dudley Obs. Rep., 14, 1-199.

Canuto, C., M. Y. Hussaini, A. Quarteroni, and T. A. Zang, 1988: Spectral Methods in Fluid Dynamics. Springer, 567.

Canziani, P. O., J. R. Holton, E. Fishbein, L. Froidevaux, and J. Waters, 1994: Equatorial Kelvin waves: A UARS MLS view. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3053-3076.

Cao, H. X., J. F. B. Mitchell, and J. R. Lavery, 1992: Simulated diurnal range and variability of surface temperature in a global climate model for present and doubled CO2 climates. J. Climate, 5, 920-943.

Cao, W., W. Huang, and R. D. Russell, 2001: An Error Indicator Monitor Function for an r-Adaptive Finite-Element Method. J. Comp. Phy., 170, 871-892.

Cao, W. C. and L. P. Chang, 1992: Development of a four-dimensional variational analysis system using the adjoint method at GLA. Part I: Dynamics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1661-1673.

Caplan, P. M., 1995: The 12-14 March 1993 superstorm: Performance of the NMC global medium-range model. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 201-212.

Caplan, P. M. and G. H. White, 1989: Performance of the National Meteorological Center's medium-range model. Wea. Forecasting, 4, 391-400.

Capotondi, A., W. R. Holland, and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, 1995: Assimilation of altimetric data into a quasigeostrophic model of the Gulf Stream system. Part II: Assimilation results. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1153-1173.

Cappellaz, J. A., I. Fung, and A. M. Thompson, 1993: The atmospheric CH4 increase since the last glacial maximum. Part I: Source estimates. Tellus, 45B, 228-241.

CAPS, 1992: ARPS Version 3.0 User's Guide. Available from Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK 73019, 183 pp.

CAPS, 1993: ARPS Version 3.1 User's Guide., 183 pp.

Capsoni, C., M. Damico, and R. Nebuloxi, 2001: A Multiparameter Polarimetric Radar Simulator. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 1799-1809.

Capsoni, C., M. D'Amico, and T. Tarsi, 2001: Statistical Characterization of Path Attenuations of Radar Signals at C Band. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 18, 609.

Capsoni, C., F. Fedi, and M. Paraboni, 1987: Data and theory for a new model of the horizontal structure of rain cells for propagation applications. Radio Sci., 22, 395-404.

Caracena, F. and J. M. Fritsch, 1983: Focusing mechanisms in the Texas Hill Country flash floods of 1978. Mon. Wea Rev., 111, 2319-2332.

Caracena, F., R. A. Maddox, L. R. Hoxit, and C. F. Chappell, 1979: Mesoanalysis of the Big Thompson storm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1-17.

Caracena, F. and M. W. Maier, 1987: Analysis of a microburst in the FACE meteorological mesonetwork in South Florida. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 969-985.

Caramana, E. J., 2001: Timestep Relaxation with Symmetry Preservation on High Aspect-Ratio Angular or Tapered Grids. J. Comp. Phys., 166, 173.

Carati, D., M. M. Rogers, and A. A. Wray, 2002: Statistical ensemble of large-eddy simulations. J. Fluid Mech., 455, 195-212.

Carati, D., G. S. Winckelmans, and H. Jeanmart, 2001: On the modelling of the subgrid-scale and filtered-scale stress tensors in large-eddy simulation. J. Fluid Mech., 441, 119-138.

Carbary, J. F., D. Morrison, and G. J. Romick, 2000: Transpolar structure of polar mesospheric clouds. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24763.

Carbone, R. and Coauthors, 1990: Convective dynamics: Panel report. Radar in Meteorology. D. AtlasEd., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 391-400.

Carbone, R. E., 1982: A severe frontal rainband. Part I: Stormwide hydrodynamic structure. J. Atmos. Sci, 39, 258-279.

Carbone, R. E., 1983: A severe frontal rainband. Part II: Tornado parent vortex circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2639-2654.

Carbone, R. E., 1985: Comments on ''Functional fits to some observed drop size distributions and parameterization of rain.''. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1346-1347.

Carbone, R. E. and A. R. Bohne, 1975: Cellular snow generationA Doppler radar study. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1384-1394.

Carbone, R. E., M. J. Carpenter, and C. D. Burghart, 1985: Doppler radar sam-pling limitation in convective storms. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2, 357-361.

Carbone, R. E., J. W. Conway, N. A. Crook, and M. W. Moncrieff, 1990: The generation and propagation of a nocturnal squall line. Part I: Observations and implications for mesoscale predictability. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 26-49.

Carbone, R. E., N. A. Crook, M. W. Moncrieff, and J. W. Conway, 1990: The generation and propagation of a nocturnal squall line. Part II: Numerical simulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 50-65.

Carbone, R. E. and L. D. Nelson, 1978: The evolution of raindrop spectra in warm-based convective storms as observed and numerically modeled. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2302-2314.

Carbone, R. E., J. D. Tuttle, W. A. Cooper, V. Grubii, and W. C. Lee, 1998: Trade Wind Rainfall near the Windward Coast of Hawaii. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2847-2863.

Carcione, J. M. and G. Seriani, 2001: Wave Simulation in Frozen Porous Media. J. Comp. Phy., 170, 676-695.

Card, P. A. and A. Barcilon, 1982: The Charney stability problem with a lower Ekman layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2128-2137.

Cardone, V., T. Chester, and R. Lipes, 1983: Evaluation of Seasat SMMR wind speed measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 170-91726.

Cardone, V., H. C. Graber, R. E. Jensen, S. Hasselmann, and M. J. Caruso, 1995: In search of the true surface wind field in SWADE-IOP 1: Ocean wave modelling perspective. Global Atmos.-Ocean.

Cardone, V., J. A. Greenwood, and M. A. Cane, 1990: On trends in historical marine wind data. J. Climate, 3, 113-127.

Cardone, V., W. J. Pierson, and E. G. Ward, 1976: Hindcasting the directional spectra of hurricane generated winds. J. Pet. Technol., 28, 385-394.

Cardone, V. J., 1969: Specification of the wind distribution in the marine boundary layer for wave forecasting. 131pp. [NTIS AD 702 490.].

Cardone, V. J., 1991: The LEWEX wind fields and baseline hindcast. Directional Ocean Wave Spectra. R. C. Beal Ed., The Johns Hopkins University Press, 136-146.

Cardone, V. J., A. J. Broccoli, C. V. Greenwood, and J. A. Greenwood, 1980: Error characteristics of extratropical storm wind fields specified from historical data. J. Pet. Technol., 32, 873-880.

Cardone, V. J., H. C. Graber, R. E. Jensen, S. Hasselmann, and M. J. Caruso, 1994: In search of the true surface wind field during SWADE IOP-1: Ocean wave modelling perspective. The Global Atmosphere.

Cardone, V. J., J. G. Greenwood, and M. A. Cane, 1990: On trends in historical marine wind data. J. Climate, 3, 113-127.

Cardone, V. J., W. J. Pierson, and E. G. Ward, 1976: Hindcasting the directional spectra of hurricane generated waves. J. Pet. Technol., 28, 385-394.

Cardwell, J. R., T. W. Choularton, D. Wilson, and R. Kershaw, 2002: Use of an explicit model of the microphysics of precipitating stratiform cloud to test a bulk microphysics scheme. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 573-592.

Carey, D. I. and C. T. Haan, 1978: Markov process for simulating daily point rainfall. J. Irrig. Drain. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 104, 111-125.

Carey, L. D. and S. A. Rutledge, 1996: A multiparameter radar case study of the microphysical and kinematic evolution of a lightning producing storm. J. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 59, 33-64.

Carhart, R. A., A. J. Policastro, M. Wastag, and L. Coke, 1989: Evaluation of eight shortterm long-range transport models using field data. Atmos. Environ., 23, 85-105.

Carissimo, B. C., A. H. Oort, and T. H. V. Haar, 1985: Estimating the meridional energy transports in the atmosphere and oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 82-91.

Carl, D. M., T. C. Tarbell, and H. A. Panofsky, 1973: Profiles of wind and temperature from towers over homogeneous terrain. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 788-794.

Carleton, A. M., 1985: Synoptic and satellite aspects of the southwestern U.S. summer monsoon. J. Climatol., 5, 389-402.

Carleton, A. M., 1986: Synopticdynamic character of 'bursts' and 'breaks' in the southwest U.S. summer precipitation singularity. Int. J. Climatol., 6, 605-623.

Carleton, A. M., 1987: Summer circulation climate of the American Southwest, 1945-1984. Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogr., 77, 619-634.

Carleton, A. M., 1988: Meridional transport of eddy sensible heat in winters marked by extremes of the North Atlantic Oscillation, 1948/ 49-1979/ 80. J. Climate, 1, 212-223.

Carleton, A. M., 1988: Sea ice-atmosphere signal of the Southern Oscillation in the Weddell Sea. Antarctica. J. Climate, 1, 37-9388.

Carleton, A. M. and D. A. Carpenter, 1990: Satellite climatology of 'polar lows' and broadscale climatic associations for the Southern Hemisphere. Int. J. Climatol., 10, 219-246.

Carleton, A. M., D. A. Carpenter, and P. J. Weser, 1990: Mechanisms of interannual variability of the southwest United States summer rain-fall maximum. J. Climate, 3, 999-1015.

Carleton, A. M., L. A. McMurdie, H. Zhao, K. B. Katsaros, N. Mognard, and C. Claud, 1993: Satellite microwave sensing of Antarctic Ocean mesocyclones. Proc. Fourth Int. Conf. on Southern Hemisphere Meteorology and Oceanography. Hobart. Australia, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 497-498.

Carley, M., 2002: A Triangulated Vortex Method for the Axisymmetric Euler Equations. J. Comp. Phy., 180, 616-641.

Carlin, B., Q. Fu, U. Lohmann, G. G. Mace, K. Sassen, and J. M. Comstock, 2002: High-Cloud Horizontal Inhomogeneity and Solar Albedo Bias. J. Climate, 15, 2321-2339.

Carlotti, P., 2002: Two-Point Properties Of Atmospheric Turbulence Very Close To The Ground: Comparison Of A High Resolution Les With Theoretical Models. Bound. Layer Meteor., 104, 381 - 410.

Carlowicz, M., 1996: Jupiter's atmosphere defies predictions. Eos. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 77, 33-44.

Carlson, B., A. A. Lacis, and W. B. Rossow, 1993: Tropospheric gas composition and cloud structure of the Jovian north equatorial belt. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 5251-5290.

Carlson, B. E., A. A. Lacis, and W. B. Rossow, 1994: Belt-zone variations in the Jovian cloud structure. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14623-14658.

Carlson, C. A. and G. S. Forbes, 1989: A case study using kinematic quantities derived from a triangle of VHF Doppler wind profilers. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 6, 769-778.

Carlson, T. C., 1986: Regional-scale estimates of surface moisture availability and thermal inertia using remote thermal measurements. Remote Sens. Rev., 1, 197-247.

Carlson, T. N., 1961: Lee side frontogenesis in the Rocky Mountains. Mon. Wea. Rev., 89, 163-172.

Carlson, T. N., 1980: Airflow through midlatitude cyclones and the comma cloud pattern. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1498-1509.

Carlson, T. N., 1991: Midlatitude Weather Systems. Harper-Collins/Academic Press, 507.

Carlson, T. N., R. A. Anthes, M. Schwartz, S. G. Benjamin, and D. G. Baldwin, 1980: Analysis and prediction of severe storms environment. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 61, 1018-1032.

Carlson, T. N. and J. A. Augustine, 1978: Temperature mapping of land use in urban areas using satellite data. Earth Miner. Sci., 41-45.

Carlson, T. N. and S. G. Benjamin, 1980: Radiative heating rates for Saharan dust. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 193-213.

Carlson, T. N., S. G. Benjamin, and G. S. Forbes, 1983: Elevated mixed layers in the regional severe storm environment: Conceptual model and case studies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1453-1473.

Carlson, T. N. and F. E. Boland, 1978: Analysis of urban-rural canopy using a surface heat flux/temperature model. J. Appl Meteor., 17, 998-1013.

Carlson, T. N. and F. E. Boland, 1978: Analysis of urban-rural canopy using a surface heat flux temperature model. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 998-1013.

Carlson, T. N. and F. H. Ludlum, 1968: Conditions for the occurrence of severe local storms. Tellus, 20, 203-206.

Carlson, T. N. and J. M. Prospero, 1972: The long-range movement of Saharan air outbreaks over the northern equatorial Atlantic. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 283-297.

Carmack, E. and K. Aagaard, 1973: On the Deep Water of the Greenland Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 687-715.

Carnahan, B., H. A. Luther, and J. O. Wilkes, 1969: Applied numerical Methods. John Wiley and Sons, 604.

Carnahan, W. H. and R. C. Larson, 1990: An analysis of a heat sink. Remote Sens. Environ., 33, 65-71.

Carnell, R. E. and C. A. Senior, 2002: An investigation into the mechanisms of changes in mid-latitude mean sea level pressure as greenhouse gases are increased. Climate Dynamics, 18, 533-543.

Carnevale, G. F., 1982: Statistical features of the evolution of two-dimensional turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 122, 143-153.

Carnevale, G. F., U. Frisch, and R. Salmon, 1981: H theorems in statistical fluid dynamics. J. Phys. Math Gen., 14, 1701-1718.

Carnevale, G. F., R. C. Kloosterziel, and G. J. F. v. H. and, 1991: Propagation of barotropic vortices over topography in a rotating tank. J. Fluid Mech., 233, 119-139.

Carnevale, G. F. and P. C. Martin, 1982: Field theoretical techniques in statistical fluid dynamics: With applications to nonlinear wave dynamics. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 20, 131-164.

Carnevale, G. F., P. Orlandi, Y. Zhou, and R. C. Kloosterziel, 2002: Rotational suppression of Rayleigh-Taylor instability. J. Fluid Mech., 457, 181-190.

Carnevale, G. F., G. K. Vallis, R. Purini, and M. Briscolini, 1988: Propagation of barotropic modons over topography. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 41, 45-101.

Carnevale, G. F. and J. S. F. W, 1983: A statistical dynamical theory of strongly nonlinear internal gravity waves. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 23, 175-207.

Caro, D., W. Wobrock, and A. I. Flossmann, 2002: A Numerical Study on the Impact of Hygroscopic Seeding on the Development of Cloud Particle Spectra. J. App. Meteor., 41, 333-350.

Caron, J. M. and J. J. O'Brien, 1998: The Generation of Synthetic Sea Surface Temperature Data for the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2809-2821.

Carpenter, J. H., 1965: The accuracy of the Winkler method for dissolved oxygen analysis. Limnol. Oceanogr., 10, 135-140.

Carpenter, K. M., 1979: An experimental forecast using a nonhydrostatic mesoscale model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 105, 629-655.

Carpenter, K. M., 1982: Note on radiation conditions for the lateral boundaries of limited-area numerical models. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 717-719.

Carpenter, K. M. and L. R. Lowther, 1982: An experiment on the initial conditions for a mesoscale forecast. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 643-660.

Carpenter, R. L., Jr. and K. K. Droegemeier, 1995: A study of numerically modeled cumulus congestus clouds. Proc. Conference on Cloud Physics, Dallas, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Carpenter, R. L., Jr., K. K. Droegemeier, G. M. Bassett, S. S. Weygandt, D. E. Jahn, S. Stevenson, W. L. Qualley, and R. Strasser, 1999: Storm-scale numerical weather prediction for commerical and military aviation. Part I: Results from operational tests in 1998. Preprints, 8th Conf. Aviation, Range and Aerospace Meteorology, Dallas, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Carpenter , R. L., Jr., K. K. Droegemeier, and A. M. Blyth, 1998: Entrainment and Detrainment in Numerically Simulated Cumulus Congestus Clouds. Part I: General Results. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3417-3432.

Carpenter , R. L., Jr., K. K. Droegemeier, and A. M. Blyth, 1998: Entrainment and Detrainment in Numerically Simulated Cumulus Congestus Clouds. Part II: Cloud Budgets. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3433-3439.

Carpenter , R. L., Jr., K. K. Droegemeier, and A. M. Blyth, 1998: Entrainment and Detrainment in Numerically Simulated Cumulus Congestus Clouds. Part III: Parcel Analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3440-3455.

Carpenter, R. L., K. K. Droegemeier, P. R. Woodward, and C. E. Hane, 1990: Application of the piecewise parabolic method ( PPM) to meteorological modeling. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 586-612.

Carpenter, R. L. J., K. K. Droegemeier, G. M. Bassett, S. S. Weygandt, D. E. Jahn, S. Stevenson, W. Qualley, and R. Strasser, 1999: Storm-scale numerical weather prediction for commercial and military aviation, Part I: Results from operational tests in 1998. Preprints, 8th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteor., Dallas, TX,, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 209-211.

Carpenter, S. B., T. L. Montgomery, J. M. Leavitt, W. C. Colpaugh, and F. W. Thomas, 1971: Principal plume dispersion models, TVA power plants. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 21, 491-495.

Carr, F., J. Mewes, and K. Brewster, 1996: Quantitative verification of non-hydrostatic model forecasts of convective phenomena. Preprints, Severe Storm Conference, San Francisco, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Carr, F., M. K. Ramamurthy, D. J. Rusk, and G. P. Lou, 1993: Observing system experiments: Relative model response to various FGGE datasets in the Tropics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 3106ñ3-122.

Carr, F. H. and M. E. Baldwin, 1991: Incorporation of observed precipitation estimates during the initialization of synoptic and mesoscale storms. First Inter. Winter Storm Symp., New Orleans, LA, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Carr, F. H. and L. F. Bosart, 1978: A diagnostic evaluation of rainfall predictability for Tropical Storm Agnes, June 1972. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106.

Carr, F. H. and J. P. Millard, 1985: A composite study of comma clouds and their association with severe weather over the Great Plains. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 370-387.

Carr, F. H., P. L. Spencer, C. A. D. III, and J. D. Powell, 1995: A comparison of two objective analysis techniques for profiler time-height data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2165-2180.

Carr, J. A., 1951: The East Coast ''backdoor'' front of May 16-20, 1951. Mon. Wea. Rev., 79, 100-110.

Carr, L. E. and and, 1992: Analytical tropical cyclone asymmetric circulation for barotropic model initial conditions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 644-652.

Carr, L. E. and R. L. Elsberry, 1994: Systematic and integrated approach to tropical cyclone track forecasting. Part I: Description of basic approach. Naval Postgraduate School Publ. NPS-MR-002. Naval Postgraduate School. Monterey, CA, 65pp. plus figs.

Carr, L. E., R. L. Elsberry, and J. E. Peak, 2001: Beta Test of the Systematic Approach Expert System Prototype as a Tropical Cyclone Track Forecasting Aid. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 355-368.

Carr, L. E., III, and R. L. Elsberry, 1990: Observational evidence for predictions of tropical cyclone propagation relative to steering. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 542-546.

Carr, L. E., III, and R. L. Elsberry, 1990: Observational evidence for predictions of tropical cyclone propagation relative to environmental steering. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 542-546.

Carr, L. E., III, and R. L. Elsberry, 1995: Monsoonal interactions leading to sudden tropical cyclone track changes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 265-285.

Carr, L. E., III, and R. A. Jeffries, 1993: Tropical cyclone motion (TCM-93) field experiment summary. Tech. Rep. NPS-MR93-004, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey.

Carr, M.-E., N. Oakey, B. Jones, and M. Lewis, 1992: Hydrographic patterns and vertical mixing in the equatorial Pacific along 1507W. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 611-626.

Carras, J. N. and and, 1988: Measurements of relative sy up to 1800 km from a single source. Atmos. Environ., 22, 1061-1069.

Carras, J. N. and D. J. Williams, 1981: The long-range dispersion of a plume from an isolated point source. Atmos. Environ., 15, 2205-2217.

Carras, J. N. and D. J. Williams, 1988: Measurements of relative sy up to 1800 km from a single source. Atmos. Environ., 22, 106-11069.

Carrasco, J. F., 1994: Dynamics of mesoscale cyclogenesis adjacent to the Pacific coast of Antarctica. Ph.D. dissertation. The Ohio State University, 286.

Carrasco, J. F. and and, 1994: Climatological aspects of mesoscale cyclogenesis over the Ross Sea and Ross Ice Shelf of Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2405-2425.

Carrasco, J. F. and and, 1994: Climatological aspects of mesoscale cyclogenesis over the Ross Sea and Ross Ice Shelf regions of Ant-arctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2405-2425.

Carrasco, J. F. and D. H. Bromwich, 1993: Mesoscale cyclogenesis dynamics over the southwestern Ross Sea, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12 973-12 996.

Carrasco, J. F. and D. H. Bromwich, 1993: Mesoscale cyclogenesis dynamics over the southwestern Ross Sea. Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12973-12995.

Carrasco, J. F. and D. H. Bromwich, 1994: Climatological aspects of mesoscale cyclogenesis over the Ross Sea and Ross Ice Shelf regions of Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2405-2425.

Carrera, M. L., J. R. Gyakum, and D.-L. Zhang, 1999: A Numerical Case Study of Secondary Marine Cyclogenesis Sensitivity to Initial Error and Varying Physical Processes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 641-660.

Carrier, G., 1970: Stochastically driven dynamical systems. J. Fluid Mech., 44, 249-264.

Carrier, G. F., M. Krook, and C. E. Pearson, 1966: Functions of a Complex Variable, Theory and Technique. McGraw-Hill.

Carrier, L. W., G. A. Cato, and K. J. v. Essen, 1967: The back-scattering and extinction of visible and infrared radiation by selected major cloud models. J. Appl. Opt., 6, 1209-1216.

Carriere, J. M. and F. Autones, 2001: Evaluation of a wind/temperature nowcasting model using aircraft data for the benefit of air traffic management. Meteor. Appl., 8, 177-188.

Carril, A. F., C. G. Menendez, M. N. Nunez, and H. LeTreut, 2002: Mean flow-transient perturbation interaction in the Southern Hemisphere: a simulation using a variable resolution GCM. Climate Dynamics, 18, 661-674.

Carril, A. F. and A. Navarra, 2001: The interannual leading modes of the extratropical variability in the Southern Hemisphere simulated by the ECHAM-4 atmospheric model. Climate Dynamics, 18, 1-16.

Carrington, D. J. and D. L. T. Anderson, 1993: Using an ocean model to validate ECWMF heat fluxes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 1003-1021.

Carroll, J. J., 1982: Long-term means and short-time variability of the surface energy balance components at the South Pole. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 4277-4286.

Carroll, J. J., 1982: Longterm means and short-time variability of the surface energy balance components at the South Pole. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 4277-4286.

Carroll, J. J., 1989: Analysis of airborne Doppler lidar measurements of the extended Calffornia sea breeze. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 6, 820-831.

Carroll, J. J. and R. L. Baskett, 1979: Dependence of air quality in a remote location on local and mesoscale transports: A case study. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 474-486.

Carroll, M. A. and R. Avissar, 2000: Editorial. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29327.

Carruthers, D. J. and T. W. Choularton, 1982: Airflow over hills of moderate slope. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 603-624.

Carruthers, D. J. and C.-H. Moeng, 1987: Waves in the overlying inversion of the convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1801-1808.

Carsey, F., 1980: Microwave observations of the Weddell Polynya. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 2032-2044.

Carslaw, H. S. and J. C. Jaeger, 1959: Conduction of Heat in Solids. 2d ed. Oxford Press, 510.

Carson, D. and F. B. Smith, 1974: Thermodynamic model for the development of a convectively unstable boundary layer. Advances in Geophysics. Vol. 18A, Academic Press, 111-124.

Carson, D. J., 1987: An introduction to the parametrization of landsurface processes. Part II: Soil heat conduction and surface hydrology. Meteor. Mag., 116, 263-279.

Carson, D. J. and F. B. Smith, 1974: Thermodynamic model for the development of a convectively unstable boundary layer. Advances in Geophysics. Vol. 18A, Academic Press, 111124.

Carson, R. B., 1950: The Gulf Stream front: A cause of stratus on the lower Atlantic coast. Mon. Wea. Rev., 78, 91-101.

Carson, R. B., 1954: Some objective quantitative criteria for summer showers at Miami, Florida. Mon. Wea. Rev., 82, 9-28.

Carson, R. M. and J. H. Simpson, 1978: Comment on ''Design considerations of wing stabilized free-fall vehicles'' by A. C. Mortensen and R. E. Lange. Deep-Sea Res., 25, 577-579.

Carstens, T., 1970: Turbulent diffusion and entrainment in two-layer flow. Journal of the Waterways and Harbours Division. ASCE, Vol. 96, No. WW1.

Carter, D. J. T., P. G. Challenor, and M. A. Srokosz, 1992: An assessment of Geosat wave height and wind speed measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 11383-11392.

Carter, D. J. T. and L. Draper, 1988: Has the northeast Atlantic become rougher? Nature, 332, 4-94.

Carter, E. F. and A. R. Robinson, 1987: Analysis models for the estimation of oceanic fields. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 49-74.

Carter, W. E., W. D. Scherer, and J. M. Diamante, 1987: Measuring absolute sea level. Sea Technol., 28, 39-46.

Carton, J. A., X. Cao, B. S. Giese, and A. M. d. Silva, 1995: Decadal and interannual variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. J.

Carton, J. A. and E. Hackert, 1990: Data assimilation applied to the temperature and circulation in the tropical Atlantic, 1983-84. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 1150-1165.

Carton, J. A. and B. Huang, 1994: Warm events in the tropical Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 888-893.

Carton, J. A. and S. G. H. Philander, 1984: Coastal upwelling viewed as a stochastic phenomenon. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 149-91509.

Cartwright, D. E. and R. D. Ray, 1989: New estimates of oceanic tidal energy dissipation from satellite altimetry. Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 73-76.

Cartwright, T. J. and P. S. Ray, 1999: Radar-Derived Estimates of Latent Heating in the Subtropics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 726-742.

Carvalho, L. M. V. and C. Jones, 2001: A Satellite Method to Identify Structural Properties of Mesoscale Convective Systems Based on the Maximum Spatial Correlation Tracking Technique (MASCOTTE). J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1683-1701.

Carvalho, L. M. V., C. Jones, and B. Liebmann, 2002: Extreme Precipitation Events in Southeastern South America and Large-Scale Convective Patterns in the South Atlantic Convergence Zone. J. Climate, 15, 2377-2394.

Carver, G. D., W. A. Norton, and J. A. Pyle, 1994: A case study in forecasting the stratospheric vortex during EASOE. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1451-1454.

Cary, J. W., G. S. Campbell, and R. I. Papendick, 1978: Is the soil frozen or not? An algorithm using weather records. Water Re-sour. Res., 14, 1117-1122.

Case, B. and M. Mayfield, 1990: Atlantic hurricane season of 1989. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1165-1177.

Case, J. L., J. Manobianco, T. D. Oram, T. Garner, P. F. Blottman, and S. M. Spratt, 2002: Local Data Integration over East-Central Florida Using the ARPS Data Analysis System. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 3-26.

Case, K. M., 1960: Stability of inviscid plane couette flow. Phys. Fluids, 3, 143-148.

Case, R. and M. Mayfield, 1990: Atlantic hurricane season of 1989. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1165-1177.

Case, R. A. and H. P. Gerrish, 1988: Atlantic hurricane season of 1987. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 939-949.

Casella, G. and R. L. Berger, 1990: Statistical Inference. Brooks/ Cole Publishing, 650.

Casey, K. S. and P. Cornillon, 2001: Global and Regional Sea Surface Temperature Trends. J. Clim., 14, 3801-3818.

Cash, B. A. and S. Lee, 2001: Observed Nonmodal Growth of the Pacific-North Amreican Teleconnection Pattern. J. Climate, 14, 1017.

Cassano, J. J. and T. R. Parish, 2000: An Analysis of the Nonhydrostatic Dynamics in Numerically Simulated Antarctic Katabatic Flows*. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 891-898.

Cassano, J. J., T. R. Parish, and J. C. King, 2001: Evaluation of Turbulent Surface Flux Parameterizations for the Stable Surface Layer over Halley, Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 26.

Cassou, C., P. Noyret, E. Sevault, O. Thual, L. Terray, D. Beaucourt, and M. Imbard, 1998: Distributed Ocean-Atmosphere Modeling and Sensitivity to the Coupling Flux Precision: The CATHODe Project. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1035-1053.

Cassou, C. and L. Terray, 2001: Oceanic Forcing of the Wintertime Low-Frequency Atmospheric Variability in the North Atlantic European Sector: A Study with the ARPEGE Model. J. Clim., 14, 4266-4291.

Castellano, N. E., O. B. Nasello, and L. Levi, 2002: Study of hail density parametrizations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1445-1460.

Castelli, S. T., E. Ferrero, and D. Anfossi, 2001: Turbulence Closures in Neutral Boundary Layers over Complex Terrain. Bound. Layer Meteor., 100, 405-419.

Castro, C. L., T. B. McKee, and R. A. Pielke, 2001: The Relationship of the North American Monsoon to Tropical and North Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures as Revealed by Observational Analyses. J. Climate, 14, 4449-4473.

Castro, I. P., 2002: Weakly stratified laminar flow past normal flat plates. J. Fluid Mech., 454, 21-46.

Castro, I. P. and W. H. Snyder, 1993: Experiments on wave breaking in stratified flow over obstacles. J. Fluid Mech., 255, 195-211.

Castro, I. P., W. H. Snyder, and G. L. Marsh, 1983: Stratified flow over three-dimensional ridges. J. Fluid Mech., 135, 261-282.

Casulli, V., 1990: Semi-implicit finite difference methods for the two-dimensional shallow water equations. J. Comput. Phys., 86, 56-74.

Casulli, V. and R. T. Cheng, 1992: Semi-implicit finite difference methods for three dimensional shallow water flow. Int. J. Numer. Meth-ods Fluids, 15, 629-648.

Casulli, V. and C. A. Lin, 1994: Numerical studies of eddy shedding in the Gulf of Mexico. J. Geophys. Res., 99(C4), 7599-7615.

Catchpole, A. and J. Moodie, 1971: Multiple reflection in arctic regions. Weather, 26, 157-161.

Catedra, M. F., E. Gago, and L. Nuno, 1989: A numerical scheme to obtain the RCS of three-dimensional bodies of resonant size using the conjugate gradient method and the fast Fourier transform. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., AP-37, 528-537.

Caton, F., B. Janiaud, and E. J. Hopfinger, 2000: Stability and bifurcations in stratified Taylor--Couette flow. J. Fluid Mech., 93.

Caton, P. A. F., 1963: Wind measurement of Doppler radar. Meteor. Mag., 92, 213-222.

Catrakis, H. J., R. C. Aguirre, and J. RuizPlancarte, 2002: Area-volume properties of fluid interfaces in turbulence: scale-local self-similarity and cumulative scale dependence. J. Fluid Mech., 462, 245-254.

Cattle, H., 1991: Global climate models and Antarctic climate change. Antarctic and Global Climate Change. G. M. Harris and B. StonehouseEds., Belhaven Press, 21-34.

Caughey, S. J., 1982: Observed characteristics of the atmospheric convective boundary layer. Atmospheric Turbulence and Air Pollution Modelling. F. T. Nieuwstadt and H. van DopEds., Reidel, 107-158.

Caughey, S. J., B. A. Crease, and W. T. Roach, 1982: A field study of nocturnal stratocumulus- 11 turbulence structure and entrainment. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 125-144.

Caughey, S. J. and S. G. Palmer, 1979: Some aspects of turbulence structure through the depth of the convective boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 811-827.

Caughey, S. J., J. C. Wyngaard, and J. C. Kaimal, 1979: Turbulence in the evolving stable boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1041-1052.

Caulfield, C. P. and W. R. Peltier, 1994: Three-dimensionalization of the stratified mixing layer. Phys. Fluids, 6, 3803-3805.

Cava, D., U. Giostra, and M. Tagliazucca, 2001: Spectral Maxima in a Perturbed Stable Boundary Layer. Bound. Layer Meteor., 100, 421-437.

Cavalcanti, I. F. A., C. K. Folland, and A. W. Colman, 2002: Note on "Predictability of Northeast Brazil Rainfall and Real-Time Forecast Skill, 1987-98". J. Climate, 15, 1993-1996.

Cavaleri, L. and L. Bertotti, 1997: In Search of the Correct Wind and Wave Fields in a Minor Basin. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1964-1975.

Cavaleri, L., L. Bertotti, M. Hortal, and M. Miller, 1997: Effect of Reduced Diffusion on Surface Wind and Wave Fields. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 3024-3029.

Cavalieri, D. J., 1992: The validation of geophysical products using multisensor data. Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice. Geophys. Monogr., 68, F. D. CarseyEd.

Cavalieri, D. J., J. P. Crawford, M. R. Drinkwater, D. T. Eppler, L. D. Farmer, R. R. Jentz, and C. C. Wackermann, 1991: Aircraft active and passive microwave validation of sea ice concentration from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Special Sensor Microwave Imager. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 21989-22008.

Cavazos, T., A. C. Comrie, and D. M. Liverman, 2002: Intraseasonal Variability Associated with Wet Monsoons in Southeast Arizona. J. Climate, 15, 2477-2490.

Cavazos, T. and S. L. Hastenrath, 1990: Convection and rainfall over Mexico and their modulation by the Southern Oscillation. J. Climatol., 10, 377-386.

Caya, A., R. Laprise, and P. Zwack, 1998: Consequences of Using the Splitting Method for Implementing Physical Forcings in a Semi-Implicit Semi-Lagrangian Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1707-1713.

Caya, A., S. Laroche, I. Zawadzki, and T. Montmerle, 2002: Using Single-Doppler Data to Obtain a Mesoscale Environmental Field. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 21-36.

Caya, D., S. Goyette, and R. Laprise, 1994: La mode´lisation du climat: Du global au re ´gional. Interface, 15, 14-25.

Caya, D. and R. Laprise, 1999: A Semi-Implicit Semi-Lagrangian Regional Climate Model: The Canadian RCM. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 341-362.

Cayan, B., 1980: Large-scale relationship between sea surface temperature and surface air temperature. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1293-1301.

Cayan, D., 1992: Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the Northern Oceans: Driving the sea surface temperature. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 859-881.

Cayan, D., 1992: Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the Northern Oceans: The connection to monthly atmospheric circulation. J. Climate, 5, 354-369.

Cayan, D. A., 1992: Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans: Driving the sea surface temperature. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 859-881.

Cayan, D. A., 1992: Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans: The connection to monthly atmospheric circulation. J. Climate, 5, 354-369.

Cayan, D. R., 1992: Variability of latent and sensible heat fluxes estimated using bulk formulae. Atmos.-Ocean, 30, 1-42.

Cayan, D. R. and K. P. G. a, 1995: Hydroclimatology of continental watersheds. Part 2: Spatial analyses. Water Resour. Res., 31, 677-697.

Cayan, D. R. and Coauthors, 1989: Introduction. Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas. D. H. Peterson Ed., Geophys. Monogr., No. 55.

Cayan, D. R. and K. P. Georgakakos, 1995: Hydroclimatology of continental watersheds: spatial analyses. Water Resour. Res., 31(3), 677-697.

Cayan, D. R., A. J. Miller, T. P. Barnett, N. E. Graham, J. N. Ritchie, and J. M. Oberhuber, 1995: Seasonal-interannual fluctuations in surface temperature over the Pacific: Effects of monthly winds and heat fluxes. Climate Variability on Decade to Century Time Scales. National Academy of Sciences Press, 612.

Cayan, D. R. and D. H. Peterson, 1989: The influence of North Pacific atmospheric circulation on streamflow in the West. Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas. Geophy. Monogr., No. 55, D. H. PetersonEd.

Cayan, D. R. and D. H. Peterson, 1989: The influence of North Pacific atmospheric circulation on streamflow in the West. Geophys. Monogr. No. 55, Amer. Geophys. Union, 375-397.

Cayan, D. R. and D. H. Peterson, 1993: Spring climate and salinity in the San Francisco Bay estuary. Water Resour. Res., 29, 293-303.

Cayan, D. R. and G. Reverdin, 1994: Monthly precipitation and evaporation variability over the North Atlantic. ACCP Notes, 2, 4.

Cayan, D. R., L. G. Riddle, and E. Aguado, 1993: The influence of precipitation and temperature on seasonal streamflow in California. Water Resour. Res., 29, 1127-1140.

Cayan, D. R. and J. O. Roads, 1984: Local relationships between United States West Coast precipitation and monthly mean circulation parameters. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1276-1282.

Cayan, D. R., C. F. Ropelewski, and T. R. Karl, 1986: An Atlas of United States Monthly and Seasonal Temperature Anoma-lies. U.S. Climate Program Office. 244.

Cayan, D. R. and R. H. Webb, 1992: El Nin˜ o/ Southern Oscillation and streamflow in the western United States. El Nin˜o: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation. H. Diaz and V. MarkgrafEds., Cambridge University Press, 29-68.

Caylor, I. C. and A. J. Illingworth, 1987: Radar observations and modelling of warm rain initiation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 1171-1191.

Cayrol, P., L. Kergoat, and A. Chehbouni, 2000: Calibrating a Coupled SVAT--Vegetation Growth Model with Remotely Sensed Reflectance and Surface Temperature--A Case Study of the HAPEX-Sahel Grassland Sites. J. App. Meteor., 39, 2452.

Cechet, C., 1993: Diurnal SST cycle in the western equatorial Pacific: Measurements made aboard the R/ V Franklin during the TOGA-COARE and pre-COARE cruises. AMOS Bull., 6, 26-32.

Cecil, D. J. and E. J. Zipser, 1999: Relationships between Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Satellite-Based Indicators of Inner Core Convection: 85-GHz Ice-Scattering Signature and Lightning. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 103-123.

Cecil, D. J. and E. J. Zipser, 2002: Reflectivity, Ice Scattering, and Lightning Characteristics of Hurricane Eyewalls and Rainbands. Part II: Intercomparison of Observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 785-801.

Cecil, D. J., E. J. Zipser, and S. W. Nesbitt, 2002: Reflectivity, Ice Scattering, and Lightning Characteristics of Hurricane Eyewalls and Rainbands. Part I: Quantitative Description. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 769-784.

Cedex, F. F., E. J., and R. C. Miller, 1953: A method for forecasting hailstone size at the earth's surface. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 34, 235-244.

Cehelsky, P. and and, 1989: Reply. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1865-1866.

Cehelsky, P. and K. K. Tung, 1987: Theories of multiple equilibria and weather regimes-A critical reexamination. Part II: Baroclinic two-layer models. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3282-3303.

Cehelsky, P. and K. K. Tung, 1991: Nonlinear baroclinic adjustment. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1930-1947.

Çelik, F. and J. D. Marwitz, 1999: Droplet Spectra Broadening by Ripening Process. Part I: Roles of Curvature and Salinity of Cloud Droplets. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3091-3105.

Cember, R. P. and D. S. Wilks, 1993: Climatological atlas of snow-fall and snow depth for the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Publication RR 93-1. Northeast Regional Climate Center, Cornell University, 216.

Cenedese, A. and G. Querzoli, 1994: A laboratory model of turbulent convection in the atmospheric boundary layer. Atmos. Environ., 28, 1901-1914.

Cenedese, C. and P. F. Linden, 2002: Stability of a buoyancy-driven coastal current at the shelf break. J. Fluid Mech., 452, 97-122.

Ceniceros, H. D. and T. Y. Hou, 2001: An Efficient Dynamically Adaptive Mesh for Potentially Singular Solutions. J. Comput. Phy., 172, 609-639.

Center, H., V. Stephens, G. L., and S. C. Tsay, 1990: On the cloud absorption anomaly. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 671-704.

Center, H., V. Stephens, P. W. Stackhouse, and P. J. Flatau, 1990: The relevance of the microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds to climate and climate feedback. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1742-1753.

Center, M., A. Davis, R. E., R. d. Szoeke, and P. Niiler, 1981: Variability in the upper ocean during MILE II, modelling the mixed layer response. Deep-Sea Res., 28, 1453-1475.

Center, O. R. N. L., O. Ridge, TN., and I. M. Palao, 1993: A re-evaluation of rainfall variability in the Sahel. Part I: Characteristics of rainfall fluctuations. Int. J. Climatol., 13, 371-389.

Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts., P. Y. and M. Ghil, 1992: Singular spectrum analysis: A toolkit for short. noisy chaotic signals. Physica D, 35, 395-424.

CEPEX. Murayama, N. and Ed., 1989: The GMS Users' Guide. 2d ed. Meteorological Satellite Center, 222.

Cermak, J. E., 1971: Laboratory simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer. AIAA J., 9, 17461754.

Cermak, J. E., 1975: Applieations of fluid mechanics to wind engineering-a Freeman Scholar Lecture. J. Fluids Eng., 97, 9-38.

Cermak, J. E., 1984: Physical modeling of flow and dispersion over complex terrain. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 30, 26-1292.

Cerne, G., S. Petelin, and I. Tiselj, 2001: Coupling of the Interface Tracking and the Two-Fluid Models for the Simulation of Incompressible Two-Phase Flow. J. Comp. Phy., 171, 776-804.

Cerni, T. A., 1982: Comments on the ratio of diffuse to direct solar irradiance (perpendicular to the sun's rays) with clear skies-a conserved quantity throughout the day. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 886-887.

Cerni, T. A., 1983: Determination of the size and concentration of cloud drops with an FSSP. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 134-61355.

Cerni, T. A. and T. R. Parish, 1984: A radiative model of the stable nocturnal boundary layer with application to the polar night. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 1563-1572.

Cerutti, S., C. Meneveau, and O. M. Knio, 2000: Spectral and hyper eddy viscosity in high-Reynolds-number turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 307.

Cervelli, P., M. H. Murray, P. Segall, Y. Aoki, and T. Kato, 2001: Estimating source parameters from deformation data, with an application to the March 1997 earthquake swarm off the Izu Peninsula, Japan (Paper 2000JB900399). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 11,217-11,238.

Cerveny, R. S. and L. E. Newman, 2000: Climatological Relationships between Tropical Cyclones and Rainfall. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3329.

Ceselski, B. F., 1974: Cumulus convection in weak and strong tropical disturbance. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1241-1255.

Cess, R. D., 1989: Interpretation of cloud-climate feedback as produced by 14 atmospheric general circulation models. Science, 245, 513-516.

Cess, R. D. and and, 1988: A methodology for understanding and intercomparing atmospheric climate feedback processes in general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 8305-8314.

Cess, R. D. and Coauthors, 1989: Intercomparison of cloud-climate feedback as produced by 14 atmospheric general circulation models. Science, 245, 513-516.

Cess, R. D. and coauthors, 1990: Intercomparison and interpretation of climate feedback processes in 19 atmospheric general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16 601-16 615.

Cess, R. D. and Coauthors, 1991: Interpretation of snow-climate feedback as produced by 17 general circulation models. Science, 253, 888ñ8-92.

Cess, R. D. and Coauthors, 1993: Uncertainties in carbon dioxide radiative forcing in atmospheric general circulation models. Science, 262, 1252-1255.

Cess, R. D. and Coauthors, 1995: Absorption of solar radiation by clouds: Observations versus models. Science, 267, 496-499.

Cess, R. D. and Coauthors, 1996: Cloud feedback in atmospheric general circulation models: An update. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

Cess, R. D., E. G. Dutton, J. J. DeLuisi, and F. Jiang, 1991: Determining surface solar absorption from broadband satellite measurements for clear skies: Comparison with surface measurements. J. Climate, 4, 236-247.

Cess, R. D., D. P. Kratz, S. J. Kim, and J. Caldwell, 1986: Infrared radiation models for atmospheric methane. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 9857-9864.

Cess, R. D., S. Nemesure, E. G. Dutton, J. J. DeLuisi, G. L. Potter, and J.-J. Morcrette, 1993: The impact of clouds on the shortwave radiation budget of the surface-atmosphere system: Interfacing measurements and models. J. Climate, 6, 308-316.

Cess, R. D. and G. L. Potter, 1984: A commentary on the recent CO2 climate controversy. Climate Change, 6, 365-376.

Cess, R. D. and G. L. Potter, 1987: Exploratory studies of cloud radiative forcing with a general circulation model. Tellus, 39A, 460-473.

Cess, R. D., G. L. Potter, W. L. Gates, J. J. Morcrette, and L. Corsetti, 1992: Comparison of general circulation models to Earth Radiation Budget Experiment data: Computation of clear-sky fluxes. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20421-20426.

Cess, R. D., T. Qian, and M. Sun, 2000: Consistency tests applied to the measurement of total, direct, and diffuse shortwave radiation at the surface. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24881.

Cess, R. D., M. H. Zhang, P. Minnis, L. Corsetti, E. G. Dutton, B. W. Forgan, D. P. Garber, W. L. Gates, J. J. Hack, E. F. Harrison, X. Jing, J. T. Kiehl, C. N. Long, J.-J. Morcrette, Boville, B. A. and W. J. Randel, 1986: Observation and simulation of the variability of the stratosphere and troposphere in January. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 3015-3034.

Cessi, P., 1988: A stratified model of the inertial gyre. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 662-682.

Cessi, P., 1988: A stratified model of the inertial recirculation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 662-682.

Cessi, P., 1990: Recirculation and separation of boundary currents. J. Mar. Res., 48, 1-35.

Cessi, P., 1991: Laminar separation of colliding western boundary currents. J. Mar. Res., 49, 697-717.

Cessi, P., 1998: Angular Momentum and Temperature Homogenization in the Symmetric Circulation of the Atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1997-2015.

Cessi, P., R. V. Condie, and W. R. Young, 1990: Dissipative dynamics of western boundary currents. J. Mar. Res., 48, 677-700.

Cessi, P. and G. Ierley, 1995: Symmetry-breaking multiple equilibria in quasigeostrophic, wind-driven flows. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1196-1205.

Cessi, P., G. Ierley, and W. R. Young, 1987: A model of the inertial recirculation driven by potential vorticity anomalies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1640-1652.

Cessi, P. and J. Pedlosky, 1986: On the role of topography in the ocean circulation. J. Mar. Res., 44, 445-471.

Cessi, P. and W. R. Young, 1992: Multiple equilibria in two-dimensional thermohaline circulation. J. Fluid Mech., 241, p. 2-91.

Chaboureau, J. P. and P. Bechtold, 2002: A Simple Cloud Parameterization Derived from Cloud Resolving Model Data: Diagnostic and Prognostic Applications. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2362-2372.

Chaco´n, R. E. and W. Ferna´ndez, 1985: Temporal and spatial rainfall variability in the mountainous region of the Reventazo´n river basin, Costa Rica. J. Climatol., 5, 175-188.

Chacon, L., D. A. Knoll, and J. M. Finn, 2002: An Implicit, Nonlinear Reduced Resistive MHD Solver. J. Comp. Phy., 178, 15-36.

Chadwick, R. B. and K. P. Moran, 1980: Longterm measurements of in the boundary layer. Radio Sci., 15, 355-361. 2 Cn.

Chae, D., C. Kim, and O. H. Rho, 2001: Reply to Comment on "Development of an Improved Gas-Kinetic BGK Scheme for Inviscid and Viscous Flows". J. Comp. Phy., 171, 848-850.

Chahine, M. T., 1974: Remote sounding of cloudy atmospheres. I: The single cloud layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 233-243.

Chahine, M. T., 1974: Remote sounding of cloudy atmospheres. Part I: The single cloud layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 233-243.

Chahine, M. T., 1992: The hydrological cycle and its influence on climate. Nature, 359, 373-380.

Chahine, M. T. and J. Susskind, 1991: Derivation of longterm climate data sets from NOAA's HIRS2/MSU. Global and Planetary Change, 4, 121-125.

Chakrabarty, D. K., S. K. Peshin, and K. V. Pandya, 2001: Further evidence of total ozone variation during the solar eclipse of 1995. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3213.

Chalikov, D., 1993: Comments on ''Wave-induced stress and the drag of air flow over sea waves'' and ''Quasilinear theory of wind-wave generation applied to wave forecasting.''. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1597-1600.

Chalikov, D. V., 1980: Numerical simulation of the boundary layer above waves. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 34, 63-98.

Chalikov, D. V., 1995: The parameterization of the wave boundary layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1333-1349.

Chalikov, D. V. and M. Y. Belevich, 1993: One-dimensional theory of the wave boundary layer. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 63, 65-96.

Chalikov, D. V. and V. K. Makin, 1990: Pressure distribution above waves. Ann. Geophys., Special Issue, EGS.

Chalikov, D. V. and V. K. Makin, 1991: Models of the wave boundary layer. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 56, 83-99.

Challa, M., R. L. Pfeffer, Q. Zhao, and S. W. Chang, 1998: Can Eddy Fluxes Serve as a Catalyst for Hurricane and Typhoon Formation?*. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2201-2219.

Challenor, P. G. and D. J. T. Carter, 1994: On the accuracy of monthly means. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1425-1430.

Challenor, P. G., P. Cipollini, and D. Cromwell, 2001: Use of the 3D Radon Transform to Examine the Properties of Oceanic Rossby Waves. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 1558-1566.

Chalon, J. P., G. Jaubert, F. Roux, and J. P. Lafore, 1988: The west African squall line observed on 23 June 1981 during COPT 81: Mesoscale structure and transports. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 27442763.

Chalon, J.-P., J. C. Fankhauser, and P. J. Eccles, 1976: Structure of an evolving hailstorm. Part I: General characteristic and cellular structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 564-575.

Chalons, C. and P. G. LeFloch, 2001: High-Order Entropy-Conservative Schemes and Kinetic Relations for van der Waals Fluids. J. Comp. Phys., 168, 184.

Chamberlain, A. C., 1983: Roughness length of sea, sand and snow. Boun. Layer Meteor., 25, 405-409.

Chamberlain, A. C., 1991: Radioactive Aerosols. Cambridge University Press, 255.

Chambers, L. H., B. A. Wielicki, and K. F. Evans, 1997: Independent Pixel and Two-Dimensional Estimates of Landsat-Derived Cloud Field Albedo. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1525-1532.

Chambers, L. H., B. A. Wielicki, and N. G. Loeb, 2001: Shortwave Flux from Satellite-Measured Radiance: A Theoretical Study over Marine Boundary Layer Clouds. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 2144-2161.

Chambon, G. and J. W. Rudnicki, 2001: Effects of normal stress variations on frictional stability of a fluid-infiltrated fault (Paper 2001JB900002). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 11,353-11,372.

Champagne, F. H., 1978: The fine-scale structure of the turbulent velocity field. J. Fluid Mech., 86, 67-108.

Champagne, F. H., C. A. Friehe, J. C. LaRue, and J. C. Wyngaard, 1977: Flux measurements, flux estimation techniques, and fine-scale turbulence measurements in the unstable surface layer over land. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 515-530.

Champagne, N. J., J. G. Berryman, and H. M. Buettner, 2001: FDFD: A 3D Finite-Difference Frequency-Domain Code for Electromagnetic Induction Tomography. J. Comp. Phy., 170, 830-848.

Champneys, A. R., J. M. VandenBroeck, and G. J. Lord, 2002: Do true elevation gravity-capillary solitary waves exist? A numerical investigation. J. Fluid Mech., 454, 403-418.

Chan, C. L., W. Y. Chen, and C. F. Chen, 2002: Secondary motion in convection layers generated by lateral heating of a solute gradient. J. Fluid Mech., 455, 1-20.

Chan, J. C.-L., 1986: Supertyphoon Abby-An example of present track forecast inadequacies. Wea. Forecasting, 1, 11-3126.

Chan, J. C. L. and R. H. F. Kwok, 1999: Tropical Cyclone Genesis in a Global Numerical Weather Prediction Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 611-624.

Chan, J. C. L., J. E. Shi, and K. S. Liu, 2001: Improvements in the Seasonal Forecasting of Tropical Cyclone Activity over the Western North Pacific. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 491-498.

Chan, J. C. L. and R. T. Williams, 1987: Analytical and numerical studies of the beta-effect in tropical cyclone motion. Part I: Zero mean flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1257-1265.

Chan, J. C.-L. and W. M. Gray, 1982: Tropical cyclone movement and surrounding flow relationships. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1354-1374.

Chan, J. C.-L. and W. M. Gray, 1982: Tropical cyclone movement and surrounding flow relationship. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 135-41376.

Chan, J. C.-L. and R. T. Williams, 1987: Analytical and numerical studies of the beta-effect in tropical cyclone motion. Part I: Zero mean flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1257-1265.

Chan, K. P., D. K. Killinger, and N. Sugimoto, 1991: Heterodyne Doppler 1-mm lidar measurement of reduced effective telescope aperture due to atmospheric turbulence. Appl. Opt., 30, 261-72627.

Chan, M. W. and I. H. Tombach, 1978: AVACTA-Air pollution model for complex terrain applications. AeroVironment Inc.

Chance, B. A., 1986: Application of satellite data to the variational analysis of the three-dimensional wind field.

Chandler, C., P. Cheney, P. Thomas, L. Trabaud, and D. Williams, 1983: Fire in Forestry. Vol. 1. Forest Fire Behavior and Effects, John Wiley and Sons, Chap. 10.

Chandra, S. and R. S. Stolarski, 1991: Recent trends in stratospheric total ozone: Implications of dynamical and El Chicho´ n perturbations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 2277-2280.

Chandrasekar, V. and V. N. Bringi, 1987: Simulation of radar reflectivity and surface measurements of rainfall. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 464-478.

Chandrasekar, V., V. N. Bringi, N. Balakrishnan, and D. S. Zrnic´, 1990: Error structure of multiparameter radar and surface measurements of rainfall. Part III: Specific differential phase. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 621-629.

Chandrasekar, V., W. A. Cooper, and V. N. Bringi, 1988: Axis ratios and oscillations of raindrops. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 698-710.

Chandrasekhar, S., 1960: Radiative Transfer. Dover Press, 393.

Chandrasekhar, S., 1961: Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability. Oxford University Press, 652.

Chane-Ming, F., F. Molinaro, and S. Godin, 2000: Vertical short-scale structures in the upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric temperature and ozone at La Reunion Island (20.8 degrees S, 55.3 degrees E). J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26857.

Chang, A. T., L. S. Chiu, and T. T. Wilheit, 1993: Random errors of oceanic monthly rainfall derived from SSM/ I using probability distribution functions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2351-2354.

Chang, A. T. C. and L. S. Chiu, 1999: Nonsystematic Errors of Monthly Oceanic Rainfall Derived from SSM/I. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1630-1638.

Chang, A. T. C., J. L. Foster, and D. K. Hall, 1987: Nimbus-7 derived global snow cover parameters. Ann. Glaciol., 9, 39-45.

Chang, A. T. C., J. L. Foster, and D. K. Hall, 1990: Satellite sensor estimates of Northern Hemisphere snow volume. Int. J. Remote Sens., 11, 167-171.

Chang, A. T. C., J. L. Foster, D. K. Hall, D. A. Robinson, L. Peiji, and C. Meisheng, 1992: The use of microwave radiometer data for characterizing snow storage in western China. Ann. Glaciol., 16, 215-219.

Chang, A. T. C., P. Gloersen, T. T. Wilheit, and H. J. Zwally, 1976: Microwave emission from snow and glacier ice. J. Glac., 16, 23-39.

Chang, C., 1970: A mesoscale numerical model of airflow over the Black Hills, South Dakota School of Mines and Technologypp, Rapid City.

Chang, C.-B., 1993: Impact of desert environment on the genesis of African wave disturbances. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2137-2145.

Chang, C. B., 1979: On the Influence of Solar Radiation and Diurnal Variation of Surface Temperatures on African Disturbances. Rep. 79-3, 1-157 pp.

Chang, C. B. and D. J. P. C. W. Kreitzberg, 1984: Impact of initial wind field on the forecast of a severe storm environment. Preprints, Tenth Conf. on Weather Forecasting and Analysis, Clearwater, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 513-520.

Chang, C. B., D. J. Perkey, and and, 1984: Latent heat induced energy transformations during cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 357-367.

Chang, C. B., D. J. Perkey, and C. W. Kreitzberg, 1982: A numerical case study of the effects of latent heating on a developing wave cyclone. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1555-1570.

Chang, C.-B., D. J. Perkey, and C. W. Kreitzberg, 1981: A numerical case study of the squall line of 6 May 1975. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1601-1615.

Chang, C.-B., D. J. Perkey, and C. W. Kreitzberg, 1982: A numerical case study of the effects of latent heating on a developing wave cyclone. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1555-1570.

Chang, C.-B., D. J. Perkey, and C. W. Kreitzberg, 1984: Ltent heat induced energy transformations during cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 357-367.

Chang, C.-P., 1970: Westward propagating cloud patterns in the tropical Pacific as seen from time composite satellite photographs. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 133-138.

Chang, C.-P., 1977: Viscous internal gravity waves and low-frequency oscillations in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 901-910.

Chang, C. P., P. Harr, and J. Ju, 2001: Possible Roles of Atlantic Circulations on the Weakening Indian Monsoon Rainfall-ENSO Relationship. J. Climate, 14, 2376-2380.

Chang, C. P., T. N. Krishnamurti, and Eds., 1987: Monsoon Meteorology. Oxford University Press, 544.

Chang, C. P. and K. M. Lau, 1980: Northeasterly cold surges and near-equatorial disturbances over the winter MONEX area during December. Part II: Large-scale aspects. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 298-312.

Chang, C. P., Y. Zhang, and T. Li, 2000: Interannual and Interdecadal Variations of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and Tropical Pacific SSTs. Part I: Roles of the Subtropical Ridge. J. Climate, 13, 4310.

Chang, C. P., Y. Zhang, and T. Li, 2000: Interannual and Interdecadal Variations of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and Tropical Pacific SSTs. Part II: Meridional Structure of the Monsoon. J. Climate, 13, 4326.

Chang, C.-P. and and, 1982: Shortterm planetary-scale interactions over the tropics and midlatitudes during northern winter. Part I: Contrasts between active and inactive periods. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 933-946.

Chang, C.-P., S. C. Hou, H. C. Kuo, and G. T. J. Chen, 1998: The Development of an Intense East Asian Summer Monsoon Disturbance with Strong Vertical Coupling. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2692-2712.

Chang, C.-P. and K.-M. Lau, 1980: Northeasterly cold surges and near-equatorial disturbances over the winter MONEX area during December 1994. Part II: Planetary-scale aspects. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 298-312.

Chang, C.-P. and K. M. Lau, 1982: Shortterm planetary-scale interactions over the Tropics and midlatitudes during northern winter. Part I: Contrasts between active and inactive periods. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 933-946.

Chang, C.-P. and H. Lim, 1988: Kelvin wave-CISK: A possible mechanism for the 30-60 day oscillations. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1709-1720.

Chang, C.-P. and K. G. Lum, 1985: Tropical-midlatitude interactions over Asia and the western Pacific Ocean during the 1983-84 northern winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1345-1358.

Chang, D. E., J. A. Weinman, C. A. Morales, and W. S. Olson, 2001: The Effect of Spaceborne Microwave and Groud-Based Continuous Lightning Measurements on Forecasts of the 1998 Groundhog Day Storm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1809-1833.

Chang, E. K. M., 1993: Downstream development of baroclinic waves as inferred from regression analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2038-2053.

Chang, E. K. M., 1995: The influence of Hadley circulation intensity changes on extratropical climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2006-2024.

Chang, E. K. M., 1998: Poleward-Propagating Angular Momentum Perturbations Induced by Zonally Symmetric Heat Sources in the Tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2229-2248.

Chang, E. K. M., 1999: Characteristics of Wave Packets in the Upper Troposphere. Part II: Seasonal and Hemispheric Variations. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1729-1747.

Chang, E. K. M., 2000: Wave Packets and Life Cycles of Troughs in the Upper Troposphere: Examples from the Southern Hemisphere Summer Season of 1984/85. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 25-50.

Chang, E. K. M. and and, 1994: On energy flux and group velocity of waves in baroclinic flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3823-3828.

Chang, E. K. M. and Y. Fu, 2002: Interdecadal Variations in Northern Hemisphere Winter Storm Track Intensity. J. Climate, 15, 642-658.

Chang, E. K. M., S. Lee, and K. L. Swanson, 2002: Storm Track Dynamics. J. Climate, 15, 2163-2183.

Chang, E. K. M. and I. Orlanski, 1993: On the dynamics of a storm track. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 999-1015.

Chang, E. K. M. and I. Orlanski, 1993: On the dynamics of storm tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 999-1015.

Chang, E. K. M. and D. B. Yu, 1999: Characteristics of Wave Packets in the Upper Troposphere. Part I: Northern Hemisphere Winter. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1708-1728.

Chang, F. C. and E. A. Smith, 2001: Hydrological and Dynamical Characteristics of Summertime Droughts over U.S. Great Plains. J. Climate, 14, 2296-2316.

Chang, F. C. and J. M. Wallace, 1987: Meteorological conditions during heat waves and droughts in the United States Great Plains. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1253-1269.

Chang, F.-L., Z. Li, and A. P. Trishchenko, 2000: The Dependence of TOA Reflectance Anisotropy on Cloud Properties Inferred from ScaRaB Satellite Data. J. App. Meteor., 39, 2480.

Chang, H. C., E. A. Demekhin, and S. S. Saprikin, 2002: Noise-driven wave transitions on a vertically falling film. J. Fluid Mech., 462, 255-284.

Chang, H. R. and H. N. Shirer, 1984: Transitions in shallow convection: An explanation for lateral cell expansion. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2334-2346.

Chang, J. J.-C. and M. Mak, 1993: A dynamical empirical orthogonal function analysis of the intraseasonal disturbances. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 613-630.

Chang, J. J.-C. and M. Mak, 1995: Nonmodal barotropic dynamics of the intraseasonal disturbances. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 896-914.

Chang, J. S., R. A. Brost, I. S. A. Isaksen, S. Madronich, P. Middleton, W. R. Stockwell, and C. J. Walcek, 1987: A three-dimensional Eulerian acid deposition model: Physical concepts and formulation. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14681-14700.

Chang, J. S., R. A. Brost, L. S. A. Isaksen, S. Madronich, P. Middleton, W. R. Stockwell, and C. J. Walcek, 1987: A three-dimensional Eulerian acid deposition model. Physical concepts and formulation. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14 681-14 700.

Chang, J.-T. and P. J. Wetzel, 1991: Effects of spatial variations of soil moisture and vegetation on the evolution of a prestorm environment: A numerical case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1368-1390.

Chang, K. M., 1993: Downstream development of baroclinic waves as inferred from regression analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 203-82053.

Chang, L. P. and R. L. Sarri, 1982: Development of a 2-D finite-element PBL model and two preliminary model applications. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 2025-2037.

Chang, L. P., E. S. Takle, and R. L. Sani, 1982: Development of a two-dimensional finite-element PBL model and two preliminary model applications. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 20252037.

Chang, P., 1993: Seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature and mixed layer heat budget in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2079-2082.

Chang, P., 1994: A study of the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature in the tropical Pacific Ocean using reduced gravity models. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 7725-7741.

Chang, P. and S. G. H. P. an, 1994: A coupled ocean-atmosphere instability of relevance to the seasonal cycle. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3627-3648.

Chang, P., L. Ji, B. Wang, and T. Li, 1995: On the interactions between the seasonal cycle and El Nin˜ o-Southern Oscillation in an intermediate coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2353-2372.

Chang, P. and G. Philander, 1994: A coupled ocean-atmosphere instability of relevance to the seasonal cycle. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3628-3648.

Chang, P., B. Wang, T. Li, and L. Ji, 1994: Interactions between the seasonal cycle and ENSO-frequency entrainment and chaos in a coupled atmosphere-ocean model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2817-2820.

Chang, S. S. and R. R. B. Jr., 1991: Observational study of a convective internal boundary layer over Lake Michigan. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2265-2279.

Chang, S. W., 1979: An efficient parameterization of eonveetive and noneonveetive planetary boundary layers for use in numerical models. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 1205-1215.

Chang, S. W., 1979: An efficient parameterization of convective and nonconvective boundary layer for use in a numerical model. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 1205-1215.

Chang, S. W., 1981: The impact of satellite-sensed winds on intensity forecasts of tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 539-553.

Chang, S. W., R. J. Alliss, S. Raman, and J.-J. Shi, 1993: SSM/I Observations of ERICA IOP 4 marine cyclone: A comparison with in situ observations and model simulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2452-2464.

Chang, S. W., R. J. Alliss, J.-J. Shi, and S. Raman, 1993: SSM/ I observations of ERICA IOP 4 marine cyclone: A comparison with in situ observations and model simulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2452-2464.

Chang, S. W. and R. A. Anthes, 1978: Numerieal simulations of the ocean's nonlinear, baroclinic response to translating hurricanes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 468-480.

Chang, S. W., K. Brehme, and R. Madala, 1989: A numerical study of the east coast snowstorm of 10-12 February 1983. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1768-1778.

Chang, S. W., K. Brehme, R. Madala, and K. Sashegyi, 1989: A numerical study of the East Coast snowstorm of 10-12 February 1983. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1768-1778.

Chang, S. W., K. Brehme, R. V. Madala, and K. D. Sashegyi, 1989: A numerical study of the east coast snowstorm of 10-12 February 1983. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1768-1778.

Chang, S. W. and T. R. Holt, 1994: Impact of assimilating SSM/ I rainfall rates on numerical prediction of wintertime cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 151-164.

Chang, S. W. and T. R. Holt, 1994: Impact of SSM/ I rainfall rate on numerical prediction of cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 151-164.

Chang, S. W. and H. D. Orville, 1973: Large-seale convergence in a numerical cloud model. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 947-950.

Chang, S. W.-J., 1982: The orographic effects induced by an island mountain range on propagating tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1255-1270.

Chang, T. J., M. L. Kavvas, and J. W. Delleur, 1984: Daily precipitation modeling by discrete autoregressive moving average processes. Water Resour. Res., 20, 565-580.

Chang, W., F. Giraldo, and B. Perot, 2002: Analysis of an Exact Fractional Step Method. J. Comp. Phy., 180, 183-199.

Changnon, D., T. B. McKee, and and, 1993: Annual snowpack patterns across the Rockies: Longterm trends and associated 500-mb synoptic patterns. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 633-647.

Changnon, D., T. B. McKee, and N. J. Doesken, 1991: Hydroclimatic variability in the Rocky Mountains. Water Resour. Bull., 27, 733-743.

Changnon, D., J. J. Noel, and L. H. Maze, 1995: Determining cyclone frequencies using equal-area circles. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2285-2294.

Changnon, D., J. Thompson, T. April, E. Schmidt, and M. Falout, 2002: Efforts to improve predictions of urban winter heating anomalies using various climate indices. Meteor. App., 9, 105-112.

Changnon, S., J. Changnon, and D. Changnon, 1995: Uses and applications of climate forecasts for power utilities. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 711-720.

Changnon, S. A., 1964: Climatology of damaging lightning in Illinois. Mon. Wea. Rev., 92, 115-120.

Changnon, S. A., 1969: Climatology of severe winter storms in Illinois. Bul-letin 53. Illinois State Water Survey, 45.

Changnon, S. A., 1972: Examples of economic losses from hail in the United States. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 1128-1137.

Changnon, S. A., 1979: How a severe winter impacts on individuals. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 60, 110-114.

Changnon, S. A., 1980: Climatology of high damaging wind in Illinois. Report of Investigation 95. Illinois State Water Survey, 44.

Changnon, S. A., 1982: User beware: The upward trend in tornado frequen-cies. Weatherwise, 35, 64-69.

Changnon, S. A., 1985: Secular variations in thunder-day frequencies in the twentieth century. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6181-6194.

Changnon, S. A., 1992: Inadvertent weather modification in urban areas: Lessons for global climate change. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 619-627.

Changnon, S. A., 2001: Assessment of the Quality of Thunderstorm Data at First-Order Stations. J. App. Meteor., 40, 783.

Changnon, S. A. and J. Changnon, 1979: How severe winter impacts on individuals. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 60, 110-114.

Changnon, S. A., J. M. Changnon, and D. Changnon, 1994: Assessment of applications of climate forecasts in the utility industry in the central United States. Chagnon Climatologists Research Rep. CRR-35, UCAR, 64.

Changnon, S. A., B. Farhar, E. R. Swanson, and J. E. Haas, 1977: Hail suppression and society. Summary Report of Technology Assessment of Hail Suppression. Illinois State Water Survey, 25.

Changnon, S. A. and D. M. A. Jones, 1972: Review of the influences of the Great Lakes on weather. Water Resour. Res., 8, 360-371.

Changnon, S. A. and Jr., 1971: Hailfall characteristics related to crop damage. J. Appl. Meteor., 10, 270-274.

Changnon, S. A. and Jr., 1979: How a severe winter impacts on individuals. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 60, 110-114.

Changnon, S. A., Jr., and W. H. Lambright, 1987: The rise and fall of federal weather modification policy. J. Wea. Modif., 19, 1ñ-12.

Changnon, S. A., K. E. Kunkel, and B. C. Reinke, 1996: Impacts and responses to the 1995 heat wave: A call to action. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 1497-1506.

Changnon, S. A. and R. G. Semonin, 1966: A tornado disaster in retrospect. Weatherwise, 19, 56-65.

Changnon, S. A., Jr., R. G. Semonin, A. H. Auer, and R. R. B. J. J. M. Hales, 1981: Metromex: A Review and Summary. Vol. 40, Meteor. Monogr., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 181 pp.

Changnon, S. A. J., 1980: Evidence of urban and lake differences on precipitation in the Chicago area. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 1137-1159.

Changnon, S. A. J., 1982: Visibility changes caused by St. Louis. Atmos. Environ., 16, 595-598.

Chanine, M. T., 1995: Observation of local cloud and moisture feedbacks over high ocean and desert surface temperatures. J. Geophys. Res., 100(D5), 8919ñ8-927.

Chao, S.-Y., 1984: Bimodality of the Kuroshio. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 92-103.

Chao, S.-Y., 1985: Coastal jets in the lower atmosphere. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 361-371.

Chao, S. Y., 1990: Circulation of the East China Sea, a numerical study. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 46, 273-295.

Chao, S. Y. and P. T. Shaw, 2002: Nonhydrostatic aspects of coastal upwelling meanders and filaments off eastern ocean boundaries. Tellus, 54, 63-74.

Chao, S.-Y. and J. P. McCreary, 1982: A numerical study of the Kuroshio south of Japan. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 679-693.

Chao, W. C., 2000: Multiple Quasi Equilibria of the ITCZ and the Origin of Monsoon Onset. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 641-652.

Chao, W. C. and B. Chen, 2001: The Role of Surface Friction in Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 896.

Chao, W. C. and L. Deng, 1997: Phase Lag between Deep Cumulus Convection and Low-Level Convergence in Tropical Synoptic-Scale Systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 549-559.

Chao, W. C., L. Deng, T. I. Oscillation, and S. C. Clusters, 1998: and Cumulus Convection Schemes. Part II: 3D Aquaplanet Simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 690-709.

Chao, W. C. and S.-J. Lin, 1994: Tropical intraseasonal oscillation, super cloud clusters, and cumulus convection schemes. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1282-1297.

Chao, W. C. and M. R. Schoeberl, 1984: A note on the linear approximation of gravity wave saturation in the mesosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1893-1898.

Chao, Y. and L.-L. Fu, 1995: A comparison between the TOPEX/ POSEIDON data and a global ocean general circulation model during 1992-93. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 24965-24976.

Chao, Y., D. Halpern, and C. Pe´rigaud, 1993: Sea surface height variability during 1986-1988 in the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 6947-6959.

Chao, Y., D. Halpern, and C. Perigaud, 1993: Sea surface height variabilities in the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 6947-695.

Chao, Y. and S. G. H. Philander, 1993: On the structure of the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 6, 450-469.

Chapa, S. R., V. B. Rao, and G. S. S. D. Prasad, 1998: Application of Wavelet Transform to Meteosat-Derived Cold Cloud Index Data over South America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2466-2481.

Chapel, L. T., 1927: Winds and storms of the isthmus of Panama. Mon. Wea. Rev., 55, 519-530.

Chapelon, N., H. Douville, P. Kosuth, and T. Oki, 2002: Off-line simulation of the Amazon water balance: a sensitivity study with implications for GSWP. Climate Dynamics, 19, 141-154.

Chapman, C. J. and M. R. E. Proctor, 1980: Nonlinear RayleighBenard convection with poorly conducting boundaries. J. Fluid Mech., 101, 759-782.

Chapman, D. and K. A. Browning, 2001: Measurements of dissipation rate in frontal zones. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1939-1960.

Chapman, D. C., 1982: Nearly trapped internal edge waves in a Geophysical ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 29, 525-533.

Chapman, D. C., 1985: Numerical treatment of cross-shelf open boundaries in a barotropic coastal ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1060-1075.

Chapman, D. C., 1987: Application of windforced long coastaltrapped wave theory along the Californian coast. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 179-81816.

Chapman, D. C., 1989: Enhanced subinertial diurnal tides over isolated topographic features. Deep-Sea Res., 36, 815-824.

Chapman, D. C. and D. B. Haidvogel, 1993: Generation of internal lee waves trapped over a tall isolated seamount. Geophys. As-trophys. Fluid Dyn., 69, 33-54.

Chapman, D. G., 1956: Estimating the parameters of a truncated gamma distribution. Ann. Math. Stat., 27, 498-506.

Chapman, J. B., 1978: Male and female leadership styles: The double blind. Covert Discrimination and Women in the Sciences. AAAS Selected Symposia Series 14, J. A. Ramaley Ed., Westview Press, 97-123.

Chapman, L., J. E. Thornes, and A. V. Bradley, 2001: Modelling of road surface temperature from a geographical parameter database. Part 1: Statistical. Meteor. App., 8, 409-420.

Chapman, L., J. E. Thornes, and A. V. Bradley, 2001: Modelling of road surface temperature from a geographical parameter database. Part 2: Numerical. Meteor. App., 8, 421-436.

Chapman, S., 1918: The lunar atmospheric tide at Greenwich 1854-1917. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 50, 165-195.

Chapman, S., 1951: Atmospheric tides and oscillations. Compendium of Meteorology. T. F. MaloneEd., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 510-530.

Chapman, S. and R. S. Lindzen, 1970: Atmospheric Tides. D. Reidel Publishing Co., 200.

Chapman, S. J., 2002: Subcritical transition in channel flows. J. Fluid Mech., 451, 35-98.

Chapman, W. L. and J. E. Walsh, 1993: Recent variations of sea ice and air temperature in high latitudes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 33-47.

Chappell, C. F., 1986: Quasi-stationary convectieve events. mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting. P. S. RayEd., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 289-310.

Chapron, B., A. K. Liu, C. Y. Peng, and E. Mollo-Christensen, 1996: Higher order scale analysis. The Air-Sea Interfac, M. A. Donelan, W. H. Hui and W J. PlantEds., University of Toronto Press, 335-340.

Charba, J., 1974: Application of gravity current model to analysis of a squall-line gust front. Mon. Wea Rev., 102, 140-156.

Charba, J., 1974: Application of a gravity current model to analysis of squall line gust front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 102, 140-156.

Charba, J. P., 1979: Two to six hour severe local storm probabilities: An operational forecasting system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 268-282.

Charba, J. P. and W. H. Klein, 1980: Skill in precipitation forecasting in the national weather service. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 61, 1546-1555.

Charlock, T., F. Rose, T. Alberta, G. L. Smith, D. Rutan, N. Manalo-Smith, P. Minnis, and B. Wielicki, 1994: Cloud profiling radar requirements: Perspective from the retrievals of the surface and atmospheric radiation budget and studies of atmospheric energetics. Rep. GEWEX Topical Workshop on Utility and Feasibility of a Cloud Profiling Radar. WMO/TD No. 593, B10-B-29.

Charlock, T. P., 1982: Cloud optical feedback and climate stability in a radiative-convective model. Tellus, 34, 245-254.

Charlock, T. P., 1982: Midlatitude model analysis of solar radiation, the upper layers of the sea, and seasonal climate. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8823-8930.

Charlock, T. P. and T. L. Alberta, 1996: The CERES/ARM/ GEWEX experiment (CAGEX) for the retrieval of radiative fluxes with satellite data. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 2673-2683.

Charlock, T. P., K. M. Cattany-Carne, and F. Rose, 1988: Fluctuation statistics of outgoing longwave radiation in a general circulation model and in satellite data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1540-1554.

Charlock, T. P. and V. Ramanathan, 1985: The albedo field and cloud radiative forcing produced by a general circulation model with internally generated cloud optics. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1408-1429.

Charlson, R. J., 1978: Chemical properties of tropospheric sulfur aerosols. Atmos. Environ., 12, 39-53.

Charlson, R. J., N. C. Ahlquist, and H. Horvath, 1968: On the generality of correlation of atmospheric aerosol mass concentration and light scatter. Atmos. Environ., 2, 455-464.

Charlson, R. J., D. S. Covert, and and, 1984: Observation of the effect of humidity on light scattering by aerosols. Hygroscopic Aerosols. L. H. Ruhnke and A. Deepak Eds., 35-44.

Charlson, R. J., D. S. Covert, T. V. Larson, and A. P. Waggoner, 1978: Chemical properties of tropospheric sulfur aerosols. Atmos. Environ., 12, 39-53.

Charlson, R. J., H. Horvath, and R. F. Pueschel, 1967: The direct measurement of atmospheric light scattering coefficient for studies of visibility and pollution. Atmos. Environ., 1, 469-478.

Charlson, R. J., J. Lagner, H. Rodhe, C. B. Leovy, and S. G. Warren, 1991: Perturbation of the Northern Hemisphere radiative balance by backscattering from anthropogenic sulfate aerosols. Tellus, 43AB, 152-163.

Charlson, R. J., J. Langner, and H. Rodhe, 1990: Sulphate aerosol and climate. Nature, 348, -22.

Charlson, R. J., J. Langner, H. Rodhe, C. B. Leovy, and S. G. Warren, 1991: Perturbation of the northern hemisphere radiative balance by backscattering of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols. Tellus, 43(AB), 152-163.

Charlson, R. J., J. Langner, H. Rodhe, C. B. Leovy, and S. G. Warren, 1991: Perturbation of the Northern Hemisphere radiative balance by backscattering from anthropogenic sul-fate aerosols. Tellus, 43AB, 152-163.

Charlson, R. J., J. E. Lovelock, M. O. Andreae, and S. G. Warren, 1987: Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulfur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature, 326, 655-661.

Charlson, R. J., W. M. Porch, A. P. Waggoner, and N. C. Ahlquist, 1974: Background aerosol light scattering characteristics: neph-elometric observations at Mauna Loa Observatory compared with results at other remote locations. Tellus, 26, 345-360.

Charlson, R. J., S. E. Schwartz, J. M. Hale, R. D. Cess, J. A. C. Jr., J. E. Hansen, and D. J. Hofmann, 1992: Climate forcing by anthro-pogenic aerosol. Science, 255, 423-430.

Charlson, R. J., S. E. Schwartz, J. M. Hales, R. D. Cess, J. A. C. Jr., J. E. Hansen, and D. J. Hofmann, 1992: Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Science, 255, 423-430.

Charlson, R. J., A. H. Vanderpol, D. S. Covert, A. P. Waggoner, and N. C. Ahlquist, 1974: H2SO4 /(NH4)2SO4 background aerosol: Optical detection in St. Louis region. Atmos. Environ., 8, 125-71267.

Charlson, R. J., A. H. Vanderpol, D. S. Covert, A. P. Waggoner, and and, 1974: Sulfuric acid-ammonium sulfate aerosol: Optical detection in the St. Louis region. Science, 184, 156-158.

Charlson, R. J. and T. M. L. Wigley, 1994: Sulfate aerosol and climate change. Sci. Amer., 270, 28-35.

Charlson, R. J. and T. M. L. Wigley, 1994: Sulfate aerosol and climatic change. Sci. Amer., 27, 48-57.

Charney, J., 1960: Nonlinear theory of a wind-driven homoge-neous layer near the equator. Deep-Sea Res., 6, 303-310.

Charney, J., 1975: Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 101, 193-202.

Charney, J., M. Halem, and R. Jastrow, 1969: Use of incomplete historical data to infer the present state of the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 1160-1163.

Charney, J., W. J. Quirk, S.-H. Chow, and J. Kornfield, 1977: A comparative study of the effects of albedo change on drought in semi-arid regions. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1366-1385.

Charney, J. and M. Stern, 1962: On the stability of internal baroclinic jets in a rotating atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 19, 159-172.

Charney, J. C. and N. A. Phillips, 1953: Numerical integration of the quasigeostrophic equations for barotropic and simple baroclinic flows. J. Meteor., 10, 17-29.

Charney, J. G., 1947: The dynamics of long waves in a baroclinic westerly current. J. Meteor., 4, 135-162.

Charney, J. G., 1948: On the scale of atmospheric motions. Geofys. Publik., 17, 251-265.

Charney, J. G., 1949: On a physical basis for numerical prediction of large-scale motions in the atmosphere. J. Meteor., 6, 371-385.

Charney, J. G., 1955: The use of primitive equations of motion in numerical predictions. Tellus, 7, 22-26.

Charney, J. G., 1955: The use of primitive equations of motion in numerical prediction. Tellus, 7, 22-26.

Charney, J. G., 1955: The use of the primitive equations of motion in numerical prediction. Tellus, 7, 22-26.

Charney, J. G., 1962: Integration of the primitive and balance equations, Proc. Symp. Numerical Weather Prediction. Tokyo, Meteor. Soc. Japan, 131-152.

Charney, J. G., 1963: A note on large-scale motions in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 20, 60760g.

Charney, J. G., 1963: A note on large-scale motion in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 20, 607-609.

Charney, J. G., 1969: A further note on large-scale motions in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 182-185.

Charney, J. G., 1969: A further note on the large scale motions in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 182-185.

Charney, J. G., 1971: Geostrophic turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1087-1095.

Charney, J. G., 1971: Tropical cyclogenesis and the formation of the intertropical convergence zone in Mathematical Problems of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Lectures in Applied Mathematics, Vol. 13, W. H. ReidEd.

Charney, J. G., 1973: Planetary fluid dynamics. Dynamic Meteorology. P. Morel Ed., D. Reidel, 97-351.

Charney, J. G., 1975: Jacob Bjerknes-An Appreciation. Selected Papers of Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes, Wurtele, M. G., Ed., Western Periodicals Company, 11-13.

Charney, J. G., 1975: Dynamics of desert and drought in the Sahel. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 101, 193-202.

Charney, J. G., 1975: Dynamics of deserts and droughts in Sahel. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 101, 193-202.

Charney, J. G. and J. G. DeVore, 1979: Multiple flow equilibria and blocking. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1205-1216.

Charney, J. G. and J. G. DeVore, 1979: Multiple flow equilibria in the atmosphere and blocking. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1205-1216.

Charney, J. G. and P. G. Drazin, 1961: Propagation of planetary-scale disturbances from the lower into the upper atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 66, 83-109.

Charney, J. G. and A. Eliassen, 1949: A numerical method for predicting the perturbations of middle latitude westerlies. Tellus, l, 38-54.

Charney, J. G. and A. Eliassen, 1949: A numerical method for predicting the perturbations of midlatitude westerlies. Tellus, 1, 3-854.

Charney, J. G. and A. Eliassen, 1964: On the growth of the hurricane depression. J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 68-75.

Charney, J. G. and A. Eliassen, 1964: On the growth of hurricane depression. J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 68-75.

Charney, J. G., R. Fleagle, V. E. Lally, H. Riehl, and D. Q. Wark, 1966: The feasibility of a global observation and analysis experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 47, 200-220.

Charney, J. G., R. G. Fleagle, V. E. Lally, H. Riehl, and D. Q. Wark, 1966: The feasibility of a global observation and analysis experiment. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 47, 200-220.

Charney, J. G. and G. R. Flierl, 1981: Oceanic analogues of large-scale atmospheric motions. Evolution of Physical Oceanography. B. A. Warren and C. WunschEds., MIT Press, 504-548.

Charney, J. G. and N. A. Phillips, 1953: Numerical integration of the quasigeostrophic equations for barotropic and simple baroclinic flows. J. Meteor., 10, 71-99.

Charney, J. G. and N. A. Phillips, 1953: Numerical integration of the quasi-geostrophic equations for barotropic and simple baroclinic flows. J. Meteor., 10, 71-99.

Charney, J. G., W. J. Quirk, S.-H. Chow, and J. Kornfield, 1977: A comparative study of the effects of albedo change on drought in semi-arid regions. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1366-1385.

Charney, J. G. and M. Stern, 1962: On the stability of internal baroclinic jets in a rotating atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 19, 159-172.

Charney, J. G. and M. E. Stern, 1962: On the stability of internal baroclinic jets in a rotating atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 19, 159-172.

Charney, J. G. and D. M. Straus, 1980: Form-drag instability. multiple equilibria and propagating planetary waves in baroclinic, orographically forced, planetary wave systems.

Charney, J. J. and J. M. Fritsch, 1999: Discrete Frontal Propagation in a Nonconvective Environment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2083-2101.

Charney, J. P. and P. G. Drazin, 1961: Propagation of planetary-scale disturbances from the lower into the upper atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 66, 83-109.

Charnock, H., 1955: Wind stress on a water surfacx. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 639-640.

Charnock, H., 1955: Wind stress on a water surface. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 639-640.

Charnock, H., 1957: Notes on the specification of atmospheric turbulence. J. Roy. Statist. Soc., A120 (Part IV), 398-408.

Charron, M. and G. Brunet, 1999: Gravity Wave Diagnosis Using Empirical Normal Modes. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2706-2727.

Charron, M., E. Manzini, and C. D. Warner, 2002: Intercomparison of Gravity Wave Parameterizations: Hines Doppler-Spread and Warner and McIntyre Ultra-Simple Schemes. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 335-345.

Charru, F. and H. MouilleronArnould, 2002: Instability of a bed of particles sheared by a viscous flow. J. Fluid Mech., 452, 303-324.

Chase, R. and M. Mundt, 1989: On optimizing a constellation of altimetric satellites for measuring global oceanic mesoscles. J. Astronaut. Sci., 37, 477-489.

Chassefiere, E., P. Drossart, and O. Korablev, 1995: PostPhobos model for the altitude and size distribution of dust in the low Martian atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 5525-5539.

Chassefiere, E., A. W. Grossman, M. J. Wolff, P. B. James, D. J. Rudy, Y. N. Billawala, B. J. Sandor, S. W. Lee, and D. O. Muhleman, 1996: Water vapor saturation at low altitudes around Mars aphelion: A key to Mars climate? Icarus, in press.

Chassefiere, E., S. W. Lee, G. R. Gladstone, W. W. McMillan, and T. Rousch, 1995: A new model for Mars atmospheric dust based upon analysis of ultraviolet through infrared observations from Mariner 9, Viking and Phobos. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 5251-5263.

Chassignet, E. P. and R. Bleck, 1993: The influence of layer outcropping on the separation of boundary currents. Part I: The wind-driven experiments. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1485-1507.

Chassignet, E. P. and D. B. Boudra, 1988: Dynamics of the Agulhas retroflection and ring formation in a numerical model. Part II: Energetics and ring formation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 304- 319.

Chassignet, E. P. and P. R. Gent, 1991: The influence of boundary conditions on midlatitude jet separation in ocean numerical models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1290-1299.

Chassignet, E. P., W. R. Holland, and A. Capotondi, 1992: Impact of the altimeter orbit on the reproduction of oceanic rings: Application to a regional model of the Gulf Stream. Oceanol. Acta, 15, 479-490.

Chassignet, E. P., D. B. Olson, and D. B. Boudra, 1990: Motion and evolution of oceanic rings in a numerical model and in observations. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 22121-22140.

Chastan, B., O. Gilard, and J. Lavabre, 1993: The difficulties in rapid estimation of flood flows-The example of the Ouve`ze river flood on the 22nd September 1992 (in French). Revue de Ge´ographie de Lyon, 68, 2-3.

Chatfield, C., 1989: The Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction. Chapman and Hall, 241.

Chatfield, C., 1994: The Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction. 4th ed. Chapman and Hall, 286.

Chauhan, A., C. Maldarelli, and D. S. Rumschitzki, 2000: Temporal instability of compound threads and jets. J. Fluid Mech., 1.

Chaumerliac, N., E. Nickerson, and R. Rosset, 1982: A three-dimensional numerical simulation of atmospheric cleansing during the 1982 Boulder upslope cloud observation (BUCOE:. Fourth International Conf. on Precipitation Scavenging, Dry Deposition and Resuspension, Nov. 29-Dec. 3, 1982.

Chauzy, S., M. Chong, A. Delannoy, and S. Despiau, 1985: The June 22 tropical squall line observed during the COPT 81 experiment: Electrical signature associated with dynamical structure and precipitation. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6091-6098.

Chauzy, S., M. Chong, A. Delannoy, and S. Despiau, 1985: The June 22 tropical squall line observed during COPT 81 experiment: Electrical signature associated with dynamical structure and precipitation. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6091-6098.

Chauzy, S., P. Raizonville, D. Hauser, and F. Roux, 1980: Electrical and dynamical description of a frontal storm deduced from the LANDES 79 experiment. J. Rech. Atmos., 14, 457-467.

Chauzy, S. P., M. Chong, A. Delannoy, and S. Despiau, 1985: The June 22 tropical squall line observed during COPT 81 experiment: Electrical signature associated with dynamical structure and precipitation. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 609-16098.

Chave, A. D., J. H. Filloux, D. S. Luther, L. K. Law, and A. White, 1989: Observations of motional electromagnetic fields during EMSLAB. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 14153-14166.

Chaves, R. R. and I. F. A. Cavalcanti, 2001: Atmospheric Circulation Features Associated with Rainfall Variability over Southern Northeast Brazil. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2614-2626.

Chedin, A. and N. A. Scott, 1985: Initialization of the radiative transfer equation inversion problem from a pattern recognition type approach: Applications to the satellites of the TIROS-N series. Advances in Remote Sensing Retrievals, Deepak, A., Ed., Academic Press, 495-515.

Chedin, A., N. A. Scott, and C. Claud, 1994: Global scale observation of the earth for climate studies. Advances in Space Research, 14, 1-55.

Chedin, A., N. A. Scott, C. Wahiche, and P. Moulinier, 1985: The Improved In-itialized Inversion method: A high resolution physical method for temperature retrievals from Tiros-N Series. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 124-143.

Chedin, A., N. A. Scott, C. Wahiche, and P. Moulinier, 1985: The improved initialized inversion method: A high resolution physical method for temperature retrievals from Tiros-N series. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 124-143.

Chedin, A., S. Serrar, R. Armante, N. A. Scott, and A. Hollingsworth, 2002: Signatures of Annual and Seasonal Variations of CO2 and Other Greenhouse Gases from Comparisons between NOAA TOVS Observations and Radiation Model Simulations. J. Climate, 15, 95-116.

Chehelsky, P. and K. K. Tung, 1991: Nonlinear baroclinic adjustment. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1930-1947.

Chelliah, M., 1990: Seasonal climate summary: The global climate.

Chelliah, M., 1990: The global climate for June-August 1989: A season of near normal conditions in the tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 3, 138-161.

Chelliah, M., 1994: The global climate for September-November 1992: Weak warm ENSO episode conditions linger in the tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 1565-1580.

Chelliah, M. and P. Arkin, 1992: Large-scale interannual variability of monthly outgoing longwave radiation anomalies over the global tropics. J. Climate, 5, 371-389.

Chelliah, M. and P. A. Arkin, 1992: Large-scale interannual variability of monthly outgoing longwave radiation anomalies over the global Tropics. J. Climate, 5, 371-389.

Chelliah, M. and P. A. Arkin, 1992: Large-scale variability of monthly outgoing longwave radiation anomalies over the glo-bal tropics. J. Climate, 5, 371-389.

Chelton, D. B. and R. E. Davis, 1982: Monthly mean sea-level variability along the west coast of North America. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 757-783.

Chelton, D. B. and R. E. Davis, 1982: Monthly mean sea level variability along the west coast of North America. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 757-784.

Chelton, D. B., S. K. Esbensen, M. G. Schlax, N. Thum, M. H. Freilich, F. J. Wentz, C. L. Gentemann, M. J. McPhaden, and P. S. Schopf, 2001: Observations of Coupling between Surface Wind Stress and Sea Surface Temperature in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 14, 1479-1498.

Chelton, D. B., S. K. Esbensen, and P. S. Schopf, 2001: Observations of Coupling between Surface Wind Stress and Sea Surface Temperature in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 14, 1479.

Chelton, D. B. and M. G. Schlax, 1994: Resolution capability of an irregularly sampled dataset: With application to Geosat altimeter data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 534-550.

Chelton, D. B., M. G. Schlax, D. L. Witter, and J. G. Richman, 1990: Geosat altimeter observations of the surface circulation of the Southern Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 95(C10), 17877-17904.

Chelton, D. B., E. J. Walsh, and J. L. MacArthur, 1989: Pulse compression and sea level tracking in satellite altimetry. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 6, 407-438.

Chen, B., D. H. Bromwich, K. M. Hines, and X. Pan, 1995: Simulations of the 1979-1988 polar climates by global climate models. Ann. Glaciol., 21, -83.

Chen, C., 1991: A nested grid, nonhydrostatic, elastic model using a terrain-following coordinate transformation: The radiative-nesting boundary conditions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2852-2869.

Chen, C., 1995: Numerical simulations of gravity currents in uniform shear flows. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3240-3253.

Chen, C. and C. Bishop, 1999: Reply. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 258-263.

Chen, C., C. H. Bishop, G. S. Lai, and W.-K. Tao, 1997: Numerical Simulations of an Observed Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainband. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1027-1045.

Chen, C. and W. R. Cotton, 1983: Numerical experiments with a one-dimensional higher order turbulence model simulation of the Wangara Day 33 case. Boun. Layer Meteor., 25, 375-404.

Chen, C. and W. R. Cotton, 1983: A one-dimensional simulation of the stratocumulus-capped mixed layer. Bound. Layer Meteor., 25, 289-321.

Chen, C. and H. D. Orville, 1980: Effects of mesoscale convergence on cloud convection. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 256-274.

Chen, C., W.-K. Tao, P.-L. Lin, G. S. Lai, S.-F. Tseng, and T.-C. C. Wang, 1998: The Intensification of the Low-Level Jet during the Development of Mesoscale Convective Systems on a Mei-Yu Front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 349-371.

Chen, C. C. and W. R. Cotton, 1987: The physics of the marine stratocumulus-capped mixed layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 295-12977.

Chen, C.-S. and Z.-H. Qin, 1985: A model of numerical analog of typhoon storm surge along the Zhejiang coast, China J. Shan-dong Coll. Oceanol., 15, 9-18. (In Chinese with an English.

Chen, C. T. and E. Roeckner, 2002: The Characteristics of Cloud Fields Associated with Midlatitude Circulation Systems in a General Circulation Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 570-589.

Chen, C.-T. and V. Ramaswamy, 1995: Parameterization of the solar radiative characteristics of low cloud and studies with a general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 11611-11622.

Chen, C.-T. and V. Ramaswamy, 1996: Sensitivity of simulated global climate to perturbations in low cloud microphysical properties. Part I: Globally uniform perturbations. J. Climate, 9, 1385-1402.

Chen, C.-T. and E. Roeckner, 1996: Validation of the earth radiation budget as simulated by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology general circulation model ECHAM4 using satellite observations of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). J. Geophys. Res., 101, 4269-4284.

Chen, D. and E. Brutsaert, 1988: Satellite-sensed distribution and spatial patterns of vegetation parameters over a tallgrass prairie. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1225-1238.

Chen, D. and W. Brutsaert, 1998: Satellite-Sensed Distribution and Spatial Patterns of Vegetation Parameters over a Tallgrass Prairie. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1225-1238.

Chen, D., A. Busalacchi, and L. Rothstein, 1994: The roles of vertical mixing, solar radiation, and wind stress in a model simulation of the sea surface temperature seasonal cycle in the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20345-20359.

Chen, D., L. Rothstein, and A. Busalacchi, 1994: A hybrid vertical mixing scheme and its application to tropical ocean models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2156-2179.

Chen, D., S. E. Zebiak, A. J. Busalacchi, and M. A. Cane, 1995: An improved procedure for El Nin˜o forecasting: Implications for predictability. Science, 228, 1699-1702.

Chen, D., S. E. Zebiak, M. A. Cane, and A. J. Busalacchi, 1997: Initialization and Predictability of a Coupled ENSO Forecast Model*. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 773-788.

Chen, D. W., S. K. Sengupta, and R. M. Welch, 1989: Cloud field classification based upon high spatial resolution textural features. Part 2: Simplified vector approaches. J. Geophys. Res., 94(D12), 14749-14765.

Chen, F., 1990: Turbulent characteristics over a rough natural surface. Part I: Turbulent structures. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 52, 151-175.

Chen, F., 1993: Interdecadal-to-centennial variability of an idealized North Atlantic Ocean model. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California.

Chen, F. and R. Avissar, 1994: Impact of landsurface moisture vari-abilities on local shallow convective cumulus and precipitation in large-scale models. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 1382-1394.

Chen, F. and R. Avissar, 1994: Impact of landsurface variability on local shallow convective cumulus and precipitation in large-scale models. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 1382-1401.

Chen, F. and Coauthors, 1996: Modeling of landsurface evaporation by four schemes and comparison with FIFE observations. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 7251ñ7-268.

Chen, F. and J. Dudhia, 2001: Coupling an Advanced Land Surface-Hydrology Model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 Modeling System. Part I: Model Implementation and Sensitivity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 569.

Chen, F. and J. Dudhia, 2001: Coupling an Advanced Land Surface-Hydrology Model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 Modeling System. Part II: Preliminary Model Validation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 587.

Chen, F. and M. Ghil, 1995: Interdecadal variability of the thermo-haline circulation and highlatitude surface fluxes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2547-2568.

Chen, F., K. Mitchell, J. Schaake, Y. Xue, H.-L. Pan, V. Koren, Q. Duan, and A. Betts, 1996: Modelling of landsurface evaporation by four schemes and comparison with FIFE observations. J. Geophys. Res., 101(D3), 7251-7268.

Chen, F. and P. Schwerdtfeger, 1989: Flux-gradient relationships for momentum and heat over a rough natural surface. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 335-352.

Chen, G. T.-J. and K.-C. Lin, 1999: A Diagnostic Case Study of a Winter Low-Level Front over Southern China. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1096-1107.

Chen, J. H., 1973: Numerical boundary conditions and computational modes. J. Comput. Phys., 13, 522-535.

Chen, J.-M., 1991: Turbulence-scale condensation parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1510-1512.

Chen, J. M., 1989: Observational study of the macroscopic behavior of moist-convective processes, University of California, 264 pp, Los Angeles.

Chen, J.-M., R. L. Elsberry, M. A. Boothe, and L. E. C. III, 1999: A Simple Statistical-Synoptic Track Prediction Technique for Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 89-102.

Chen, J.-M. and P. A. Harr, 1993: Interpretation of extended empirical orthogonal function (EEOF) analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2631-2636.

Chen, J. N. and S. P. Lin, 2002: Instability of an annular jet surrounded by a viscous gas in a pipe. J. Fluid Mech., 450, 235-258.

Chen, J. P. and D. Lamb, 1994: The theoretical basis for the parameterization of ice crystal habits: Growth by vapor deposition. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1206-1221.

Chen, J.-P. and D. Lamb, 1999: Simulation of Cloud Microphysical and Chemical Processes Using a Multicomponent Framework. Part II: Microphysical Evolution of a Wintertime Orographic Cloud. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2293-2312.

Chen, L., M. Dong, and Y. Shao, 1992: The characteristics of interannual variations of the East Asian monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 397-421.

Chen, L., Y. Shao, and Z. Ren, 1994: Climate change in China during the past 70 years and its relationship to the variation of monsoon. Climate-Biosphere Interaction. R. G. ZeppEd., Wiley and Sons, 31-50.

Chen, L., Q.-G. Zhu, H.-B. Luo, J. He, M. Tong, and Z. Feng, 1991: The East Asian Monsoon (in Chinese). 1st ed. Meteorological Press, 362.

Chen, M., 1994: Validation and adjustment of precipitation simulated by CCM2/ BATS over the continental United States. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Arizona.

Chen, M. and J. R. Bates, 1996: A comparison of climate simulations from a semi-Lagrangian and an Eulerian GCM. J. Climate, 9, 1126-1149.

Chen, M. and J. R. Bates, 1996: Forecast experiments with a global finite difference semi-Lagrangian model. Mon. Wea. Rev., in press.

Chen, M., R. D. Cess, and M. H. Zhang, 1995: Effects of longwave cloud radiative forcing anomalies on the atmospheric response to equatorial Pacific SST anomalies. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 13791-13810.

Chen, M., C. R. Mechoso, and J. D. Farrara, 2001: Interannual variations in the stratospheric circulation with a perfectly steady tropopshere. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5161.

Chen, P., 1994: The permeability of the Antarctic vortex edge. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20563-20571.

Chen, P., J. R. Holton, A. O'Neill, and R. Swinbank, 1994: Isentropic mass exchange between the Tropics and extratropics in the stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3006-3018.

Chen, P., J. R. Holton, A. O'Neill, and R. Swinbank, 1994: Quasi-horizontal transport and mixing in the Antarctic stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 16851-16866.

Chen, P. and W. A. Robinson, 1991: The effects of transience on the propagation of stratospheric planetary waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1078-1092.

Chen, P. and W. A. Robinson, 1992: Propagation of planetary waves between the troposphere and stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2533-2545.

Chen, Q. and and, 1992: A consistency condition for wind field re-construction in a limited area and a harmonic-cosine series expansion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 2653-2670.

Chen, Q. and Y.-H. Kuo, 1992: A harmonicsine series expansion and its application to partitioning and reconstruction problems in a limited area. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 91-112.

Chen, Q.-S., L.-E. Bai, and D. H. Bromwich, 1997: A harmonic-Fourier spectral limited-area model with an external wind lateral boundary condition. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125.

Chen, Q.-s., L.-s. Bai, and D. H. Bromwich, 1997: A Harmonic-Fourier Spectral Limited-Area Model with an External Wind Lateral Boundary Condition*. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 143-167.

Chen, Q.-s. and D. H. Bromwich, 1999: An Equivalent Isobaric Geopotential Height and Its Application to Synoptic Analysis and a Generalized Equation in Coordinates. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 145-172.

Chen, R., D. L. Boyer, and L. Tao, 1993: Laboratory simulation of atmospheric motions in the vicinity of Antarctica. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 4058-4079.

Chen, R. S. and P. J. Robinson, 1991: Generating scenarios of local surface temperature using time series methods. J. Climate, 4, 723-732.

Chen, S. and W. R. Cotton, 1988: The sensitivity of a simulated extratropical mesoscale convective system to longwave radiation and ice-phase microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3897-3910.

Chen, S., B. Merriman, and S. Osher, 2001: A Level Set Method for Thin Film Epitaxial Growth. J. Comp. Phys., 167, 475.

Chen, S. and W. Sun, 2001: Application of the Multigrid Method and a Flexible Hybrid Coordinate in a Nonhydrostatic Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2660-2676.

Chen, S. and Q. Zhang, 1991: Influence of the shelf break on the path of the Kuroshio. Essays on the Investigation of the Kuroshio (III ). State Oceanic Administration, Beijing, China.

Chen, S. C., C. L. Norris, and J. O. Roads, 1996: Balancing the atmospheric hydrologic budget. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 7341-7358.

Chen, S. C. and K. E. Trenberth, 1988: Orographically forced planetary waves in the Northern Hemisphere winter: Steady-state model with wave-coupled lower boundary formulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 657-680.

Chen, S.-C. and K. E. Trenberth, 1988: Forced planetary waves in the Northern Hemisphere winter. Wave-coupled orographic and thermal forcings. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 682-704.

Chen, S. H. and W. Y. Sun, 2002: A One-dimensional Time Dependent Cloud Model. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 99-118.

Chen, S. J., W. Wang, and Y. S. Chung, 2000: Mesoscale convective systems along the Meiyu front in a numerical model. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 75, 149.

Chen, S.-J. and L. Dell'osso, 1987: A numerical case study of east Asian coastal cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 477-487.

Chen, S.-J., Y.-H. Kuo, W. Wang, Z.-Y. Tao, and B. Cui, 1998: A Modeling Case Study of Heavy Rainstorms along the Mei-Yu Front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2330-2351.

Chen, S. S., 1990: A numerical study of the genesis of extratropical convective mesovortices, Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, 178 pp, University Park.

Chen, S. S. and W. M. Frank, 1993: A numerical study of the genesis of extratropical convective mesovortices. Part I: Evolution and dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2401-2426.

Chen, S. S., R. A. Houze, and B. E. Mapes, 1995: Multiscale variability of deep convection in relation to large-scale circulation in TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1380-1409.

Chen, S. S., R. A. H. Jr., and B. E. Mapes, 1996: Multiscale variability of deep convection in relation to large-scale circulation during TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1380-1409.

Chen, S. S., R. A. H. Jr., B. E. Mapes, S. R. Brodzik, and S. E. Yuter, 1995: TOGA COARE satellite data summaries available on the World Wide Web. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 329-333.

Chen, T. and R. Tzeng, 1989: Global-scale intra-seasonal and annual variation of divergent-water vapor flux. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 44, 133-151.

Chen, T.-C., 1985: Global water vapor flux and maintenance during FGGE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1801-1819.

Chen, T. C., 1985: Global water vapor flux and maintenance during FGGE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1801-1819.

Chen, T. C., 2002: A North Pacific Short-Wave Train during the Extreme Phases of ENSO. J. Climate, 15, 2359-2376.

Chen, T. C., H. v. Loon, K. D. Wu, and M. C. Yen, 1992: Changes in the atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific-North America area since 1950. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 113-71146.

Chen, T. C. and J. Pfaendtner, 1993: On the atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle. J. Climate, 6, 161-167.

Chen, T. C., M. C. Yen, W. R. Huang, and W. A. Gallus, 2002: An East Asian Cold Surge: Case Study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2271-2290.

Chen, T. C., M. C. Yen, and S. Schubert, 2001: Diurnal Variation of Pressure-Heights: A Vertical Phase Shift. J. Clim., 14, 3793-3797.

Chen, T.-C. and J. C. Alpert, 1990: Systematic errors in the annual and intraseasonal variations of the planetary-scale divergent circulation in NMC medium-range forecasts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2607-2623.

Chen, T.-C. and and, 1991: Interaction between intraseasonal oscillations of the midlatitude flow and tropical convection during 1979 northern summer: The Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 4, 653-671.

Chen, T.-C., C.-B. Chang, and D. J. Perkey, 1983: Numerical study of an AMTEX '75 oceanic cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 18181829.

Chen, T.-C. and J.-M. Chen, 1990: On the maintenance of stationary eddies in terms of the streamfunction budget analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2818-2824.

Chen, T.-C. and J.-M. Chen, 1997: On the Relationship between the Streamfunction and Velocity Potential of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 679-687.

Chen, T.-C., J.-M. Chen, and J. Pfaendtner, 1995: Low-frequency variations in the atmospheric branch of the global hydrological cycle. J. Climate, 8, 92-107.

Chen, T.-C. and J. A. Kpaeyeh, 1993: The synoptic-scale environment associated with the low-level jet of the Great Plains. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 416-420.

Chen, T.-C., H. v. Loon, K.-D. Wu, and M.-C. Yen, 1992: Changes in the atmospheric circulation over the North PacificNorth America area since 1950. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 1137-1146.

Chen, T.-C. and S.-P. Weng, 1998: Interannual Variation of the Summer Synoptic-Scale Disturbance Activity in the Western Tropical Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1725-1733.

Chen, T.-C. and S.-P. Weng, 1999: Interannual and Intraseasonal Variations in Monsoon Depressions and Their Westward-Propagating Predecessors. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1005-1020.

Chen, T.-C., S.-P. Weng, and S. Schubert, 1999: Maintenance of Austral Summertime Upper-Tropospheric Circulation over Tropical South America: The Bolivian High-Nordeste Low System. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2081-2100.

Chen, T.-C., S.-P. Weng, N. Yamazaki, and S. Kiehne, 1998: Interannual Variation in the Tropical Cyclone Formation over the Western North Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1080-1090.

Chen, T.-C. and A. Wiin-Nielsen, 1978: Non-linear cascades of atmospheric energy enstrophy. Tellus, 30, 313-322.

Chen, T.-C. and M.-C. Yen, 1991: Intraseasonal variations of the tropical easterly jet during the 1979 northern summer. Tellus, 43A, 213-225.

Chen, T.-C. and M.-C. Yen, 1994: Interannual variation of the Indian monsoon simulated by the NCAR community climate model: Effect of the tropical Pacific SST. J. Climate, 7, 1403-1415.

Chen, T.-C. J.-M. C., 1990: A note on the maintenance of stationary eddies in terms of streamfunction budget analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2818-2824.

Chen, T.-C. J.-M. M. and K.-D. Wu, 1992: Semiannual oscillation of the global divergent circulation. Tellus, 44A, 357-365.

Chen, T.-C. J.-M. S. M. and M.-C. Yen, 1991: Interaction between intraseasonal oscillation of the midlatitude flow and tropical convection during 1979 northern summer: The Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 4, 653-671.

Chen, T.-C. J.-M. K., M.-C. Yen, and H. v. Loon, 1989: The effect of the divergent circulation on some aspects of the 1978/ 79 Southern Hemisphere monsoon. J. Climate, 2, 1270-1288.

Chen, W.-D. and R. B. Smith, 1987: Blocking and deflection of airflow by the Alps. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2578-2597.

Chen, W. Y., 1982: Fluctuations in Northern Hemisphere 700-mb height field associated with the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 808-823.

Chen, W. Y., 1989: Another approach to forecasting forecast skill. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 427-435.

Chen, W. Y., 1990: Interannual variability of skill of NMC medium-range forecasts over the Pacific/ North America sector. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 179-188.

Chen, W. Y., 1992: Dynamical prediction at medium-extended ranges employing low-frequency PNA mode. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 2641-2652.

Chen, W. Y. and H. M. v. d. Dool, 1997: Asymmetric Impact of Tropical SST Anomalies on Atmospheric Internal Variability over the North Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 725-740.

Chen, X. and S. E. Allen, 1996: Influence of canyons on shelf currents- a theoretical study. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

Chen, X. A. and Y. L. Chen, 2002: Kinetic Energy Budgets of the Low-Level Jet during TAMEX IOP 5. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 1-19.

Chen, X. B. and G. X. Wu, 2001: On singular and highly oscillatory properties of the Green function for ship motions. J. Fluid Mech., 445, 77-92.

Chen, X.-S., 1997: Use of the Aliased Spectral Model in Numerical Weather Prediction. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2998-3007.

Chen, Y. J. and S. H. Davis, 2000: Flow-induced patterns in directional solidification: localized morphologies in three-dimensional flows. J. Fluid Mech., 369.

Chen, Y. L., X. A. Chen, and Y.-X. Zhang, 1994: A diagnostic study of the low-level jet during TAMEX IOP 5. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2257-2284.

Chen, Y. L. and J. Feng, 2001: Numerical Simulations of Airflow and Cloud Distributions over the Windward Side of the Island of Hawaii. Part I: The Effects of Trade Wind Inversion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1117-1134.

Chen, Y.-L., X. A. Chen, S. Chen, and Y.-H. Kuo, 1997: A Numerical Study of the Low-Level Jet during TAMEX IOP 5 *. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2583-2604.

Chen, Y.-L. and N. B.-F. Hui, 1990: Analysis of a shallow front during the Taiwan Area Mesoscale Experiment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2649-2667.

Chen, Y.-L. and Y. Ogura, 1982: Modulations of convective activity by large-scale flow patterns observed in GATE. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1260-1279.

Chen, Y.-L. and S.-F. Tseng, 2000: Comments on "The Intensification of the Low-Level Jet during the Development of Mesoscale Convective Systems on a Mei-Yu Front". Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 495-506.

Chen, Y.-Q., D. S. Battisti, T. N. Palmer, J. Barsugli, and E. S. Sarachik, 1997: A Study of the Predictability of Tropical Pacific SST in a Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Model Using Singular Vector Analysis: The Role of the Annual Cycle and the ENSO Cycle*. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 831-845.

Cheney, N. and J. A. Businger, 1990: An accurate fast response temperature system using thermocouples. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 504-516.

Cheney, R., L. Miller, R. Agreen, N. Doyle, and J. Lillibridge, 1994: TOPEX/POSEIDON: The 2-cm solution. J. Geophys. Res., 99(C12), 24555-24563.

Cheney, R. E., 1978: Recent observations of the Alboran Sea frontal system. J. Geophys. Res., 83, 4593-4597.

Cheney, R. E. and and, 1990: Recovery of the sea level in the western Pacific from Geosat altimetry. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 297-72984.

Cheney, R. E. and R. A. Doblar, 1982: Structure and variability of the Al-boran Sea frontal system. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 585-594.

Cheney, R. E., B. C. Douglas, and L. Miller, 1989: Evaluation of Geosat altimeter data with application to tropical Pacific sea level variability. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 4737-4747.

Cheney, R. E., W. J. Emery, B. J. Haines, and F. Wentz, 1991: Recent improvements in Geosat altimeter data. Eos Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 72(51), 577-580.

Cheney, R. E. and L. Miller, 1988: Mapping the 1986-1987 El Nin˜o with Geosat altimeter data. Eos Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 69(31), 754-755.

Cheney, R. E. and P. L. Richardson, 1976: Observed decay of a cyclonic Gulf Stream Ring. Deep-Sea Res., 23, 143-155.

Cheng, C., 1992: Variability of currents in Great South Channel and over Georges Bank: Observations and modeling. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Report No. WHOI-92-20. 288.

Cheng, C.-P. and R. A. Houze, Jr., 1979: Sensitivity of diagnosed convective fluxes to model assumptions. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 774-783.

Cheng, C.-P. and R. A. Houze, Jr., 1979: The distribution of convective and mesoscale precipitation in GATE radar echo patterns. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1370-1381.

Cheng, C.-P., R. A. Houze, and Jr., 1979: The distribution of convective and mesoscale precipitation in GATE radar echo patterns. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1370-1381.

Cheng, D., S. Zebiak, A. J. Busalacchi, and M. Cane, 1995: An improved procedure for El Nino forecasting: Implication forpreditability. Science, 269, 1699-1702.

Cheng, H. and I. P. Castro, 2002: Near Wall Flow over Urban-like Roughness. Bound. Layer Meteor., 104, 229-259.

Cheng, J.-S., 1966: A theory on the roots' distribution of a polyno-mial and solution methods of algebraic equations. Appl. Comp. Math., 3, 225-236. (In Chinese.).

Cheng, L. and M. English, 1983: A relationship between hailstone concentration and size. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 204-213.

Cheng, L. T., P. Burchard, B. Merriman, and S. Osher, 2002: Motion of Curves Constrained on Surfaces Using a Level-Set Approach. J. Compu. Phy., 175, 604-644.

Cheng, M.-D., 1989: Effects of downdrafts and mesoscale convective organization on the heat and moisture budgets of tropical cloud clusters. Part I: A diagnostic cumulus ensemble model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1517-1538.

Cheng, M.-D., 1989: Effects of downdrafts and mesoscale convective organization on the heat and moisture budgets of tropical cloud clusters. Part II: Effects of convective-scale downdrafts. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1540-1564.

Cheng, M.-D. and A. Arakawa, 1990: Inclusion of convective down-drafts in the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization. Tech. Rep., Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California.

Cheng, M.-D. and A. Arakawa, 1991: Inclusion of convective downdrafts in the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization. Extended Abstracts, 19th Conf on Hurricane and Tropical Meteorology, Miami, FL.

Cheng, M.-D. and A. Arakawa, 1997: Inclusion of Rainwater Budget and Convective Downdrafts in the Arakawa-Schubert Cumulus Parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1359-1378.

Cheng, M.-D. and M. Yanai, 1989: Effects of downdrafls and mesoscale convective organization on the heat and moisture budgets of tropical cloud clusters. Part III: Effects of mesoscale convective organization. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1566-1588.

Cheng, M.-D. and M. Yanai, 1989: Effects of downdrafts and mesoscale convective organization on the heat and moisture budgets of tropical cloud clusters. Part III: Effects of mesoscale convective organization. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1566-1588.

Cheng, R. T., V. Casulli, and J. W. Gartner, 1993: Tidal, residual, inter-tidal mud-flat (TRIM) model and its applications to San Francisco Bay. California. Est., Coast. Shelf Science, 36.

Cheng, W. L., 2000: A vertical profile of ozone concentration in the atmospheric boundary layer over central Taiwan. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 75, 251.

Cheng, W. L., J. L. Pai, B. J. Tsuang, and C. L. Chen, 2001: Synoptic patterns in relation to ozone concentrations in west-central Taiwan. Meteor. Atmos. Phy., 78, 11-22.

Cheng, X., G. Nitsche, and J. M. Wallace, 1995: Robustness of low-frequency circulation patterns derived from EOF and rotated EOF analyses. J. Climate, 8, 1709-1713.

Cheng, X. and J. M. Wallace, 1993: Cluster analysis of the Northern Hemisphere wintertime 500-hPa height field: Spatial patterns. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2674-2696.

Chenoweth, M., 2000: A new methodology for homogenization of 19th century marine air temperature data. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29145.

Cheong, C. and S. Lee, 2001: Grid-Optimized Dispersion-Relation-Preserving Schemes on General Geometries for Computational Aeroacoustics. J. Compu. Phy., 174, 248-276.

Cheong, H. B., I. H. Kwon, T. Y. Goo, and M. J. Lee, 2002: High-Order Harmonic Spectral Filter with the Double Fourier Series on a Sphere. J. Compu. Phy., 177, 313-335.

Cheong, H.-B. and R. Kimura, 1997: Excitation of the 5-day Wave by Antarctica. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 87-102.

Chepfer, H., G. Brogniez, L. Sauvage, P. H. Flamant, V. Trouillet, and J. Pelon, 1999: Remote Sensing of Cirrus Radiative Parameters during EUCREX'94. Case Study of 17 April 1994. Part II: Microphysical Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 504-519.

Chereskin, T. K., E. Firing, and J. A. Gast, 1989: Identifying and screening filter skew and noise bias in acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 6, 104-01054.

Chereskin, T. K. and D. Roemmich, 1991: A comparison of measured and wind-driven Ekman transport at 117N in the Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 869-878.

Cherkaoui, A. S. M. and W. S. D. Wilcock, 2001: Laboratory studies of high Rayleigh number circulation in an open-top Hele-Shaw cell: An analog to mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems (Paper 2000JB900470). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 10,983-11,000.

Chernavskaya, M. M., 1994: The climate of the Russian plain ac-cording to the diary of Peter the Great, and the weather records of Czar Alersey's court. Climatic Trends and Anomalies in Europe 1675-1715. Vol. 13, B. FrenzelEd., Palaoklimafor-schung/ Palaeoclimate Research.

Cherniawsky, J. and P. H. LeBlond, 1986: Rotating flows along indented coastlines. J. Fluid. Mech., 169, 379-407.

Cherniawsky, J. Y., M. G. G. Foreman, and R. F. Henry, 2001: Ocean Tides from TOPEX/Poseidon Sea Level Data. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 18, 649.

Cherry, N. J., 1972: Winds and lee waves over Canterbury. New Zealand, during 1970. N. Z, J. Sci.

Chertock, A. and D. Levy, 2001: Particle Methods for Dispersive Equations. J. Comp. Phy., 171, 708-730.

Chertock, B., R. Frouin, and R. C. J. Somerville, 1990: Global monitoring of net solar irradiance at the ocean surface: Climatological variability and the 1982-1983 El Nin˜o. J. Climate, 4, 63-9650.

Cherubini, T., A. Ghelli, and F. Lalaurette, 2002: Verification of Precipitation Forecasts over the Alpine Region Using a High-Density Observing Network. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 238-249.

Cheruy, F. and R. S. Kandel, 1991: Use of Meteosat data for validation of the diurnal variation of the outgoing longwave radiation produced by ERBE. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 16, 73-84.

Chervin, R., W. Washington, and S. Schneider, 1976: Testing the statistical significance of the response of the NCAR general circulation model to North Pacific Ocean surface temperature anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 413-423.

Chervin, R. A. and S. H. Schneider, 1976: On determining the statistical significance of climate experiments with general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 404-412.

Chervin, R. M., 1986: Interannual variability and seasonal climate predictability. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 233-251.

Chervin, R. M., 1986: Interannual variability and seasonal climate variability. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 233-251.

Chervin, R. M. and L. M. Druyan, 1984: The influence of ocean surface temperature gradient and continentality on the Walker Circulation. Part I: Prescribed tropical changes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1510-1523.

Chervin, R. M. and S. Schneider, 1976: On determining the statistical significance of climate experiments with general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 405-412.

Chervin, R. M. and S. H. Schneider, 1976: On determining the statistical significance of climate experiments with general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 405-412.

Chessa, P. A. and F. Lalaurette, 2001: Verification of the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System Forecasts: A Study of Large-Scale Patterns. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 611-619.

Chesters, D., A. Mostek, and D. A. Keyser, 1986: VAS sounding images of atmospheric stability. Wea. Forecasting, 1, 5-22.

Chesters, D., L. W. Uccellini, and A. Mostek, 1982: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) simulation experiment for a severe storm environment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 198-216.

Chesters, D., L. W. Uccellini, and W. D. Robinson, 1983: Low-level water vapor fields from the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) "split window" channels. J. Appl. Meteor., 22, 725-743.

Cheung, K. K. W., 2001: A review of ensemble forecasting techniques with a focus on tropical cyclone forecasting. Meteor. App., 8, 315-332.

Cheung, K. K. W., 2001: Ensemble forecasting of tropical cyclone motion: comparison between regional bred modes and random perturbations. Meteor. Atmos. Phy., 78, 23-34.

Cheung, K. K. W. and J. C. L. Chan, 1999: Ensemble Forecasting of Tropical Cyclone Motion Using a Barotropic Model. Part I: Perturbations of the Environment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1229-1243.

Cheung, K. K. W. and J. C. L. Chan, 1999: Ensemble Forecasting of Tropical Cyclone Motion Using a Barotropic Model. Part II: Perturbations of the Vortex. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2617-2640.

Cheung, K. K. W. and R. L. Elsberry, 2002: Tropical Cyclone Formations over the Western North Pacific in the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System Forecasts. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 800-820.

Chevallier, F., P. Bauer, G. Kelly, C. Jakob, and T. McNally, 2001: Model Clouds over Oceans as Seen from Space: Comparison with HIRS/2 and MSU Radiances. J. Clim., 14, 4216-4229.

Chevallier, F., A. Chedin, and J. J. Morcrette, 2000: TIGR-like atmospheric-profile databases for accurate radiative-flux computations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 777.

Chevallier, F. and G. Kelly, 2002: Model Clouds as Seen from Space: Comparison with Geostationary Imagery in the 11-mum Window Channel. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 712-722.

Chevallier, F. and J. F. Mahfouf, 2001: Evaluation of the Jacobians of Infrared Radiation Models for Variational Data Assimilation. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1445-1461.

Chevallier, F. and J. J. Morcrette, 2000: Comparison of Model Fluxes with Surface and Top-of-the-Atmosphere Observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3839.

Chevallier, F., J. J. Morcrette, and N. A. Scott, 2000: Use of a neural-network-based long-wave radiative-transfer scheme in the ECMWF atmospheric model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 761.

Chew, F., J. M. Bane, and D. A. Brooks, 1985: On vertical motion, vergence, d the thermal wind balance in colddome meanders: a diagnostic study. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 3173-3183.

Chia, L. A., Ed., 1982: A study of the urban climate of Singapore. The Biophysical Environment of Singapore and Its Neighbouring Countries. Geography Teachers Association of Singapore, Singapore Meteorological Services, 50-76 pp.

Chiacchio, M., J. Francis, and P. Stackhouse, 2002: Evaluation of Methods to Estimate the Surface Downwelling Longwave Flux during Arctic Winter. J. App. Meteor., 41, 306-318.

Chian, D., I. D. Reid, and H. R. Jackson, 2001: Crustal structure beneath Orphan Basin and implications for nonvolcanic continental rifting (Paper 2000JB900422). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 10,923-10,940.

Chiang, J. C. H. and A. H. Sobel, 2002: Tropical Tropospheric Temperature Variations Caused by ENSO and Their Influence on the Remote Tropical Climate. J. Climate, 15, 2616-2631.

Chiba, O., 1978: Stability dependence of the vertical wind velocity skewness in the atmospheric surface layer. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 56, 140-142.

Chiba, O. and S. Kobayashi, 1986: A study of the structure of low-level katabatic winds at Mizuho Station. East Antarctica. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 37, 343-355.

Chien, F. C., Y. H. Kuo, and M. J. Yang, 2002: Precipitation Forecast of MM5 in the Taiwan Area during the 1998 Mei-yu Season. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 739-754.

Chien, F. C., C. F. Mass, and P. J. Neiman, 2001: An Observational and Numerical Study of an Intense Landfalling Cold Front along the Northwest Coast of the United States during COAST IOP 2. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 934-955.

Chien, F.-C. and C. F. Mass, 1997: Interaction of a Warm-Season Frontal System with the Coastal Mountains of the Western United States. Part II: Evolution of a Puget Sound Convergence Zone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1730-1752.

Chien, F.-C., C. F. Mass, and Y.-H. Kuo, 1997: Interaction of a Warm-Season Frontal System with the Coastal Mountains of the Western United States. Part I: Prefrontal, Onshore Push, Coastal Ridging, and Alongshore Southerlies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1705-1729.

Childress, S., M. Levandowsky, and E. A. Spiegel, 1975: Pattern formation in a suspension of swimming microorganisms: Equations and stability theory. J. Fluid Mech., 63, 591-613.

Childs, A. A. a. J. D., 1985: Retrieval of cloud cover parameters from multispectral satellite images. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 322-333.

Chilson, P. B., C. W. Ulbrich, M. F. Larsen, P. Perillat, and J. E. Keener, 1993: Observations of a tropical thunderstorm using a vertically pointing, dual-frequency collinear beam Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 663-673.

Chilson, P. B., C. W. Ulbrich, M. F. Larsen, P. Perillat, and J. E. Keener, 1993: Observations of a tropical thunderstorm using a vertically pointing, al-frequency collinear beam Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 663-673.

chimneys in the ocean, s. B., W. D., and J. S. Turner, 1969: Turbulent buoyant convection from a source in a confined region. J. Fluid Mech., 37, 51-80.

Chimonas, G., 1997: Waves and the Middle Atmosphere Wind Irregularities. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2115-2128.

Chimonas, G., 1999: Reply. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2041-2042.

Chimonas, G., 2002: On Internal Gravity Waves Associated with the Stable Boundary Layer. Bound. Layer Meteor., 102, 139-155.

Chimonas, G. and and, 1984: Shear excitation of gravity waves. Part II: Upscale scattering from Kelvin-Helmholtz waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2278-2288.

Chimonas, G. and J. R. Grant, 1984: Shear excitation of gravity waves. Part I: Modes of a two-scale atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2269-2277.

Chimonas, G. and H. M. Hauser, 1997: The Transfer of Angular Momentum from Vortices to Gravity Swirl Waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1701-1711.

Chin, E. H., 1977: Modeling daily precipitation occurrence process with Markov chain. Water Resour. Res., 13, 949-956.

Chin, H.-N. S., 1994: The impact of the ice phase and radidation on a midlatitue squall line system. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3320-3343.

Chin, H.-N. S., 1994: The impact of the ice phase and radiation on a midlatitude squall line system. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3320-3343.

Chin, H.-N. S., Q. Fu, M. M. Bradley, and C. R. Molenkamp, 1995: Modeling of a tropical squall line in two dimensions: Sensitivity to radiation and comparision with a mid-latitude case. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3172-3193.

Chin, H.-N. S., Q. Fu, M. M. Bradley, and C. R. Molenkamp, 1995: Modeling of a tropical squall line in two dimensions and its sensitivity to environmental winds and radiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 317-23193.

Chin, H.-N. S., Q. Fu, M. M. Bradley, and C. R. Molenkamp, 1995: Modeling of a tropical squall line in two dimensions: Sensitivity to radiation and comparison with a midlatitude case. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3172-3193.

Chin, H.-N. S. and R. B. Wilhelmson, 1998: Evolution and Structure of Tropical Squall Line Elements within a Moderate CAPE and Strong Low-Level Jet Environment. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3089-3113.

Chin, M., R. B. Rood, and A. M. Thompson, 2000: Atmospheric sulfur cycle simulated in the global model GOCART: Model description and global properties. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24671.

Chin, M., D. L. Savoi, and W. J. De Bruyn, 2000: Atmospheric sulfur cycle simulated in the global model GOCART: Comparison with field observations and regional budgets. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24689.

Chin, T. M., A. C. Haza, and A. J. Mariano, 2002: A Reduced-Order Information Filier for Multilayer Shallow-Water Models: Profiling and Assimilation of Sea Surface Height. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 517-533.

China, N. M. S. o., 1984: The Cloud Atlas of China. Gordon and Breach Scientific Publishers, 336 pp.

Ching, C. Y., H. J. S. Fernando, and Y. Noh, 1993: Interaction of a negatively buoyant line plume with a density interface. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 19, 367-388.

Ching, C. Y., H. J. S. Fernando, and A. Robles, 1995: Breakdown of line plumes in turbulent environments. J. Geophys. Res., 100(C3), 4707-4713.

Ching, J. K. S., J. F. Clarke, and J. M. Godowitch, 1983: Modulation of heat flux by different scales of advection in an urban environment. Bound. Layer Meteor., 25, 171-191.

Chipperfield, M. P. and L. J. Gray, 1992: Two-dimensional model studies of the interannual variability of trace gases in the middle atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5963-5980.

Chipperfield, M. P., L. J. Gray, J. S. Kinnersley, and J. Zawodny, 1994: A two-dimensional model study of the QBO signal in SAGE II NO2 and O3. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 589-592.

Chisholm, A. J., 1970: Alberta hailstorms: A radar study and model, McGill Universitypp,

Chisholm, A. J., 1973: Alberta hailstorms. Part I: Radar case studies and airflow models. Meteor. Monogr., No. 14, 1-36.

Chisholm, A. J. and J. H. Renick, 1972: The kinematics of multicell and supercell Alberta hailstorms., 2431 pp.

Chisholm, A. J. and J. H. Renick, 1972: Supercell and multicell Alberta hailstorms. Preprints, International Cloud Physics Conference, London, England, 1-8.

Chisholm, A. J. and J. H. Renick, 1972: The kinematics of multicell and supercell Alberta hailstorms. Alberta Hail Studies. Alberta Research Council Hail Studies Rep. 72-2, 2-431.

Chisholm, A. J. and J. H. Renick, 1972: The kinematics of multicell and supercell Alberta hailstorms. esearch Council of Alberta Hail Studies Rep. 72-2, 53.

Chiswell, S. R., S. Businger, and M. Bevis, 1994: Improved re-trieval of integrated water vapor from vapor radiometer measurements using numerical weather prediction models. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1253-1261.

Chiswell, S. R., S. Businger, M. Bevis, C. Rocken, R. Ware, T. VanHove, and F. Solheim, 1996: Application of GPS water vapor data in severe weather analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., submitted.

Chitgopekar, N. P., D. D. Reible, and L. J. Thibodeaux, 1990: modeling short range air dispersion from area sources of non-buoyant toxics. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 40, 1121-1128.

Chiu, C., J. F. Lynch, and O. M. Johannessen, 1987: Tomographic resolution of mesoscale eddies in the marginal ice zone: A pre-liminary study. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 6886-6902.

Chiu, L. S., A. T. C. Chang, and J. Janowiak, 1993: Comparison of monthly rain rates derived from GPI and SSM/ I using probability distribution functions. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 323-334.

Chiu, L. S., A. T. C. Chang, and J. E. Janowiak, 1993: Comparison of monthly rain rates derived from GPI and SSM/ I using probability distribution function. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 32-3334.

Chiu, L. S., G. R. North, D. R. Short, and A. McConnell, 1990: Rain estimation from satellites: Effect of finite field of view. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 2177-2185.

Chiu, W.-C., A. Lo, D. H. Weidler, and D. Fulker, 1981: A study of the possible statistical relationship between the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature and atmospheric circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1013-1020.

Chlond, A., 1988: Numerical and analytical studies of diabatic heating effect upon flatness of boundary layer rolls. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 61, 312-329.

Chlond, A., 1992: Three-dimensional simulation of cloud street development during a cold air outbreak. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 38, 161-200.

Chlond, A., 1994: Locally modified version of Bott's advection scheme. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 111-125.

Chlond, A., 1998: Large-Eddy Simulation of Contrails. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 796-819.

Cho, H.-R., 2000: Nonlinear equatorial Kelvin waves and CISK, I: Small-amplitude approximation and the trailing edge of a cloud region. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 569.

Cho, H.-R., 2000: Nonlinear equatorial Kelvin waves and CISK, II: Finite-amplitude analysis and the leading edge of a cloud region. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 581.

Cho, H.-R. and Z. Cao, 1998: Generation of Moist Potential Vorticity in Extratropical Cyclones. Part II: Sensitivity to Moisture Distribution. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 595-610.

Cho, H.-R. and D. S. Chan, 1987: Mesoscale atmospheric dynamics and modeling of rainfall fields. J. Geophys Res., 92, 9687-9692.

Cho, H.-R. and L. Cheng, 1980: Prameterization of horizontal transport of vorticity by cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci, 37, 812826.

Cho, H.-R. and T. L. Clark, 1981: A numerical investigation of the structure of vorticity fields associated with a deep convective cloud. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1654-1670.

Cho, H.-R., K. Fraedrich, and J. T. Wang, 1994: Cloud clusters, Kelvin wave-CISK, and the Madden-Julian oscillations in the equatorial troposphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 68-76.

Cho, H.-R. and Y. Ogura, 1974: A relationship between cloud activity and low-level convergence as observed in Reed-Recker's composite easterly waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 2058-2065.

Cho, H.-R. and D. Pendlebury, 1997: Wave CISK of Equatorial Waves and the Vertical Distribution of Cumulus Heating. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2429-2440.

Cho, H.-R. and D. Pendlebury, 1998: Reply. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1906-1906.

Cho, H.-R., T. G. Shepherd, and V. A. Vladimirov, 1993: Application of the direct Liapunov method to the problem of symmetric stability in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 822-836.

Cho, J. Y. N. and E. Lindborg, 2001: Horizontal velocity structure functions in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, 1, Observations (Paper 2000JD900814). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 10,223-10,232.

Cho, Y.-K., M.-O. Kim, and B.-C. Kim, 2000: Sea Fog around the Korean Peninsula. J. App. Meteor., 39, 2473.

Chock, D., 1991: A comparison of numerical methods for solving the advection equation-III. Atmos. Environ., A25, 853-871.

Chock, D. P., 1991: A comparison of numerical methods for solving the advection equation-III. Atmos. Environ. A, 25, 853-871.

Chock, D. P. and A. M. Dunker, 1983: A comparison of numerical methods for solving the advection equation. Atmos. Environ., 17, 11-24.

Chock, D. P. and Y.-H. Kuo, 1990: Comparison of wind-field models using the CAPTEX data. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 76-91.

Choe, H. H., N. S. Yoon, S. S. Kim, and D. I. Choi, 2001: A New Unconditionally Stable Algorithm for Steady-State Fluid Simulation of High Density Plasma Discharge. J. Comp. Phy., 170, 550-561.

Choi, H. G. and D. D. Joseph, 2001: Fluidization by lift of 300 circular particles in plane Poiseuille flow by direct simulation. J. Fluid Mech., 438, 101-128.

Choi, K. S. and J. L. Lumley, 2001: The return to isotropy of homogenous turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 436, 59-84.

Choi, W. K. and J. R. Holton, 1991: Transport of N2O in the stratosphere related to the equatorial semiannual oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 22543-22557.

Choisnel, E., D. Payen, and P. Lamarque, 1987: Climatologie de la Zone du Projet HAPexMOBILHY. irection de la Me´te´orologie Nationale, 75.

Cholaw, B., J. Liren, and S. Shuqing, 2001: EAWM-Related Air-Sea-Land Interaction and the Asian Summer Monsson Circulation. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18, 659-673.

Chollet, J.-P. and M. Lesieur, 1981: Parameterization of small scales of three-dimensional isotropic turbulence utilizing spectral closure. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2747-2757.

Chomaz, J. M., 2001: The dynamics of a viscous soap film with soluble surfactant. J. Fluid Mech., 442, 387-409.

Chong, M., P. Amayenc, G. Scialom, and J. Testud, 1987: A tropical squall line observed during the COPT 81 experiment in West Africa. Part I: Kinematic structure inferred from dual-Doppler radar data. Mon. Wea Rev., 115, 670-694.

Chong, M. and and, 1990: A tropical squall line observed during the COPT81 Experiment in West Africa. Part III: Heat and moisture budgets. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1696-1706.

Chong, M. and and, 1996: Three-dimensional air circulation in a squall line from airborne dual-beam Doppler radar data: A test of co-plane methodology software. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13, 36-53.

Chong, M. and O. Bousquet, 1999: A Mesovortex within a Near-Equatorial Mesoscale Convective System during TOGA COARE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1145-1156.

Chong, M. and O. Bousquet, 2001: On the application of MUSCAT to a ground-based dual-Doppler radar system. Meteor. Atmos. Phy., 78, 133-140.

Chong, M. and S. Cosma, 2000: A Formulation of the Continuity Equation of MUSCAT for either Flat or Complex Terrain. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 17, 156.

Chong, M. and D. Hauser, 1989: A tropical squall line observed during the COPT81 Experiment in West Africa. Part II: Water budget. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 728-744.

Chong, M. and D. Hauser, 1990: A tropical squall line observed during the COPT 81 experiment in West Africa. Part III: Heat and moisture budgets. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1696-1706.

Chong, M., J. Testud, and F. Roux, 1983: Three-dimensional wind field analysis from dual-Doppler radar data. Part II: Minimizing the error due to temporal variation. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1216-1226.

Chong, M., J. Testud, and F. Roux, 1983: Three-dimensional wind field analysis from dual-Doppler radar data. Part III: The boundary condition: An optimum determination based on a variational concept. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1227-1241.

Chongyin, L., H. R. Cho, and J. T. Wang, 2002: CISK Kelvin Wave with Evaporation-Wind Feedback and Air-Sea Interaction-A Further Study of Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation Mechanism. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 19, 379-390.

Chongyin, L. and M. Mingquan, 2001: The Influence of the Indian Ocean Dipole on Atmospheric Circulation and Climate. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18, 831-843.

Chongyin, L., L. Zhenxia, and Z. Qingyun, 2001: Strong/Weak Summer Monsoon Activity over the South China Sea and Atmospheric Intraseasonal Oscillation. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18, 1146-1160.

Chopra, K. P., 1973: Atmospheric and oceanic flow problems introduced by islands. Adv. Geophys., 16, 297-421.

Chorin, A. J., 1967: A numerical method for solving incompressible viscous flow problems. J. Comput. Phys., 2, 12-16.

Chornoboy, E. S., 1993: Optimal mean velocity estimation for Doppler weather radars. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 31, 575-586.

Chou, C., J. D. Neelin, and H. Su, 2001: Ocean-atmosphere-land feedbacks in an idealized monsoon. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1869-1892.

Chou, C.-B. and H.-P. Huang, 2000: Application of A VHRR Data to a One-Dimensional Variational Retrieval Scheme for Cloudy TOVS Data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3867.

Chou, J., R. C. Weger, J. M. Lightenberg, K.-S. Kuo, R. M. Welch, and P. Breeden, 1994: Segmentation of polar scenes using multispectral texture measures and morphological filtering. Int. J. Remote Sens., 15, 1019-1036.

Chou, M., 1994: Coolness in the tropical Pacific during an El Nin˜o episode. J. Climate, 7, 1684-1692.

Chou, M.-D., 1984: Broadband water vapor transmission function for IR flux computations. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1775-1778.

Chou, M.-D., 1986: Atmospheric solar heating rate in the water vapor bands. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 1532-1542.

Chou, M.-D., 1990: Parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation by O2 and CO2 with application to climate studies. J. Climate, 3, 209-217.

Chou, M.-D., 1992: A solar radiation model for climate studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 762-772.

Chou, M.-D., 1992: A solar radiation model for use in climate studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 762-772.

Chou, M.-D., 1994: Coolness in the tropical Pacific during an El Nin˜o episode. J. Climate, 7, 1684-1692.

Chou, M. D. and R. S. Lindzen, 2002: Comments on "Tropical Convection and the Energy Balance at the Top of the Atmosphere". J. Climate, 15, 2566-2570.

Chou, M. D., R. S. Lindzen, and A. Y. Hou, 2002: Comments on "The Iris Hypothesis: A Negative or Positive Cloud Feedback?" J. Climate, 15, 2713-2715.

Chou, M.-D., A. Arking, J. Otterman, and W. L. Ridgway, 1995: The effect of clouds on atmospheric absorption of solar radiation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1885-1888.

Chou, M.-D., A. Arking, and W. L. Ridgway, 1995: The effect of clouds on atmospheric heating. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 188-51888.

Chou, M.-D., J. Childs, and P. Dorian, 1986: Cloud cover estimation using bispectral satellite measurements. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 1280-1292.

Chou, M.-D. and L. Kouvaris, 1991: Calculations of transmission functions in the IR CO2 and O3 Bands. J. Geophys. Res., 96D5, 9003-9012.

Chou, M.-D., D. P. Krats, and W. Ridgway, 1991: Infrared radiation parameterization in numerical climate models. J. Climate, 4, 424-437.

Chou, M.-D., D. P. Krats, and W. Ridgway, 1991: Infrared radiation parameterizations in numerical climate models. J. Climate, 4, 42-4437.

Chou, M.-D. and L. Peng, 1984: A parameterization of the absorption in the 15 mmCO2spectral region with application to climate sensitivity studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 409-418.

Chou, M.-D., L. Peng, and A. Arking, 1983: A parameterization of absorption in the 15-mm CO2 spectral region with application to climate sensitivity studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2183-2192.

Chou, M.-D. and M. J. Suarez, 1994: An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation models.

Chou, M.-D. and W. Zhao, 1996: Estimation and model validation of surface solar radiation and cloud radiative forcing using TOGA COARE measurements. J. Climate, in press.

Chou, S., R. M. Atlas, C. Shie, and J. Ardizzone, 1995: Estimates of surface humidity and latent heat fluxes over oceans from SSM/I data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2405-2425.

Chou, S.-H. and D. Atlas, 1981: Estimating ocean-air heat fluxes during cold air outbreaks by satellite.

Chou, S.-H. and D. Atlas, 1982: Satellite estimates of ocean-air heat fluxes during cold air outbreaks. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1434-1450.

Chou, S.-H., D. Atlas, and E.-N. Yeh, 1986: Turbulence in a convective marine atmospheric boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 547-564.

Chou, S.-H. and M. P. Ferguson, 1991: Heat fluxes and roll circulations over the western Gulf Steam during an intense cold-air outbreak. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 55, 255-281.

Chou, S.-H. and J. Zimmerman, 1989: Bivariate conditional sampling of buoyancy flux during an intense cold-air outbreak. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 46, 93-112.

Choudhury, B. J., 1987: Relationships between vegetation indices, diation, sorption and net photosynthesis evaluated by a sensitivity analysis. Remote Sens. Environ., 22, 209-233.

Choudhury, B. J., 1989: Estimating evaporation and carbon assimilation using infrared temperature data: Vistas in modeling. Theory and Applications of Remote Sensing. John Wiley and Sons, 628-690.

Choudhury, B. J., 1991: Multispectral satellite data in the context of land surface heat balance. Rev. Geophys., 29, 217-236.

Choudhury, B. J. and A. T. C. Chang, 1981: The albedo of snow for partially cloudy skies. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 20, 371-389.

Choudhury, B. J., S. B. Idso, and R. J. Reginato, 1987: Analysis of an empirical model for soil heat flux under a growing wheat crop for estimating evaporation by an infrared-temperature based energy balance equation. Agric. For. Meteor., 39, 28-3297.

Choudhury, B. J. and J. L. Monteith, 1988: A four-layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous land surfaces. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 373-398.

Chouinard, C., 1984: A study of the systematic errors of the Canadian Meteorological Centre's spectral model. Atmos.-Ocean, 22, 226-243.

Chouinard, C., M. Beland, and N. McFarlane, 1986: A simple gravitywave drag parameterization for use in medium-range weather forecast models. Atmos.-Ocean, 24, 91-110.

Chouinard, C., M.Be´land, and N. McFarlane, 1986: A simple gravity wave drag parametrization for use in medium-range weather forecast models. Atmos.-Ocean, 24, 91-110.

Chouinard, C., J. Mailhot, H. L. Mitchell, A. Staniforth, and R. Hogue, 1994: The Canadian regional data assimilation system: Operational and research applications. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1306-1325.

Chouinard, C. and A. Staniforth, 1995: Deriving significant-level geopotentials from radiosonde reports. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 222-229.

Chow, Y. S., S. Geman, and L. D. Wu, 1982: Consistent cross-validated density estimation. Ann. Stat. 11, 25-38.

Christakos, G., 1984: On the problem of permissible covariance and variogram models. Water Resour. Res., 20, 251-265.

Christakos, G., 1992: Random Field Models in Earth Sciences. cademic Press, 474.

Christensen, E. J., B. J. Haines, K. C. McColl, and R. S. Nerem, 1994: Observations of geographically correlated orbit errors for TOPEX/POSEIDON using the global position system. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2175-2178.

Christensen, J. H. and P. Kuhry, 2000: High-resolution regional climate model validation and permafrost simulation for the East European Russian Arctic. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29647.

Christensen, J. H. and E. V. Meijgaard, 1992: On the construction of a regional atmospheric climate model. anish Meteor. Inst. Tech. Rep., 92-14, 26.

Christensen, K. T. and R. J. Adrian, 2001: Statistical evidence of hairpin vortex packets in wall turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 433.

Christensen, O. and L. P. Prahm, 1976: A pseudospectral model for dispersion of atmospheric pollutants. J. Appl. Meteor., 15, 1284-1294.

Christensen, O. B., M. A. Gaertner, J. A. Prego, and J. Polcher, 2001: Internal variability of regional climate models. Climate Dynamics, 17, 875-888.

Christian, T. W. and R. M. Wakimoto, 1989: The relationship between radar reflectivities and cloud associated with horizontal roll convection on 8 August 1982. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 153-01544.

Christiansen, B., 1999: Stratospheric Vacillations in a General Circulation Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1858-1872.

Christiansen, B., 2000: A model study of the dynamical connection between the Arctic Oscillation and stratospheric vacillations. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29461.

Christie, D. R., 1989: Long nonlinear waves in the lower atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1462-1491.

Christie, D. R. and A. L. Hales, 1978: On solitary waves in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci, 35, 805-835.

Christie, D. R. and K. J. Muirhead, 1983: Solitary waves: a hazard to aircraft operating at low altitudes. Aust. Meteor. .Mag., 31, 97109.

Christie, D. R., K. J. Muirhead, and A. L. Hales, 1978: On solitary waves in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 805-825.

Christoph, M., U. Ulbrich, and P. Speth, 1997: Midwinter Suppression of Northern Hemisphere Storm Track Activity in the Real Atmosphere and in GCM Experiments. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1589-1599.

Christov, C. I. and G. M. Homsy, 2001: Nonlinear dynamics of two-dimensional convection in a vertically stratified slot with and without gravity modulation. J. Fluid Mech., 335.

Christy, J. R., 1995: Temperature above the surface layer. Climate Change, 31, 455-474.

Christy, J. R. and R. T. McNider, 1994: Satellite greenhouse warming. Nature, 367, 3-25.

Christy, J. R. and R. W. Spencer, 1995: Assessment of precision in temperatures from the microwave sounding units. Climate Change, 30, 97-102.

Christy, J. R., R. W. Spencer, and W. D. Braswell, 2000: MSU Tropospheric Temperatures: Dataset Construction and Radiosonde Comparisons. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 17, 1153.

Christy, J. R., R. W. Spencer, and R. T. McNider, 1995: Reducing noise in the MSU daily lower-tropospheric global temperature dataset. J. Climate, 8, 888-896.

Chu, J.-H., M. Yanai, and C.-H. Sui, 1981: Effects of cumulus convection on the vorticity field in the tropics. Part I: The largescale budget. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 59, 1981.

Chu, J.-H., M. Yanai, and C.-H. Sui, 1981: Effects of cumulus convection on the vorticity field in the Tropics. Part I: The large-scale budget. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 59, 535-546.

Chu, P. C., 1986: An instability theory of ice-air interaction of the migration of the marginal ice zone. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 86, 863-883.

Chu, P. C., 1999: Two Kinds of Predictability in the Lorenz System. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1427-1432.

Chu, P. C., X.-S. Chen, and C. Fan, 2001: Comparison between Wavenumber Truncation and Horizontal Diffusion Methods in Spectral Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 152.

Chu, P. C. and C. Fan, 2001: An Accuracy Progressive Sixth-Order Finite-Difference Scheme. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 1245-1257.

Chu, P. C. and R. W. Garwood, 1991: On the two-phase thermodynamics of the coupled cloud-ocean mixed layer. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3425-3436.

Chu, P. C., S. Lu, and Y. Chen, 2001: Evaluation of the Princeton Ocean Model Using South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) Data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 1521-1539.

Chu, P.-S., 1988: Extratropical forcing and the burst of equatorial westerlies in the western Pacific: A synoptic study. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 66, 549-564.

Chu, P.-S., 1991: Brazil's climate anomalies and ENSO. Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies. M. Glantz, W. Katz, and N. Nicholls Eds., Cambridge University Press, 43-72.

Chu, P. S., 1989: Hawaiian drought and the Southern Oscillation. Int. J. Climatol., 9, 619-631.

Chu, P. S., 1991: Brazil's climate anomalies and ENSO. Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies. M. H. Glantz, R. W. Katz, and N. NichollsEds., Cambridge University Press, 43-71.

Chu, P. S., 1995: Hawaii rainfall anomalies and El Nin˜o. J. Climate, 8, 1697-1703.

Chu, P. S., 2002: Large-Scale Circulation Features Associated with Decadal Variations of Tropical Cyclone Activity over the Central North Pacific. J. Climate, 15, 2678-2689.

Chu, P. S. and Y. He, 1994: Long-range prediction of Hawaiian winter rainfall using canonical correlation analysis. Int. J. Climatol., 14, 659-669.

Chu, P. S., A. J. Nash, and F. Y. Porter, 1993: Diagnostic studies of two contrasting rainfall episodes in Hawaii: Dry 1981 and wet 1982. J. Climate, 6, 1458-1462.

Chu, P.-S. and J. Frederick, 1990: Westerly wind bursts and surface heat fluxes in the equatorial western Pacific in May 1982. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 68, 523-537.

Chua, S.-H. and R. L. Bras, 1982: Optimal estimators of mean areal precipitation in regions of orographic influence. J. Hydrol., 57, 23-48.

Chuan, G. K. and J. G. Lockwood, 1974: An assessment of topographical controls on the distribution of rainfall in the Central Pennines. Meteor. Mag., 103, 275-287.

Chuang, P. Y., A. Nenes, and J. H. Seinfeld, 2000: Design of a CNN Instrument for Airborne Measurement. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 17, 1005.

Chuang, S., F. H. Proctor, J. W. Zack, and M. L. Kaplan, 1984: A numerical weather prediction system designed to simulate atmospheric downburst phenomena. AIAA 22nd Aerospace.

Chuang, W.-S. and D.-P. Wang, 1981: Effects of density fronts on the generation and propagation of internal tides. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1357-1374.

Chui, C. K., 1988: Multivariate Splines. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 189.

Chui, C. K., 1992: An Introduction to Wavelets. Academic Press, 266.

Chui, C. K. and G. Chen, 1990: Kalman Filtering with Real-Time Applications. Springerverlag, 195.

Chun, H.-Y. and J.-J. Baik, 1994: Weakly nonlinear response of a stably stratified atmosphere to diabatic forcing in a uniform flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3109-3121.

Chun, H.-Y. and J.-J. Baik, 1998: Momentum Flux by Thermally Induced Internal Gravity Waves and Its Approximation for Large-Scale Models. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3299-3310.

Chung, C. A. and F. Chen, 2001: Morphological instability in a directionally solidifying binary solution with an imposed shear flow. J. Fluid Mech., 436, 85-106.

Chung, C. A. and M. G. Worster, 2002: Steady-state chimneys in a mushy layer. J. Fluid Mech., 455, 387-411.

Chung, C. E., V. Ramanathan, and J. T. Kiehl, 2002: Effects of the South Asian Absorbing Haze on the Northeast Monsoon and Surface-Air Heat Exchange. J. Climate, 15, 2462-2476.

Chung, Y., K. D. Hage, and E. R. Reinelt, 1976: On lee cyclogenesis and airflow in the Canadian Rocky Mountains and the east Asian mountains. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 879-891.

Chung, Y. S., 1977: On the orographic influence and lee cyclogenesis in the Andes, the Rockies, and the east Asian mountains. Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklimatol., 26, 1-12.

Chung, Y. S., 1977: On the orographic influence and lee cyclogenesis in the Andes, the Rockies, and the east Asian mountains. Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklimatol., 26, 1-12.

Chung, Y. S., 1986: Air pollution detection by satellites: The transport and deposition of air pollutants over oceans. Atmos. Environ., 20, 617-630.

Chung, Y. S., A. Gallant, F. Fanaki, and M. Milla´n, 1981: On the observations of Mount St Helens volcanic emissions. Atmos.-Ocean, 19, 172-178.

Chunming, W., W. Rongsheng, and W. Yuan, 2002: Interaction of Diabatic Frontogenesis and Moisture Processes in Cold-Frontal Rain-Band. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 19, 544-561.

Church, C. R., J. T. Snow, and J. Dessens, 1980: Intense atmospheric vortices associated with a 1000 Mw fire. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 61, 682-694.

Church, J. A., N. J. White, A. J. Clarke, H. J. Freeland, and R. L. Smith, 1986: Coastaltrapped waves on the East Australian continental Shelf. Part II: Model verification. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1945-1957.

Churchill, D. D. and and, 1991: Effects of radiation and turbulence on the diabatic heating and water budget of the stratiform region of a tropical cloud cluster. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 903-922.

Churchill, D. D. and R. A. Houze, 1984: Development and structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters on 10 December 1978. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 933-960.

Churchill, D. D. and R. A. Houze, Jr., 1991: Effects of radiation and turbulence on the diabetic heating and water budget of the stratiform region of a tropical cloud cluster. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 903-922.

Churchill, D. D. and R. A. H. Jr., 1984: Development and structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters on 10 December 1978. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 933-960.

Churchill, D. D. and R. A. H. Jr., 1984: Mesoscale updraft mag-nitude and cloud-ice content deduced from the ice budget of the stratiform region of a tropical cloud cluster. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1717-1725.

Churchill, J. H. and G. T. Csanady, 1983: Nearsurface measurements of quasi-Lagrangian velocities in open water. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1669-1680.

Churchill, R. V., 1963: Fourier Series and Boundary Value Problems. McGraw-Hill.

Chylek, P., 1978: Extinction and liquid water content of fogs and clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 296-300.

Chylek, P. and J. S. Dobble, 1995: Radiative properties of finite inhomogeneous cirrus clouds: Monte Carlo simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3512-3522.

Chylek, P. and J. Hallett, 1992: Enhanced absorption of solar radiation by cloud droplets containing soot particles on their surface. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 167-172.

Chylek, P., J. T. Kiehl, M. K. W. Ko, and A. Ashkin, 1979: Surface waves in light scattering by spherical and nonspherical particles. Light Scattering by Irregularly Shaped Particles. D. W. Schuerman Ed., Plenum Press, 153-164.

Chylek, P. and V. Ramaswamy, 1982: Simple approximation for infrared emissivity of water clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 171-177.

Chylek, P., V. Ramaswamy, and R. J. Cheng, 1984: Effect of graphitic carbon on the albedo of clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3076-3084.

Chylek, P. and G. Videen, 1994: Longwave radiative properties of polydispersed hexagonal ice crystals. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 17-5190.

Chýlek, P., G. Videen, and D. Ngo, 1998: Effect of Air Bubbles on Absorption of Solar Radiation by Water Droplets. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 340-343.

Chylek, P., G. Videen, D. Ngo, R. G. Pinnick, and J. D. Klett, 1995: Effect of black carbon on the optical properties and climate forcing of sulfate aerosols. J. Geophys. Res., 100(D8), 16325-16332.

Chýlek, P. and J. G. D. Wong, 1998: Erroneous Use of the Modified Kohler Equation in Cloud and Aerosol Physics Applications. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1473-1477.

Chylek, R., R. G. Pinnick, and V. Srivastava, 1991: Effect of topology of water-ice mixture on radar backscattering by hailstones. J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 954-959.

Chylek, R. and V. Srivastava, 1983: Dielectric constant of a composite inhomogeneous medium. Phys. Rev. B, 27, 5098-5106.

Chylek, R., V. Srivastava, R. G. Pinnick, and R. T. Wang, 1988: Scattering of electromagnetic waves by composite spherical particles: Experiment and effective medium approximations. Appl. Optics, 27, 2396-2404.

Ciach, G. J., M. L. Morrissey, and W. F. Krajewski, 2000: Conditional Bias in Radar Rainfall Estimation. J. App. Meteor., 39, 1941.

Ciesielski, P. E., W. H. Schubert, and R. H. Johnson, 1999: Large-Scale Heat and Moisture Budgets over the ASTEX Region. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3241-3261.

Cieslik, S. and H. Hasenjager, 1985: Sensible and latent heat fluxes and temperature gradients deduced from sonic ane-mometer and radiometric data obtained during the Vith ECC campaign at Fos. EUR Rep. 9829EN-1985. Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Center, Ispra.

Cifelli, R. and S. A. Rutledge, 1994: Vertical motion structure in maritime continent mesoscale convective systems: Results from a 50-MHz profiler. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2631-2652.

Cionco, R. M., 1972: A wind-profile index for canopy flow. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 3, 255-263.

Cionco, R. M., 1984: Test plan for Project WIND.

Cionco, R. M., 1991: Project WIND documentation and user guide, Phase 11: 24-hr period, 1000 HRS PST, I February-1000 HRS PST, 2 February 1986.

Cionco, R. M. and Coauthors, 1995: The effects of a solar eclipse upon the mean and turbulent quantities of the boundary layer over a desert. 11th Symp. on Boundary Layers and Turbulence. Charlotte NC, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 122-124.

Citriniti, J. H. and W. K. George, 2000: Reconstruction of the global velocity field in the axisymmetric mixing layer utilizing the proper orthogonal decomposition. J. Fluid Mech., 137.

Clabonnote, L., G. Brogniez, J. C. Buriez, M. DoutriauxBoucher, J. F. Gayet, and A. Macke, 2001: Polarized light scattering by inhomogeneous hexagonal monocrystals: Validation with ADEOS-POLDER measurements (Paper 2000JD900642). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,139-12,154.

Clamond, D. and J. Grue, 2001: A fast method for fully nonlinear water-wave computations. J. Fluid Mech., 447, 337-356.

Clancy, R. M., 1992: Operational modeling: Ocean modeling at the Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center. Oceanography, 5, 31-35.

Clancy, R. M., J. E. Kaitala, and L. F. Zambreksi, 1986: The Fleet Numerical Oceanography Centre global spectral ocean wave model. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 67, 498-512.

Clancy, R. M., P. A. Phoebus, and K. D. Pollak, 1990: An operational global-scale ocean thermal analysis system. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 233-254.

Clancy, R. M., P. M. Phoebus, and K. D. Pollack, 1990: An operational global-scale ocean thermal analysis system. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 233-254.

Clancy, R. M. and K. D. Pollak, 1983: A real-time synoptic ocean thermal analysis/ forecast system. Prog. Oceanogr., 12, 383-424.

Clancy, R. M. and W. D. Sadler, 1992: The Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center suite of oceanographic models and products. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 307-327.

Clancy, R. M., J. D. Thompson, J. D. Lee, and H. E. Hurlburt, 1979: A model of mesoscale airsea interaction in a sea breeze-coastal upwelling regime. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1476-1505.

Clancy, R. T., D. O. Muhleman, and G. L. Berge, 1990: Global changes in the 0-70 km thermal structure of the Mars atmosphere derived from the 1975-1989 microwave CO spectra. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 14543-14554.

Clanet, C., 2001: Dynamics and stability of water bells. J. Fluid Mech., 430, 111.

Clanet, C. and D. Quere, 2002: Onset of menisci. J. Fluid Mech., 460, 131-150.

Clanet, C. and E. Villermaux, 2002: Life of a smooth liquid sheet. J. Fluid Mech., 462, 307-340.

Clapp, R. and G. Hornberger, 1978: Empirical equations for some soil hydraulic properties. Water Resour. Res., 14, 601-604.

Clapp, R. B. and G. M. Hornberger, 1978: Empirical equations for some hydraulic properties. Water Resour. Res., 14, 601-604.

Clapp, R. B. and G. M. Hornberger, 1978: Empirical equations for some soil hydraulic properties. Water Resour. Res., 14.4, 601-604.

Clappier, A., 1998: A Correction Method for Use in Multidimensional Time-Splitting Advection Algorithms: Application to Two- and Three-Dimensional Transport. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 232-242.

Clare, F., D. Kennison, and B. Lackman, 1987: NCAR graphics user's guide. Tech. Rep. 2.00, Scientific Computing Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research.

Clark, A. J., 1983: The reflection of equatorial waves from oceanic boundaries. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1193-1207.

Clark, C., 2002: Measured and estimated evaporation and soil moisture deficit for growers and the water industry. Meteor. App., 9, 85-94.

Clark, C. A. and R. W. Arritt, 1995: Numerical simulations of the effect of soil moisture and vegetation cover on the development of deep convection. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 2029-2045.

Clark, D. B., Y. Xue, and P. J. Valden, 2001: Modeling the Impact of Land Surface Degradation on the Climate of Tropical North Africa. J. Climate, 14, 1809.

Clark, J. D. and P. S. Chu, 2002: Interannual Variation of Tropical Cyclone Activity over the Central North Pacific. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 403-418.

Clark, J. F., P. Schlosser, R. Wanninkhof, H. J. Simpson, W. S. F. Schuster, and D. T. Ho, 1995: Gas transfer velocities for SF6 and 3 He in a small pond at low wind speeds. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 93-96.

Clark, J. H. E., 1999: Gravity Waves Driven by Diurnal Fluctuations in Mesoscale Heating. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 769-783.

Clark, M. P. and M. C. Serreze, 2000: Effects of Variations in East Asian Snow Cover on Modulating Atmospheric Circulation over the North Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 13, 3700.

Clark, O., 1940: Interception of rainfall by prairie grasses, weeds, and certain crop plants. Ecol. Monogr., 10, 244-277.

Clark, P. A. and W. P. Hopwood, 2001: One-dimensional site-specific forecasting of radiation fog. Part I: Model formulation and idealised sensitivity studies. Meteor. App., 8, 279-286.

Clark, P. A. and W. P. Hopwood, 2001: One-dimensional site-specific forecasting of radiation fog. Part II: Impact of site observations. Meteor. App., 8, 287-296.

Clark, R. A., J. H. Ferziger, and W. C. Reynolds, 1977: Evaluation of subgrid scale turbulence models using a fully simulated turbulent flow. J. Fluid Mech., 91, 1-16.

Clark, R. N., 1979: Planetary reflectance measurements in the region of planetary thermal emission. Icarus, 40, 94-103.

Clark, S. and M. Corcoran, 1986: Perspectives of the professional socialization of women faculty: A case of accumulated dis-advantage. J. Higher Educ., 57, 20-43.

Clark, T. L., 1973: Numerical modeling of the dynamics and microphysics of warm cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 857-878.

Clark, T. L., 1974: A study in cloud phase parameterization using the gamma function. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 142-155.

Clark, T. L., 1974: On modeling nucleation and condensation theory in Eulerian spatial domain. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 2099-2117.

Clark, T. L., 1977: A small-scale dynamic model using a terrain-following coordinate transformation. J. Comput. Phys., 24, 186-215.

Clark, T. L., 1979: Numerical simulations with a three-dimensional cloud model: Lateral boundary condition experiments and multicellular severe storm simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 2192-2215.

Clark, T. L. and R. D. Farley, 1984: Severe downslope windstorm calculations in two and three spatial dimensions using anelastic interactive grid nesting: A possible mechanism for gustiness. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 329-350.

Clark, T. L. and R. Gall, 1982: Three-dimensional numerical model simulations of airflow over mountainous terrain: A comparison with observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 766-791.

Clark, T. L. and W. D. Hall, 1979: A numerical experiment on stochastic condensation theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 470-483.

Clark, T. L. and W. D. Hall, 1983: A cloud physical parameterization method using movable basis functions: Stochastic coalescence parcel calculations. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1709-1728.

Clark, T. L. and W. D. Hall, 1991: Multi-domain simulations of the time depdendent Navier-Stokes equation: Benchmark error analyses of nesting procedures. J. Comput. Phys., 92, 456-481.

Clark, T. L. and W. D. Hall, 1994: Two- and three-dimensional simulations of the 9 January 1989 severe Boulder windstorm: Comparison with observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2317-2343.

Clark, T. L., F. I. Harris, and C. G. Mohr, 1980: Errors in wind fields derived from multiple Doppler radars: Random errors and temporal errors associated with advection and evolution. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 1273-1284.

Clark, T. L., T. Hauf, and J. P. Kuettner, 1986: Convectively forced internal gravity waves: Results from two-dimensional numerical experiments. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 899-925.

Clark, T. L., T. Keller, J. Coen, P. Neilley, H.-m. Hsu, and W. D. Hall, 1997: Terrain-Induced Turbulence over Lantau Island: 7 June 1994 Tropical Storm Russ Case Study. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1795-1814.

Clark, T. L. and R. List, 1971: Dynamics of a falling particle zone. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 718-727.

Clark, T. L. and M. J. Miller, 1991: Drag and momentum fluxes forced by the Alps. Part II: Representation in large-scale atmosphere models. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 1117, 527-552.

Clark, T. L. and W. L. Peltier, 1984: Critical-level reflection and the resonant growth of nonlinear mountain waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3122-3134.

Clark, T. L. and W. R. Peltier, 1977: On the evolution and stability of finite-amplitude mountain waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1715-1730.

Clarke, A., 1984: Transport through the Cape Farewell-Flemish cap section. Rapp. P.-V. Reun.-Cons. Int. Explor. Met., 185, 12-0130.

Clarke, A. and J.-C. Gascard, 1983: The formation of Labrador Sea Water. Part I: Large scale processes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 176-41778.

Clarke, A. D., 1991: A thermooptic technique for insitu analysis of size-resolved aerosol physicochemistry. Atmos. Environ., 25A, 635-644.

Clarke, A. D., 1992: Atmospheric nuclei in the remote free-troposphere. J. Atmos. Chem., 14, 479-488.

Clarke, A. D., N. C. Ahlquist, and D. S. Covert, 1987: The Pacific marine aerosol: Evidence for natural acid sulfates. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4179-4190.

Clarke, A. D. and K. J. Noone, 1985: Soot in the Arctic snowpack: A cause for perturbations in radiative transfer. Atmos. Environ., 19, 2045-2053.

Clarke, A. J., 1977: Windforced linear and nonlinear Kelvin waves along an irregular coastline. J. Fluid Mech., 83, 337-348.

Clarke, A. J., 1983: The reflection of equatorial waves from oceanic boundaries. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1193-1207.

Clarke, A. J., 1988: Inertial wind path and sea surface temperature patterns near the Gulf of Tehuantepec and Gulf of Papagayo. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15491-15501.

Clarke, A. J., 1991: On the reflection and transmission of low frequency energy at the irregular western Pacific Ocean boundary. J. Geophys. Res., 96(Suppl.), 3289-3305.

Clarke, A. J., 1992: Low-frequency reflection from a nonmeridional eastern ocean boundary and the use of coastal sea level to monitor eastern Pacific equatorial Kelvin waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 163-183.

Clarke, A. J. and X. Liu, 1994: Interannual sea level in the northern and eastern Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 122-41235.

Clarke, A. J. and S. VanGorder, 1994: On ENSO coastal currents and sea levels. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 661-680.

Clarke, J. C., 1998: An Atmospheric Undular Bore along the Texas Coast. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1098-1100.

Clarke, R. A., 1985: Temporal and spatial scales of Labrador Sea Water formation. North Atlantic Deep Water Formation. NASA Conf, Publ. 2367, 7-11.

Clarke, R. A., J. H. Swift, J. L. Reid, and K. P. Kolterman, 1990: The formation of Greenland Sea Deep Water: double diffusion or deep convection? Deep-Sea Res., 37, 1385-1424.

Clarke, R. A., J. H. Swift, J. L. Reid, and K. P. Koltermann, 1990: The formation of Greenland Sea deep water: Double diffusion or deep convection? Deep-Sea Res., 37, 1385-1424.

Clarke, R. H., 1961: Mesostructure of dry cold fronts over featureless terrain. J. Meteor., 18, 715-735.

Clarke, R. H., 1970: Recommended methods for the treatment of the boundary layer in numerical models. Aust. Meteor. Maq., 18, 51-73.

Clarke, R. H., 1970: Observational studies in the atmospheric boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 96, 91-114.

Clarke, R. H., 1974: Attempts to simulate the diurnal course of meteorological variables in the boundary layer. Submitted to Boundary Layer Meteor.

Clarke, R. H., 1984: Colliding sea-breezes and the creation of internal atmospheric bore waves: Two-dimensional numerical studies. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 32, 207-226.

Clarke, R. H., A. J. Dyer, R. R. Brook, D. G. Reid, and A. J. Troup, 1971: The Wangara experiment: Boundary layer data, 363 pp.

Clarke, R. H. and G. D. Hess, 1974: Geostrophic departure and the functions A and B of the Rossby number similarity theory. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 7, 267-287.

Clarke, R. H., R. K. Smith, and D. G. Reid, 1981: The morning glory of the Gulf of Carpentari: an atmospheric undular bore. Mon. Wea. Rer., 109, 1726-1750.

Claud, C., K. B. Katsaros, G. W. Petty, A. Chedin, and N. A. Scott, 1992: A cold air outbreak over the Norwegian Sea observed with the TIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). Tellus, 44a, 100-118.

Claud, C., N. A. Scott, A. Chedin, and J. C. Gascard, 1991: Assessment of the accuracy of atmospheric temperature profiles re-trieved from TOVS observations by the 3I method in the European Arctic: Application for weather analysis. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 2875-2887.

Claud, J. E., N. Husson, H. Rieuu, Y. Tahani, and B. Tournier, 1991: Recent advances in the 3D thermodynamic analysis of the Earth system through the ''3I'' algorithm: Extension to the second generation vertical sounders. Internal Publication Atmospheric Radiation Analysis Group. LMD CNRS France, 50.

Clausnitzer, V., J. W. Hopmans, and D. R. Nielsen, 1992: Simulta-neous scaling of soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity curves. Water Resour. Res., 28, 19-31.

Clauss, E., H. Hinzpeter, and J. M. ller-Glewe, 1970: Messungen zur Temperaturstruktur im Wasser an der Grenzfla¨che Ozean-Atmospha¨re. Meteor. Forsch. Ergeb., B5, 90-94.

Claussen, M., 1991: Estimation of areally-averaged surface fluxes. Bound-Layer Meteor., 54, 387-410.

Claussen, M., and coauthors, 2002: Earth system models of intermediate complexity: closing the gap in the spectrum of climate system models. Climate Dynamics, 18, 579-586.

Clay, C. S. and H. Medwin, 1977: Acoustical Oceanography: Principles and Applications. John Wiley and Sons, 544.

Clayson, C. A. and A. Chen, 2002: Sensitivity of a Coupled Single-Column Model in the Tropics to Treatment of the Interfacial Parameterizations. J. Climate, 15, 1805-1831.

Clayson, C. A. and J. A. Curry, 1996: Determination of surface turbulent fluxes for TOGA COARE: Comparison of in situ measurement and satellite retrievals. J. Geophys. Res., 101, in.

Clayson, C. A., B. Strahl, and J. Schrage, 2002: 2-3-Day Convective Variability in the Tropical Western Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 529-548.

Clayton, H. H., 1889: Verification of weather forecasts. Amer. Meteor. J., 6, 211-219.

Clayton, H. H., 1891: Verification of weather forecasts. Amer. Meteor. J., 8, 369-375.

Clayton, H. H., 1927: A method of verifying weather forecasts. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 8, 144-146.

Clayton, H. H., 1934: Rating weather forecasts. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 15, 279-283.

Clemen, R. T., A. H. Murphy, and R. L. Winkler, 1995: Screening probability forecasts: contrasts between choosing and combining. Int. J. Forecasting, 11, 133-146.

Clemens, S. C. and R. J. Oglesby, 1992: The role of interhemispheric moisture transport in the Indian Ocean summer monsoon: Data-model and model-model comparisons. Paleoceanography, 7, 634-643.

Clement, A. C., M. A. Cane, and R. Seager, 2001: An Orbitally Driven Tropical Source for Abrupt Climate Change. J. Climate, 14, 2369-2375.

Clement, A. C. and A. L. Gordon, 1995: The absolute velocity field structure of Agulhas eddies and the Benguela Current. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22591-22601.

Clements, W. E., J. A. Archuleta, and P. H. Gudiksen, 1989: Experimental design of the 1984 ASCOT field study. J. Appl. Meteor., 28, 405-413.

Clements, W. E., J. A. Archuleta, and D. E. Hoard, 1989: Mean structure of the nocturnal drainage flow in a deep valley. J. Appl. Meteor., 28, 457-462.

Clements, W. E. and C. J. Nappo, 1983: Observation of a drainage flow event on a high-altitude simple slope. J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 22, 331-335.

Clever, R. M. and F. H. Busse, 1992: Three-dimensional convection in a horizontal fluid layer subjected to a constant shear. J. Fluid Mech., 234, 511-527.

Cliff, R., J. R. Grace, and M. E. Weber, 1978: Bubbles. Drops and Particles, Academic Press, 380.

Cliffe, K. A., I. G. Graham, and L. Stals, 2000: Parallel Computation of Flow in Heterogeneous Media Modelled by Mixed Finite Elements. J. Comp. Phys., 164, 258.

Clifford, P. and S. Richardson, 1985: Testing the association between two spatial processes. Statist. Decisions, 2 (Suppl.), 15-5160.

Clifford, S. F., T. Wang, and J. T. Priestly, 1978: Spot size of the radar return from a radar-acoustic sounding system (RASS) due to atmospheric refractive turbulence. Radio Sci., 13, 985-989.

Clifford, S. F. and T. I. Wang, 1977: The range limitation on radar-acousticsounding-systems (RASS) due to atmospheric refractive turbulence. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., AP-25, 319- 3-26.

Clim. Dynamics, s. W., S. D., R. L. Slutz, R. L. Jenne, and P. M. Steurer, 1987: A Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 68, 1239-1250.

Climate, i. p. M., S., and M. J. Suarez, 1992: Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert: A parameterization of moist convection for general circulation models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 978-1002.

Climate Man, 1941: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Handbook.

Climate, s. B., S., and J. P. Duvel, 1994: Influence of the vertical structure of the atmosphere on the seasonal variation of precipitable water and greenhouse effect. J. Geophys. Res., 99(12), 1296-312980.

Cline, B. L., 1965: The Questioners: Physicists and the Quantum Theory. Thomas Crowell Co., 274.

Cline, I. M., 1926: Tropical Cyclones. The MacMillan Co., 301.

Clothiaux, E. E., M. A. Miller, B. A. Albrecht, T. P. Ackerman, J. Verlinde, D. M. Babb, R. M. Peters, and W. J. Syrett, 1995: An evaluation of a 94-GHz radar for remote sensing of cloud properties. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 201-229.

Cloud Data P, H. Y. M. Y., T. F. Eck, C. G. Wellemeyer, H. L. Kyle, and t. N.-C. t. E. S. and, 1989: Nimbus-7 global cloud climatology. Part II: First year results. J. Climate, 2, 671-709.

Cloud Data P, P. A., R. Hucek, P. Abel, and and, 1993: Evaluating the design of an earth radiation budget instrument with system simulations. Part I: Instantaneous estimates. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 809-826.

Cloud Data P, P. A., R. Hucek, P. Abel, and H. Jacobowitz, 1991: Earth Radiation Budget Instrument (ERBI) system simulation study, evaluating the design of satellite scanning radiometers for earth radiation budget measurements with system simulations. Part I: Instantaneous estimates. NOAA Tech. Rep. NESDIS 58. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, DC.

Cloud Data P, R. H., P. Ardanuy, and R. Joyce, 1994: Evaluating the design of an earth radiation budget instrument with system simulations. Part II: Minimization of instantaneous sampling errors for CERES-I. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1169-1183. Suttles.

Clouds, I. C. f. t. S. o., 1932: International Atlas of Clouds and Study of the Sky. General Atlas, Vol. 1, 106 pp.

Clough, S. A. and Coauthors, 1988: Validation of FASCODE calculations with HIS spectral radiance measurements. Int. Radiation Symp., Lille, France.

Clough, S. A. and R. A. A. Franks, 1991: The evaporation of frontal and other stratiform precipitation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 1057-1080.

Clough, S. A. and M. J. Iacono, 1995: Line-by-line calculations of atmospheric fluxes and cooling rates. Part II: Application to carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, nitrous oxide, and the halocarbons. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16519-16535.

Clough, S. A., M. J. Iacono, and J.-L. Moncet, 1992: Line-by-line calculations of atmospheric fluxes and cooling rates: Application to water vapor. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 15761-15785.

Clough, S. A., F. Kneizys, and R. Davies, 1989: Line shape and the water vapor continuum. Atmos. Res., 23, 229-241.

Clough, S. A., F. X. Kneizys, G. P. Anderson, E. P. Shettle, J. H. Chetwynd, L. W. Abreu, L. A. Hall, and R. D. Worsham, 1988: FASCODE3: Spectral simulation. IRS '88: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation. J. Lenoble and J.-F. GeleynEds., Lille.

Clough, S. A., F. X. Kneizys, L. S. Rothman, and W. O. Gallery, 1981: Atmospheric spectral transmittance and radiance: FAS-COD1B. SPIE, 277, 152-166.

Clough, S. A., F. X. Kneizys, E. P. Shettle, and G. P. Anderson, 1986: Atmospheric radiance and transmittance. Extended Abstracts. Sixth Conf. on Atmospheric Radiation, Williamsburg, VA.

Clough, S. A., H. W. Lean, and R. M. Forbes, 2000: Dynamical effects of ice sublimination in a frontal wave. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2405.

Clough, S. A. and J. Testud, 1988: The Fronts-87 Experiment and Mesoscale Frontal Dynamics Project. WMO Bull., 37, 276-281.

CO. Harshvardhan, R., Davies, D. A. Randall, and T. G. Corsetti, 1987: A fast radiation parameterization for atmospheric circulation models. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 1009-1016.

Coˆte´, J., S. Gravel, and A. Staniforth, 1995: A generalized family of schemes that eliminate the spurious resonant response of semi-Lagrangian schemes to orographic forcing. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3605-3613.

Coˆte´, J., M. Roch, A. Staniforth, and L. Fillion, 1993: A variable-resolution semi-Lagrangian finite-element global model of the shallow water equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 231-243.

Coˆte´, J., Staniforth, and A., 1988: A two-time level semi-Lagrangian semi-implicit scheme for spectral models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2003-2012.

Co´ rdoba, L. and A. P. Alfonso, 1992: Prefrontal systems in western Cuba. Rev. Cubana Meteor., 5, 67-82.

Coachman, L. K. and K. Aagaard, 1988: Transports through Bering Strait: Annual and interannual variability. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15535-15539.

Coakley, J. A., Jr. and D. G. Baldwin, 1984: Towards the objective analysis of clouds from satellite imagery data. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 1065-1099.

Coakley, J. A. and F. P. Bretherton, 1982: Cloudcover from high resolution scanner data, detecting and allowing for partially filled fields of view. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 4917-4932.

Coakley, J. A., R. D. Cess, and F. B. Yurevich, 1983: The effect of tropospheric aerosols on the Earth's radiation budget: A parameterization for climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 116-138.

Coakley, J. A., Jr., R. L. Bernstein, and P. A. Durkee, 1987: Effect of ship-stack effluents on cloud reflectivity. Science, 237, 102-01022.

Coakley, J. A., Jr., R. L. Bernstein, and P. A. Durkee, 1987: Ship tracks etc. Science, 237, 1-020.

Coakley, J. A., Jr., and F. P. Bretherton, 1982: Cloud cover from high-resolution scanner data: Detecting and allowing for partially filled fields of view. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 4917-4932.

Coakley, J. A., Jr., and P. Chylek, 1975: The two-stream approximation in radiative transfer: Including the angle of incident radiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 409-418.

Coakley, J. A. and P. C. lek, 1975: The two-stream approximation in radiative transfer: Including the angle of the incident radiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 409-418.

Coantic, M., 1986: A model of gas transfer across air-water interface with capillary waves. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 3925-3943.

COASA, 1976: U.S. Standard Atmosphere,1976. U.S. Government Printing Office, 227 pp.

Coates, L., R. Blong, and F. Siciliano, 1993: Lightning fatalities in Australia. 1824-1991. Nat. Hazards Eng. Geol., 8, 21-7233.

Coates, M. J., G. N. Ivey, and J. R. Taylor, 1995: Unsteady, turbulent convection into a rotating linearly, stratified fluid: Modeling deep ocean convection. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 3022-3050.

Cober, S. G., G. A. Isaac, and A. V. Korolev, 2001: Assessing the Rosemount Icing Detector with In Situ Measurements. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 18, 515.

Cober, S. G., G. A. Isaac, A. V. Korolev, and J. W. Strapp, 2001: Assessing Cloud-Phase Conditions. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1967-1983.

Cober, S. G., G. A. Isaac, and J. W. Strapp, 1995: Aircraft icing measurements in East Coast winter storms. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 88-100.

Cober, S. G., G. A. Isaac, and J. W. Strapp, 2001: Characterizations of Aircraft Icing Environments that Include Supercooled Large Drops. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1984-2002.

Cochrane, J. D. and F. J. Kelly, 1986: Low frequency circulation on the Texas-Louisiana continental shelf. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 10645-10659.

Cochrane, J. D., F. J. Kelly, and C. R. Olling, 1979: Subthermocline countercurrents in the western equatorial Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 724-738.

Cocke, S., 1998: Case Study of Erin Using the FSU Nested Regional Spectral Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1337-1346.

Cocke, S. and T. E. LaRow, 2000: Seasonal Predictions Using a Regional Spectral Model Embedded within a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 689-708.

Cocks, S. B. and W. M. Gray, 2002: Variability of the Outer Wind Profiles of Western North Pacific Typhoons: Classifications and Techniques for Analysis and Forecasting. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1989-2005.

Coddington, E. A. and N. Levinson, 1955: Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations. McGraw Hill, 429.

Codina, R., 2001: Pressure Stability in Fractional Step Finite Element Methods for Incompressible Flows. J. Comp. Phy., 170, 112-140.

Codron, F. and R. Sadourny, 2002: Saturation limiters for water vapour advection schemes: impact on orographic precipitation. Tellus, 54, 338-349.

Coe, H., T. W. Choularton, D. J. Carruthers, M. W. Gallagher, and K. N. Bower, 1991: A model of occult deposition applicable to complex terrain. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 803-823.

Coe, H., P. I. Williams, and T. W. Choularton, 2000: Behavior of ultrafine particles in continental and marine air masses at a rural site in the United Kingdom. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26891.

Coe, M. T. and J. A. Foley, 2001: Human and natural impacts on the water resources of the Lake Chad basin. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3349.

Coe, M. T. and S. P. Harrison, 2002: The water balance of northern Africa during the mid-Holocene: an evaluation of the 6kaBP PMIP simulations. Climate Dynamics, 19, 155-166.

Coelho, P. J., 2002: Bounded Skew High-Order Resolution Schemes for the Discrete Ordinates Method. J. Compu. Phy., 175, 412-437.

Cofer, W. R., D. R. Schryer, and R. S. Rogowski, 1980: The en-hanced oxidation of SO2 by NO2 on carbon particulates. Atmos. Environ., 14, 571-575.

Coffey, H. E., 1989: Geomagnetic and solar data. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 7020-7022.

Coffin, J. H., 1875: The Winds of the Globe: Or the Laws of the Atmospheric Circulation over the Surface of the Earth. Smithsonian Contribution to Knowledge 268. Vol. 20, Smithsonian Institution, 756pp.

Cogley, A. C. and W. J. Borucki, 1976: Exponential approximation for daily average solar heating or photolysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1347-1356.

Cohard, J.-M., J.-P. Pinty, and C. Bedos, 1998: Extending Twomey's Analytical Estimate of Nucleated Cloud Droplet Concentrations from CCN Spectra. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3348-3357.

Cohen, C., 1989: Numerical experiments showing the response of parameterized convection to large-scale forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 132-149.

Cohen, C. and W. M. Frank, 1987: Simulation of tropical convective systems. Part II: Simulations of moving cloud lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3800-3820.

Cohen, C. and W. M. Frank, 1987: Simulation of tropical convective systems. Part II: Simulations of slowly moving cloud lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3800-3820.

Cohen, C. and W. M. Frank, 1989: A numerical study of lapse-rate adjustment in the tropical atmosphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 18911905.

Cohen, J., 1994: Snow cover and climate. Weather, 49, 150-155.

Cohen, J. and D. Rind, 1991: The effect of snow cover on the climate. J. Climate, 4, 689-706.

Cohen, J. and K. Saito, 2002: A Test for Annular Modes. J. Climate, 15, 2537-2546.

Cohen, J. S., 1990: Bringing the global warming issue closer to home: The challenge of regional impact studies. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 71, 520-526.

Cohen, R. A. and C. W. Kreitzberg, 1997: Airstream Boundaries in Numerical Weather Simulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 168-183.

Cohen, R. C., K. K. Perkins, and T. P. Bui, 2000: Quantitative constraints on the atmospheric chemistry of nitrogen oxides: An analysis along chemical coordinates. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24283.

Cohen, S. C. and J. T. Freymueller, 2001: Crustal uplift in the south central Alaska subduction zone: New analysis and interpretation of tide gauge observations (Paper 2000JB900419). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 11,259-11,270.

Cohn, S. A., R. K. Goodrich, and R. A. Weekley, 2001: Radial Velocity and Wind Measurement with NIMA-NWCA: Comparisons with Human Estimation and Aircraft Measurements. J. App. Meteor., 40, 704.

Cohn, S. E., 1993: Dynamics of shortterm univariate forecast error covariances. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 3123-3149.

Cohn, S. E. and D. F. Parrish, 1991: The behavior of forecast error covariances for a Kalman filter in two dimensions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1757-1785.

Cohn, S. E., A. d. Silva, J. Guo, M. Sienkiewicz, and D. Lamich, 1998: Assessing the Effects of Data Selection with the DAO Physical-Space Statistical Analysis System*. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2913-2926.

Coiffier, J., Y. Ernie, J. F. Geleyn, J. Clochard, J. Hoffman, and F. Dupont, 1987: The operational hemispheric model at the French Meteorological Service. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, Spec. NWP Symp. Vol., 337-345.

Colby, F. P., Jr., 1983: Convective inhibition as a predictor of the outbreak of convection in AYE-SESAME 11. Preprints, 13th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Tulsa, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 324-327.

Colby, F. P. J., 1980: The role of convective instability in an Oklahoma squall line. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2113-2119.

Cole, J. R., 1979: Fair Science. Free Press, 336.

Cole, J. R., 1981: Women in science. Amer. Sci., 69, 385-391.

Cole, J. R. and and, 1987: Marriage, motherhood, and research performance in science. Sci. Amer., 255, 119-125.

Cole, J. R. and B. Singer, 1991: A theory of limited differences: Explaining the productivity puzzle in science. The Outer Circle: Women in the Scientific Community. H. Zuckerman, J. R. Cole, and J. T. Bruer Eds., W. W. Norton & Company, 277-310.

Cole, J. R. and H. Zuckerman, 1984: The productivity puzzle: Persistence and change in patterns of publication of men and women scientists. Advances in Motivation and Achievement. P. Maehr and M. W. Steinkamp Eds., JAI Press, 217-256.

Cole, K. D., 2001: Saturated heat conduction and Joule heating in the Venus ionosphere by 100 Hz fields (Paper 1999JA000006). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,953-12,962.

Cole, S. and R. Fiorentine, 1991: Discrimination against women in science: The confusion of outcome with process. The Outer Circle: Women in the Scientific Community. H. Zuckerman, R. Cole, and J. T. Bruer Eds., W. W. Norton & Company, 205-226.

Cole-Dai, J., E. Mosley-Thompson, and L. G. Thompson, 2000: A 4100-year record of explosive volcanism from an East Antarctica ice core. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24431.

Colella, P., 1990: Multidimensional upwind methods for hyperbolic conservation laws. J. Comput. Phys., 87, 171-200.

Colella, P. and H. M. Glaz, 1985: Efficient solution algorithms for the Riemann problem for real gases. J. Comput. Phys., 59, 264-289.

Colella, P. and P. Woodward, 1984: The piece-wise parabolic method (PPM) for gas dynamical simulations. J. Comput. Phys., 54, 174-201.

Colella, P. and P. R. Woodward, 1984: The piecewise parabolic method (PPM) for gasdynamical simulations. J. Comput. Phys., 54, 174-201.

Colello, G. D., C. Grivet, P. J. Sellers, and J. A. Berry, 1988: Modeling of energy, water, CO2 flux in a temperate grassland ecosystem with SiB2: May-October 1987. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1141-1169.

Colello, G. D., C. Grivet, P. J. Sellers, J. A. Berry, M. o. Energy, and Water, 1998: and CO2 Flux in a Temperate Grassland Ecosystem with SiB2: May-October 1987. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1141-1169.

Coleman, G. N., 1999: Similarity Statistics from a Direct Numerical Simulation of the Neutrally Stratified Planetary Boundary Layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 891-900.

Coleman, G. N., J. H. Ferziger, and and, 1994: A numerical study of the convective boundary layer. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 70, 247-272.

Coleman, G. N., J. H. Ferziger, and P. R. Spalart, 1990: A numerical study of the turbulent Ekman layer. J. Fluid Mech., 213, 31-3348.

Coleman, G. N., J. H. Ferziger, and P. R. Spalart, 1994: A numerical study of the convective boundary layer. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 70, 247-272.

Coleman, G. N., J. Kim, and P. R. Spalart, 2000: A numerical study of strained three-dimensional wall-bounded turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 75.

Coleman, H. and J. Marwitz, 2002: Thermodynamic and Kinematic Structure of a Snowband and Freezing Rain Event during STORM-FEST. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 27-46.

Coleman, R. F. and K. N. Liou, 1981: Light scattering by hexagonal ice crystals. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1260-1271.

Coleman, S. E. and J. D. Fenton, 2000: Potential-flow instability theory and alluvial stream bed forms. J. Fluid Mech., 101.

Colin de Verdiere, A., 1988: Buoyancy driven planetary flows. J. Mar. Res., 46, 216-265.

Colin de Verdiere, A., 1989: On the interaction of wind and buoyancy driven gyres. J. Mar. Res., 47, 599-633.

Colin de Verdiere, A., 1992: On the southward motion of Mediterranean salt lenses. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 413-420.

Colin, E., 1890ñ1917: Observations MÈtÈorologiques Faites ‡ Tananarive. 27 vols. Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique. 1327.

Coll, C. and V. Caselles, 1994: Analysis of the atmospheric and emissivity influence on the split-window equation for seasurface temperature. Int. J. Remote Sens., 15, 1915-1932.

Collard, A., S. Ackerman, W. L. Smith, X. Ma, H. Revercomb, R. Knuteson, and S.-C. Lee, 1995: Cirrus cloud properties derived from high spectral resolution infrared spectrometry during FIRE II. Part III: Ground-based HIS results. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 4264-4275.

Collatz, G. J., J. T. Ball, C. Grivet, and J. A. Berry, 1991: Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosyn-thesis and transpiration: A model that includes a laminar boundary layer. Agric. For. Meteor., 54, 107-136.

Collatz, G. J., J. A. Berry, G. D. Farquhar, and J. Pierce, 1990: The relationship between the Rubisco reaction mechanism and models of leaf photosynthesis. Plant Cell Environ., 13, 219-225.

Collatz, G. J., M. Ribas-Carbo, and J. A. Berry, 1992: Coupled photosynthesis stomatal conductance model for leaves of C4 plants. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 19, 519-538.

Collatz, J. G., J. A. Berry, G. D. Farquhar, and J. Pierce, 1990: The relationship between the rubisco reaction mechanism and models of photosynthesis. Plant Cell Environ., 13, 219-225.

Colle, B. A. and C. F. Mass, 1995: The structure and evolution of cold surges east of the Rocky Mountains. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2577-2610.

Colle, B. A. and C. F. Mass, 1998: Windstorms along the Western Side of the Washington Cascade Mountains. Part I: A High-Resolution Observational and Modeling Study of the 12 February 1995 Event. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 28-52.

Colle, B. A. and C. F. Mass, 1998: Windstorms along the Western Side of the Washington Cascade Mountains. Part II: Characteristics of Past Events and Three-Dimensional Idealized Simulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 53-71.

Colle, B. A. and C. F. Mass, 2000: The 5-9 February 1996 Flooding Event over the Pacific Northwest: Sensitivity Studies and Evaluation of the MM5 Precipitation Forecasts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 593-617.

Colle, B. A., C. F. Mass, and D. Ovens, 2001: Evaluation of the Timing and Strength of MM5 and Eta Surface Trough Passages over the Eastern Pacific. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 553-572.

Colle, B. A., C. F. Mass, and B. F. Smull, 1999: An Observational and Numerical Study of a Cold Front Interacting with the Olympic Mountains during COAST IOP5. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1310-1334.

Colle, B. A., B. F. Smull, and M. J. Yang, 2002: Numerical Simulations of a Landfalling Cold Front Observed during COAST: Rapid Evolution and Responsible Mechanisms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1945-1966.

Collier, C. G., 1975: A representation of the eflfects of topography on surface rainfall within moving baroclinic disturbances. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 101, 407-422.

Collier, C. G., 1977: The eflfect of model grid length and orographic rainfall efficiency on computed surface rainfall. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 103, 247-253.

Collier, C. G., 1977: The effect of model grid length and orographic rainfall efficiency on computed surface rainfall. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 103, 247-253.

Collier, C. G., 1989: Applications of Weather Radar Systems. A Guide to Uses of Radar Data in Meteorology and Hydrology. Ellis Horwood Ltd., 194.

Collier, C. G., C. A. Fair, and D. H. Newsome, 1988: International weather radar networking in western Europe. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 69, 16-21.

Collinder, P., 1954: A History of Marine Navigation (Translated from Swedish by M. Michael).

Collineau, S. and Y. Brunet, 1993: Detection of turbulent coherent motions in a forest canopy. Part I: Wavelet analysis. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 65, 357-379.

Collins, B. D. and J. W. Jacobs, 2002: PLIF flow visualization and measurements of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability of an air/SF6 interface. J. Fluid Mech., 464, 113-136.

Collins, D. C. and R. Avissar, 1994: An evaluation with the Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST) of which landsurface parameters are of greatest importance in atmospheric modeling. J. Climate, 7, 681-703.

Collins, E., S. Ghosh, and S. Scofield, 1988: Risk Analysis: DARPA Neural Network Study. AFCEA International Press, 429.

Collins, M., T. J. Osborn, S. F. B. Tett, K. R. Brifpa, and F. H. Schweingruber, 2002: A Comparison of the Variability of a Climate Model with Paleotemperature Estimates from a Network of Tree-Ring Densities. J. Climate, 15, 1497-1515.

Collins, M., S. F. B. Tett, and C. Cooper, 2001: The internal climate variability of HadCM3, a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments. Climate dynamics, 17, 61.

Collins, W. D., 2001: Effects of Enhanced Shortwave Absorption on Coupled Simulations of the Tropical Climate System. J. Climate, 14, 1147.

Collins, W. D. and A. K. Inamdar, 1995: Validation of clear-sky fluxes for tropical oceans from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment. J. Climate, 8, 569-578.

Collins, W. G. and L. S. Gandin, 1990: Comprehensive hydrostatic quality control at the National Meteorological Center. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2752-2767.

Collins, W. G., D. F. Parrish, and S. J. Lord, 1991: The new global operational analysis system at the National Meteorological Center. Wea. Forecasting, 6, 538-547.

Collins, W. J., R. G. Derwent, C. E. Johnson, and D. S. Stevenson, 2002: A comparison of two schemes for the convective transport of chemical species in a Lagrangian global chemistry model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 991-1010.

Collis, R. T. H., 1964: Radar precipitation measurement. World Conf. on Radio Meteorology Boulder, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Collis, R. T. H. and P. B. Russell, 1976: Lidar measurement of particles and gases by elastic backscattering and differential absorption. Laser Monitoring of the Atmosphere. E. D. HinkleyEd., Springerverlag, 71-151.

Colman, A., M. Davey, M. Harrison, and D. Richardson, 1995: Multiple regression and discriminant analysis to predict Jul-AugSep 1995 rainfall in the Sahel and other tropical North African regions. Experimental Long-Lead Forecast Bulletin, 4(2), 20- -23.

Colman, B., 1992: The operational consideration of non-supercell tornadoes particularly those where local terrain is of foremost importance to tornadogenesis. Proceedings for the Forest Workshop on Operational Meteorology, Canadian, AES/CMOS, Whistler, B.C., Canada.

Colman, B. R., 1990: Thunderstorms above frontal surfaces in environments without positive CAPE. Part I: A climatology. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1103-1121.

Colman, B. R., 1990: Thunderstorms above frontal surfaces in environments without positive CAPE. Part II: Organization and instability mechanisms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1123-1144.

Colman, R., J. Fraser, and L. Rotstayn, 2001: Climate feedbacks in a general circulation model incorporating prognostic clouds. Climate Dynamics, 18, 103-122.

Colman, R. A., B. J. McAvaney, J. R. Fraser, and R. R. Dahni, 1992: Mixed layer and thermodynamic sea ice models in the BMRC GCM BMRC Res. Rep. 30. Bureau of Meteorological Research.

Colon, E., J. Lindesay, and M. J. Suarez, 2002: The Impact of the Surface Flux- and Circulation-Driven Feedbacks on Simulated Madden-Julian Oscillations. J. Climate, 15, 624-641.

Colonius, F. and W. Kliemann, 1993: Minimal and maximal Lyapunov exponents of bilinear control systems. J. Differential Equations, 101, 232-275.

Colony, R. and A. S. Thorndike, 1985: Sea ice motion as a drunk-ard's walk. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 965-974.

Colquhoun, J. R. and D. J. Shepherd, 1989: An objective basis for forecasting tornado intensity. Wea. Forecasting, 4, 35-50.

Colton, D. E., 1976: Numerical simulation of the orographically induced precipitation distribution for use in hydrologic analysis. J. Appl. Meteor., 15, 1241-1251.

Colton, M. C. and G. A. Poe, 1994: Shared processing program. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, Special Sensor Microwave/ Imager algorithm symposium, 8-10 June 1993.

Colucci, S. J., 1976: Winter cyclone frequencies over the eastern United States and adjacent western Atlantic, 1964-1973. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 57, 548-553.

Colucci, S. J. and D. P. Baumhefner, 1998: Numerical Prediction of the Onset of Blocking: A Case Study with Forecast Ensembles. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 773-784.

Colucci, S. J., D. P. Baumhefner, and C. E. K. II, 1999: Numerical Prediction of a Cold-Air Outbreak: A Case Study with Ensemble Forecasts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1538-1550.

Colucci, S. J. and J. C. Davenport, 1987: Rapid surface anticyclogenesis: Synoptic climatology and attendant large scale circulation changes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 822-836.

Combes, J. A., A. Grossmann, P. Tchamitchian, and Eds., 1989: Wavelets, Time-Frequency Methods and Phase Space. 2d ed. Springerverlag, 315.

Combier, C., 1945: Les Climats de la Syrie et du Liban. Observatoire de Ksara, 31.

Comejo-Garrido, A. G. and P. H. Stone, 1977: On the heat balance of the Walker circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 115-51162.

Comes, F. J., O. Forberich, and J. Walter, 1997: OH Field Measurements: A Critical Input into Model Calculations on Atmospheric Chemistry. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1886-1894.

Comiso, J. C., 1994: Surface temperatures in the polar regions from Nimbus 7 temperature humidity infrared radiometer. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5181-5200.

Compagnucci, R. H., E. A. Agosta, and W. M. Vargas, 2002: Climatic change and quasi-oscillations in central-west Argentina summer precipitation: main features and coherent behaviour with southern African region. Climate Dynamics, 18, 421-436.

Compo, G. P., P. D. Sardeshmukh, and C. Penland, 2001: Changes of Subseasonal Variability Associated with El Nino. J. Climate, 14, 3356-3374.

Comstock, J. M. and K. Sassen, 2001: Retrieval of Cirrus Cloud Radiative and Backscattering Properties Using Combined Lidar and Infrared Radiometer (LIRAD) Measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 1658-1673.

Concus, P., G. Golub, and D. O'Leary, 1976: A generalized conjugate gradient method for the numerical solution of elliptic partial differential equations. Sparse Matrix Computations. J. Bunch and D. Rose Eds., Academic Press, 309-322.

Condie, S. A., 1991: Separation and recirculation of the North Brazil Current. J. Mar. Res., 49, 1-19.

Conf., F. and P., 1993: A parallel stereo algorithm that produces dense depth maps and perserves image features. Mach. Vision Appl., 6, 3-549.

Coniglio, M. C. and D. J. Stensrud, 2001: Simulation of a Progressive Derecho Using Composite Initial Conditions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1593-1616.

Conklin, M. H., R. A. Sommerfeld, S. K. Laird, and J. E. Villinski, 1993: Sulfur dioxide reactions on ice surfaces: Implications for dry deposition to snow. Atmos. Environ., 27A, 159-166.

Conlon, D. M., 1982: On the outflow modes of the Tsugaru warm current. La mer, 20, 60-64.

Conn, A. R., N. I. M. Gould, and P. L. Toint, 1992: LANCELOTA Fortran Package for Large-Scale Nonlinear Optimization (Release A). Springerverlag, 330.

Connel, B. H. and D. R. Miller, 1995: Interpretation of radiosonde errors in the atmospheric boundary layer. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 1070-1081.

Connell, B. H., K. J. Gould, and J. F. W. Purdom, 2001: High-Resolution GOES-8 Visible and Infrared Cloud Frequency Composites over Northern Florida during the Summers 1996-99. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 713-724.

Conner, J. T., 1996: A robust neural network filter for electricity deman prediction. J. Forecasting, 15, 437-458.

Connolley, W. M. and J. C. King, 1993: Atmospheric water-vapour transport to Antarctica inferred from radiosonde data. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 325-342.

Conover, W. C. and W. C. Stroud, 1958: A highaltitude radiosonde hypsometer. J. Meteor., 15, 63-68.

Conover, W. J., 1980: Practical Nonparametric Statistics. 2d ed. Wiley & Sons, 493.

Conrath, B. J., 1975: Thermal structure of the Martian atmosphere during the dissipation of the dust storm of 1971. Icarus, 24, 3-646.

Conrath, B. J., 1976: Influence of planetary-scale topography on the diurnal thermal tide during the 1971 Martian dust storm. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2430-2439.

Conrath, B. J., 1981: Planetary-scale wave structure in the Martian atmosphere. Icarus, 48, 246-255.

Conrath, B. J. and Coauthors, 1973: Atmospheric and surface properties of Mars obtained by infrared spectroscopy on Mariner 9. J. Geophys. Res., 78, 4267-4278.

Conrath, B. J., R. Curran, R. Hanel, V. Kunde, W. Maguire, J. Pearl, J. Pirraglia, and J. Welker, 1973: Atmospheric and surface properties of Mars obtained by infrared spectroscopy on Mariner 9. J. Geophys. Res., 78, 4267-4278.

Conservative oceanic variables. J. Phys. Oceanogr., P. C. M., 1996: The temporal-residual-mean velocity. Part II: The isopycnal interpretation of the TRM velocity.

Considine, D. M. and G. D. Considine, 1989: Vn Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia. 7th ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 3180 pp.

Considine, D. M. and G. D. Considine, 1989: Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia. 7th ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 3180.

contribution to the study of photochemical smog in the Greater Bartzis, J. G., 1989: Turbulent diffusion modeling for wind flow and dispersion analysis. Atmos. Environ., 23, 1963-1969.

Conway, A. J. C., R. H. Gammon, K. A. Maserie, and K. W. Thoning, 1987: The global distribution of methane in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Chem., 5, 125-171.

Conway, B. J., 1989: Expert systems and weather forecasting. Meteor. Mag., 118, 23-30.

Cook, A. W. and P. E. Dimotakis, 2001: Transition stages of Rayleigh-Taylor instability between miscible fluids. J. Fluid Mech., 443, 69-100.

Cook, C. E. and M. Bernfeld, 1967: Radar Signals. Academic Press, 531.

Cook, E. and e. al., 1991: Climatic change in Tasmania inferred from a 1089-year tree-ring chronology of Huon pine. Science, 253, 1266-1268.

Cook, E. R., R. D. Darrigo, and M. E. Mann, 2002: A Well-Verified, Multiproxy Reconstruction of the Winter North Atlantic Oscillation Index since A.D. 1400. J. Climate, 15, 1754-1764.

Cook, G., 1989: Women in physics-why so few? Amer. J. Phys., 57, 6-79.

Cook, J., 1991: A sensitivity study of weather data inaccuracies on evaporation duct height algorithms. Radio Sci., 26, 731-746.

Cook, K. H., 1994: Mechanisms by which surface drying perturbs tropical precipitation fields. J. Climate, 7, 400-413.

Cook, K. H. and I. M. Held, 1992: The stationary response to large-scale orography in a general circulation model and a linear model. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 525-539.

Cooke, W. E., 1906: Forecasts and verifications in Western Australia. Mon. Wea. Rev., 34, 23-24.

Cooley, J., 1978: Cold air funnel clouds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 136-81372.

Cooley, J. W. and J. W. Tukey, 1965: An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series. Math. Comput., XIX, 297-301.

Cooley, W. W. and P. R. Lohnes, 1971: Multivariate Data Analysis. Wiley, 364 pp.

Cooney, J., 1970: Remote measurements of atmospheric water vapor profiles using the Raman component of laser backscatter. J. Appl. Meteor., 9, 182-184.

Cooney, J., K. Petri, and A. Salik, 1985: Measurement of high resolution atmospheric water vapor profiles by use of a solar-blind Ramanlidar. Appl. Opt., 24, 104-108.

Cooper, A. J. and N. Peake, 2000: Trapped acoustic modes in aeroengine intakes with swirling flow. J. Fluid Mech., 151.

Cooper, A. J. and N. Peake, 2001: Propagation of unsteady disturbances in a slowly varying duct with mean swirling flow. J. Fluid Mech., 445, 207-234.

Cooper, C. and C. Gordon, 2002: North Atlantic Oceanic Decadal Variability in the Hadley Centre Coupled Model. J. Climate, 15, 45-72.

Cooper, C. F. and W. C. Jolly, 1970: Ecological effects of silver iodide and other weather modification agents. A review. Water Resour. Res., 6, 88-89.

Cooper, C. K., G. Z. Forristall, and T. M. Joyce, 1990: Velocity and hydrographic structure of two Gulf of Mexico warm-core rings. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1663-1679.

Cooper, D. I. and W. E. Eichinger, 1994: Structure of the atmosphere in an urban planetary boundary layer from lidar and radiosonde observations. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 22937-22948.

Cooper, D. I., W. E. Eichinger, W. Cottingame, K. C. Forman, P. R. Forman, M. A. Osborn, C. R. Quick, and L. L. Tellier, 1993: The CEPEX Atlas of Cirrus Cloud from the Elastic Backscatter Lidar Mounted Aboard the R.V. Vickers. LAUR-93-2734. MS C300 Los Ala-mos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM.

Cooper, H. J., M. Garstang, and J. Simpson, 1982: The diurnal interaction between convection and peninsular-scale forcing over south Florida. Mon. Wea. Rer., 110, 486-503.

Cooper, I. M., A. J. Thorpe, and C. H. Bishop, 1992: The role of diffusive effects on potential vorticity in fronts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 629-647.

Cooper, K. A., M. R. Hjelmfelt, and N. F. Laird, 2000: Numerical Simulation of Transitions in Boundary Layer Convective Structures in a Lake-Effect Snow Event. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3283.

Cooper, N. D., R. D. B. Whysall, and G. R. Bigg, 1989: Recent decadal climate variations in the tropical Pacific. J. Climatol., 9, 221-242.

Cooper, O. R., J. L. Moody, and M. J. Evans, 2001: Trace gas signatures of the airstreams within North Atlantic cyclones: Case studies from the North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE `97) aircraft intensive. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5437.

Cooper, W. A., 1988: Effects of coincidence on measurements with a forward scattering spectrometer probe. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 823-832.

Cooper, W. A., 1989: Effects of variable droplet growth histories on droplet size distributions. Part I: Theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1301-1311.

Cooper, W. A., R. T. Bruintjes, and G. Mather, 1994: Some calculations pertaining to hygroscopic seeding with flares. Sixth Scientific Conf. on Weather Modification. Paestum, Italy, World Meteor. Org.

Cooper, W. A. and R. P. Lawson, 1984: Physical interpretation of results form HIPLEX-1 experiment. J. Climate. Appl. Meteor., 23, 532-540.

Cooper, W. A. and R. P. Lawson, 1984: Physical interpretation of results from the HIPLEX-1 experiment. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 523-540.

Cooper, W. A., R. P. Lawson, T. A. Cerni, and A. R. Rodi, 1982: Cloud physics investigations by the University of Wyoming in Hiplex 1980. Rep. to the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.

Cooper, W. A. and J. D. Marwitz, 1980: Winter storms over the San Juan Mountains. Part III: Seeding potential. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 927-942.

Cooper, W. A. and C. P. R. Saunders, 1980: Winter storms over the San Juan Mountains. Part II: Microphysical processes. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 127-941.

Cooper, W. A. and G. Vali, 1981: The origin of ice in mountain cap clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1244-1259.

Cooper, W. S., 1958: Coastal Sand Dunes of Oregon and Washington. GSA Memoir 72, 169.

Cooper, W. S., 1967: Coastal Dunes of California. GSA Memoir 72, 131.

Cooter, E. J. and S. LeDuc, 1995: Recent frost date trends in the northeastern USA. Int. J. Climatol., 15, 65-75.

Copas, J. B., 1983: Regression, prediction and shrinkage. J. Roy. Statist. Soc., B45, 311-354.

Coppens, D. and Z. S. Haddad, 2000: Effects of raindrop size distribution variations on microwave brightness temperature calculation. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24483.

Coppens, D., Z. S. Haddad, and E. Im, 2000: Estimating the Uncertainty in Passive-Microwave Rain Retrievals. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 17, 1618.

Copper, I. M., A. J. Thorpe, and C. H. Bishop, 1992: The role of diffusive effects on potential vorticity in fronts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 620-647.

Coppin, P. A., E. F. Bradley, I. J. Barton, and J. S. Godfrey, 1991: Simultaneous observations of sea surface temperature in the western Pacific Ocean by bulk, radiative and satellite methods. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3401-3409.

Coppola, G., S. J. Sherwin, and J. Peiro, 2001: Nonlinear Particle Tracking for High-Order Elements. J. Comput. Phy., 172, 356-386.

Corbin, D. F. M., 1888: A Life of Matthew Fountaine Maury. Sampson Low. Marston Searle, and Rivington, Ltd.

Corbosiero, K. L. and J. Molinari, 2002: The Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on the Distribution of Convection in Tropical Cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2110-2123.

Corby, G. A., A. Gilchrist, and R. L. Newson, 1972: A general circulation model of the atmosphere suitable for long period integrations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 809-832.

Corby, G. A. and C. E. Wallington, 1956: Airflow over mountains: The lee wave amplitude. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 82, 26-6274.

Corcos, G. M., 1963: Resolution of pressure in turbulence. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 35, 192-199.

Corcos, G. M., 1964: The structure of the turbulent pressure field in boundary-layer flows. J. Fluid Mech., 23, 353-378.

Corcos, G. M. and S. J. Lin, 1984: The mixing layer: Deterministic models of a turbulent flow. Part 2. The origin of the three-dimensional motion. J. Fluid Mech., 139, 67-95.

Corcos, G. M. and F. S. Sherman, 1976: Vorticity concentration and the dynamics of unstable free shear layers. J. Fluid Mech., 73, 241-246.

Corcos, G. M. and F. S. Sherman, 1984: The mixing layer: Deterministic models of a turbulent flow. Part I. Introduction and the two-dimensional flow. J. Fluid Mech., 139, 29-65.

Cordero, E. C. and S. R. Kawa, 2001: Ozone and tracer transport variations in the summer Northern Hemisphere stratosphere (Paper 2001JD900004). J. Geophy. Res., 106, 12,227-12,240.

Cordero, E. C., T. R. Nathan, and R. S. Echols, 1998: An Analytical Study of Ozone Feedbacks on Kelvin and Rossby-Gravity Waves: Effects on the QBO. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1051-1062.

Corfidi, S. F. and K. E. Comba, 1989: The meteorological operations division of the National Meteorological Center. Wea. Forecasting, 4, 343-366.

Corfidi, S. F., J. H. Merritt, and J. M. Fritsch, 1996: Predicting the movement of mesoscale convective complexes. Wea. Forecasting, 11, 41-46.

Corio, L. A. and R. L. Pinker, 1987: Estimating monthly mean water and energy budgets over the central U. S. Great Plains. Part II: Evapoclimatonomy experiments. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 115-31160.

Cornejo-Garrido, A. G. and P. H. Stone, 1977: On the heat balance of the Walker circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1155-1162.

Cornillon, P., 1986: The effect of the New England Seamounts on Gulf Stream meandering as observed from satellite IR imagery. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 386-389.

Cornillon, P. and A. Boman, 1987: Meander propagation down stream of Cape Hatteras. Eos. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 68, pp. 3-41.

Cornillon, P., D. Evans, and W. Large, 1986: Warm outbreaks of the Gulf Stream into the Sargasso Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 658-36596.

Cornillon, P., C. Gilman, L. Stramma, O. Brown, R. Evans, and J. Brown, 1987: Processing and analysis of large volumes of satellitederived thermal infrared data. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 12993-13002.

Cornillon, P., T. Lee, and G. Fall, 1994: On the probability that a Gulf Stream meander crest detaches to form a warm core ring. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 159-171.

Cornillon, P. and L. Stramma, 1985: The distribution of diurnal sea surface warming events in the western Sargasso Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 11811-11815.

Cornillon, P. and D. R. Watts, 1987: Satellite thermal infrared and inverted echo sounder determinations of the Gulf Stream northern edge. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 712-723.

Cornman, L. B., C. S. Morse, and E. Cunning, 1995: Real-time estimation of atmospheric turbulence severity from in situ aircraft measurements. J. Aircraft, 32, 171-177.

Cornuelle, B., W. Munk, and P. Worcester, 1989: Ocean acoustic tomography from ships. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 62326250.

Corrsin, S., 1951: On the spectrum of isotropic temperature fluctuations in an isotropic turbulence. J. Appl. Phys., 22, 469-473.

Corson, W. D., D. T. Resio, R. M. Brooks, B. A. Ebersole, R. E. Jensen, D. S. Ragsdale, and B. A. Tracy, 1981: Atlantic coast hindcast deepwater significant wave information. WIS Report 2. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Cortelezzi, L. and A. R. Karagozian, 2001: On the formation of the counter-rotating vortex pair in transverse jets. J. Fluid Mech., 446, 347-374.

Cortinas, J., J. Schneider, J. Straka, W. Beasley, and C. Machacek, 1995: The 1995 research experiences for undergraduates urogram at the Oklahoma Weather Center. Preprints, Conference on Radar Meteorology, Vail, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Cosby, B. J., G. M. Hornberger, R. B. Clapp, and R. R. Ginn, 1984: A statistical exploration of the relationships of soil moisture characteristics to the physical properties of soils. Water Resour. Res., 20, 682-690.

Cosijn, C. and P. D. Tyson, 1996: Stable discontinuities in the Atmosphere over South Africa. S. Afri. J. Sci., in press.

Cosmo, K. B. K., K. Davidson, K. Bumke, L. Hasse, and H. M. Chadwick, 1992: Sea surface wind stress and drag coefficients: The HEXOS RESULTS. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 60, 109-142.

Cossali, G. E., 2001: An integral model for gas entrainment into full cone sprays. J. Fluid Mech., 439, 353-366.

Costa, A. A. and A. J. C. Sampaio, 1997: Bott's Area-Preserving Flux-Form Advection Algorithm: Extension to Higher Orders and Additional Tests. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1983-1989.

Costa, E. D. and R. Vautard, 1997: A Qualitatively Realistic Low-Order Model of the Extratropical Low-Frequency Variability Built from Long Records of Potential Vorticity. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1064-1084.

Costigan, K. R. and W. R. Cotton, 1992: Lrge eddy simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer east of the Colorado Rockies. Tenth Symp. on Turbulence and Diffusion, Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Cot, C., 2001: Equatorial mesoscale wind and temperature fluctuations in the lower atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 1523.

Côté, J., J.-G. Desmarais, S. Gravel, A. Méthot, A. Patoine, M. Roch, and A. Staniforth, 1998: The Operational CMC-MRB Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) Model. Part II: Results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1397-1418.

Côté, J., S. Gravel, A. Méthot, A. Patoine, M. Roch, and A. Staniforth, 1998: The Operational CMC-MRB Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) Model. Part I: Design Considerations and Formulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1373-1395.

Cote, J. and A. Staniforth, 1988: A two-time-level semi-Lagangian semi-implicit scheme for spectral models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2003-2012.

Cote, J. and A. Staniforth, 1990: An accurate and efficient finite-element global model of the shallow-water primitive equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118.

Cottet, G. H., B. Michaux, S. Ossia, and G. VanderLinden, 2002: A Comparison of Spectral and Vortex Methods in Three-Dimensional Incompressible Flows. J. Compu. Phy., 175, 702-712.

Cotton, W. R., 1972: Numerical simulation of precipitation development in supercooled cumuli. Part I. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 757-763.

Cotton, W. R., 1972: Numerical simulation of precipitation development in a supercooled cumulipart II. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 764-784.

Cotton, W. R., 1972: Numerical simulation of precipitation development in supercooled cumulipart II. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 764-784.

Cotton, W. R., 1975: Theoretical cumulus dynamics. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 13, 419-448.

Cotton, W. R., 1984: Up-scale development of moist convective systems. to be published.

Cotton, W. R., 1986: Averaging and the parameterization of physical processes in mesoscale models. Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting, Ray, P. S., Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 614-635.

Cotton, W. R. and R. A. Anthes, 1989: Storm and Cloud Dynamics. Academic Press, 883 pp.

Cotton, W. R. and R. A. Anthes, 1989: Storm and Cloud Dynamics. Academic Press, 872.

Cotton, W. R. and A. Boulanger, 1975: On the variability of "dynamic seedability" as a function of time and location over south Florida. Part I: Spatial variability. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 710-717.

Cotton, W. R., R. L. George, and K. R. Knupp, 1982: An intense, quasi-steady thunderstorm over mountainous terrain. Part I: Evolution of the storm-initiating mesoscale circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 328-342.

Cotton, W. R., R. L. George, P. J. Wetzel, and R. L. McAnelly, 1983: A long-lived mesoscale convective complex. Part I-the mountain generated component. Mon. Wea. Rev.

Cotton, W. R., R. L. George, P. J. Wetzel, and R. L. McAnelly, 1983: A long-lived mesoscale convective complex. Part I: The mountain generated component. Mon. Wea. Rev., ill, 1893-1918.

Cotton, W. R., A. A. Lacis, and R. A. Ruedy, 1991: Simulations of the effect of a warmer climate on atmospheric humidity. Nature, 351, 382-385.

Cotton, W. R., M.-S. Lin, R. L. McAnelly, and C. J. Tremback, 1989: A composite model of mesoscale convective complexes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 765-783.

Cotton, W. R. and R. A. Pielke, 1995: Human Impacts on Weather and Climate. Cambridge University Press, 288.

Cotton, W. R., R. A. Pielke, and P. T. Gannon, 1976: Numerical experiments on the influence of the mesoscale circulation on the cumulus scale. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 252-261.

Cotton, W. R., M. A. Stephens, T. Nehrkorn, and G. J. Tripoli, 1981: Three-Dimensional Cloud/Mesoscale Model. Part II: An Ice Phase Parameterization.

Cotton, W. R., M. A. Stephens, T. Nehrkorn, and G. J. Tripoli, 1982: The Colorado State University three-dimensional cloud/mesoscale model-1982. Part II: An ice phase parameterization. J. Rech. Atmos., 16, 295-320.

Cotton, W. R., M. A. Stephens, T. Nekhorn, and G. J. Tripoli, 1982: The Colorado State University three-dimensional cloud/mesoscale model. Part II: An ice phase parameterization. J. Rech. Atmos., 16, 296-320.

Cotton, W. R., B. Stevens, G. Feingold, and R. L. Walko, 1993: Large eddy simulation of marine stratocumulus cloud with explicit microphysics. ECMWF/ GCSS Workshop on Parameterization of the Cloud Topped Boundary Layer. Reading, United Kingdom.

Cotton, W. R., G. Thompson, and P. W. M. Jr., 1994: Realtime mesoscale prediction on workstations. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 349-362.

Cotton, W. R., G. Thompson, and P. W. M. Jr., 1994: Real-time mesoscale prediction on workstations. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 349-362.

Cotton, W. R. and G. J. Tripoli, 1978: Cumulus convection in shear flow - three-dimensional numerical experiments. J. Almos. Sci., 35, 1503-1521.

Cotton, W. R., G. J. Tripoli, R. M. Rauber, and E. A. Mulvihill, 1986: Numerical simulation of the effects of varying ice crystal nucleation rates and aggregation processes on orographic snowfall. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 1658-1680.

Cotton, W. R. and M.-S. Yao, 1988: Sensitivity of a global climate model to the specification of convective updraft and downdraft mass fluxes. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2641-2668.

Coughlan, M. J., 1979: Recent variations in annual mean maximum temperatures over Australia. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 105, 707-719.

Coulson, K. L. and D. W. Reynolds, 1971: The spectral reflectance of natural surfaces. J. Appl. Meteor., 10, 1285-1295.

Coulter, J. D., 1975: The Climate. Biogeography and Ecology of New Zealand. G. KuschelEd., Junk B.V. Publishers, 87-138.

Coulter, R. L., 1979: A comparison of three methods for measuring mixing-layer height. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 1495-1499.

Coulter, R. L. and J. C. Doran, 2002: Spatial and Temporal Occurrences of Intermittent Turbulence During CASES-99. Bound. Layer Meteor., 105, 329 - 349.

Coulter, R. L. and P. Gudiksen, 1995: The dependence of canyon winds on surface cooling and external forcing in Colorado's Front Range. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 1419-1429.

Council, P. E. M., 1994: Heat wave preparedness task force status report. Harrisburg, PA, 55 pp.

Courant, R. and D. Hilbert, 1953: Methods of Mathematical Physics. Vol. 1. Interscience, 561.

Courant, R. and D. Hilbert, 1962: Methods of Mathematical Physics. Vol. 2. Interscience, 830.

Court, A., 1982: Wrap or not? News delivery dilemma. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 537-539.

Courtier, P., 1985: Experiments in data assimilation using the adjoint model technique. Workshop on High-Resolution Analysis, UK, ECMWF, 1-20.

Courtier, P., 1985: Experiments in data assimilation using the adjoint model technique. Workshop on High-Resolution Analysis. UK ECMWF, 1-20.

Courtier, P., 1997: Variational Methods. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 75, 211-218.

Courtier, P. and and, 1990: Variational assimilation of meteorological observations with the direct and adjoint shallow-water equations. Tellus, 42A, 531-549.

Courtier, P., E. Andersson, E. Keckley, J. Pailleux, D. Vasiljevic, M. Hamurd, A. Hollingsworth, F. Rabier, and M. Fisher, 1998: The ECMWF implementation of three-dimensional variational assimilation (3D-Var). I: formulation. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 124, 1783-1808.

Courtier, P., J. Derber, R. Errico, J.-F. Louis, and T. Vukic´evic´, 1993: Important literature on the use of adjoint, variational methods and the Kalman filter in meteorology. Tellus, 45A, 342-357.

Courtier, P., C. Freydier, J. F. Geleyn, F. Rabier, and M. Rochas, 1991: The Arpege project at MÈtÈoFrance. ECMWF Seminar Proceed- ings. Numerical Methods in Atmo- spheric Models, Vol. II, ECMWF 193ñ231. óó.

Courtier, P. and J. F. Geleyn, 1988: A global numerical weather prediction model with variable resolution: Application to the shallow water equations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 1321-1346.

Courtier, P. and M. Naughton, 1994: A pole problem in the reduced Gaussian grid. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 1389-1407.

Courtier, P. and O. Talagrand, 1987: Vriational assimilation of meteorological observations with the adjoins vorticity equation. Part 2: Numerical results. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 1329-1368.

Courtier, P. and O. Talagrand, 1987: Variational assimilation of meteoro-logical observations with the adjoint equation. Part I: Numerical results. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 1329-1347.

Courtier, P. and O. Talagrand, 1987: Variational assimilation of Meteorological observations with the adjoint equation. Part I: numerical results. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 1329-1347.

Courtier, P. and O. Talagrand, 1990: Variational assimilation of meteorological observations with the direct and adjoint shallow-water equations. Tellus, 42A, 531-549.

Courtier, P., J.-N. Thepaut, and A. Hollingsworth, 1994: A strategy for operational implementation of 4D-Var, using an incremental approach. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 1367-1387.

Covert, D. S., R. J. Charlson, and N. C. Ahlquist, 1972: A study of the relationship of chemical composition and humidity to light scattering by aerosols. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 968-976.

Covert, D. S. and J. Heintzenberg, 1993: Size distribution and chemical properties of aerosol at Ny-A ° lesund. Svalbard, Atmos. Environ., 27(A), 2989-2997.

Covert, D. S., A. P. Waggoner, R. E. Weiss, N. C. Ahlquist, and R. J. Charlson, 1980: Atmospheric aerosols, humidity, and visibility. The Character and Origins of Smog Aerosols, Hidy, G. M., P. K. Mueller, D. Grosjean, B. R. Appel, and J. J. Wesolowski, Eds., Wiley & Sons.

Covery, C. and S. L. Thompson, 1989: Testing the effects of ocean heat transport on climate. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 241, 1043-1052.

Covey, D. and S. Hastenrath, 1978: The Pacific El Nin˜ o phenomenon and the Atlantic circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1280-1287.

Covey, D. L. and S. Hastenrath, 1978: The Pacific El Nin˜ o and the Atlantic circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1280-1287.

Covez, L., 1971: Mountain waves in a turbulent atmosphere. Tellus, 23, 104-109.

Cox, C. and W. Munk, 1954: Measurement of the roughness of the sea surface from photographs of the Sun's glitter. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 44, 838-850.

Cox, C. S., 1958: Measurements of slopes of high-frequency wind waves. J. Mar. Res., 13, 199-225.

Cox, C. S. and W. Munk, 1954: Statistics of the sea surface derived from sun glitter. J. Mar. Res., 13, 198-227.

Cox, G. F. N. and W. F. Weeks, 1974: Salinity variations in sea ice. J. Glaciol., 13, 109-120.

Cox, M., 1984: A primitive equation. 3-dimensional of the ocean. GFDL Ocean Group Tech. Rep. No. 1, 141.

Cox, M. D., 1980: Generation and propagation of 30-day waves in a numerical model of the Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 116-81186.

Cox, M. D., 1984: A primitive equation three-dimensional model of the ocean. NOAA Tech. Rep. 1. GFDL/ NOAA, Princeton University, N.J.

Cox, M. D., 1985: An eddy-resolving numerical model of the ventilated thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1312-1324.

Cox, M. D., 1986: GFDL Ocean Model Circular Tech. Rep. 6. GFDL/ Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.

Cox, M. D., 1987: GFDL Ocean Model Circular No. 7. GFDL/ Princeton University. Princeton, NJ, 1.

Cox, M. D., 1987: Isopycnal diffusion in a z-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modelling (Unpublished manuscript), 74, 1-5.

Cox, M. D., 1989: An idealized model of the World Ocean. Part I: The global-scale water masses. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 173-01752.

Cox, M. D. and K. Bryan, 1984: A numerical model of the ventilated thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 674-687.

Cox, R. M., D. E. Self, and J. M. C. Plane, 2001: A study of the reaction between NaHCO3 and H: Apparent on the chemistry of mesospheric Na. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 1733.

Cox, S., S. Gillies, A. Heidinger, and C. Keith, 1993: CSU ASTEX surface data sets from Porto Santo (June 1-28, 1992). Colorado State University Atmospheric Science Paper 530. Dept. Of Atmos. Sci., Colorado State University, 146.

Cox, S., D. McDougal, D. Randall, and R. Schiffer, 1987: FIREThe First ISCCP Regional Experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 68, 114-118.

Cox, S. K. and K. T. Griffith, 1979: Estimates of radiative divergence during Phase 111 of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment: Part II. Analysis of Phase 111 results. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 586601.

Cox, S. K. and K. T. Griffith, 1979: Estimates of radiative divergence during Phase III of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment. Part I: Methodology. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 576-585.

Cox, S. K. and K. T. Griffith, 1979: Estimates of radiative divergence during Phase III of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment. Part II: Analysis of Phase III results. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 58-6601.

Cox, S. K., D. S. McDougal, D. S. Randall, and R. A. Schiffer, 1987: FIRE-The first ISCCP regional experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 68, 114-118.

Cox, S. K., M. C. Polifka, K. Griffith, A. Rockwood, and D. Starr, 1976: Radiative transfer computational routines for atmospheric science applications. CSU-ATS Research Rep. Atmospheric Science Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.

Cox, W. W. and J. A. Tikvart, 1990: Statistical procedure for determining the best performing air quality simulation model. Atmos. Environ., 24, 2387-2395.

Coy, L., 1979: A possible 2-day oscillation near the tropical stratopause. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1615-1618.

Coy, L., D. C. Fritts, and J. Weinstock, 1986: The Stokes drift due to vertically propagating internal gravity waves in a compress-ible atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2636-2643.

Crabtree, J., 1959: The travel and diffusion of the radioactive material emitted during the Windscale accident. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 85, 362-370.

Crabtree, J. and M. Kitchen, 1984: The long-range travel and dispersion of the plume from the Mount St Helens volcano. Atmos. Environ., 18, 1073-1079.

Craddock, J. M., 1965: A meteorological application of principal component analysis. The Statistician, 15, 143-156.

Craig, G. C., 1995: Radiation and polar lows. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121, 79-94.

Craig, G. C., 1996: Numerical experiments on radiation and tropical cyclones. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 415-422.

Craig, P. D., 1987: Numerical modelling of internal tides. Numerical modelling -Applications to Marine Systems. B, J. NoyeEd., Elsevier.

Craig, P. D., 1987: Solutions for internal tide generation over coastal topography. J. Mar. Res., 45, 83-105.

Craig, P. D., 1988: A numerical model study of internal tides on the Australian North West Shelf. J. Mar. Res., 46, 59-76.

Craig, P. D., 1991: On the incorporation of damping into internal wave models. Contin. Shelf Res., 11, 563-577.

Craig, P. D. and M. L. Banner, 1994: Modeling waveenhanced turbulence in the ocean surface layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2546-2559.

Craig, P. K., 1989: Constant-eddy-viscosity models of vertical structure forced by periodic winds. Contin. Shelf Res., 9, 343-358.

Craig, R. A., 1965: The Upper Atmosphere: Meteorology and Physics. International Geophysics Series. Vol. 8, Academic Press, 509.

Craig, R. A. and R. B. Montgomery, 1988: Heating from below. Propagation of Short Radio Waves. D. E. KerrEd., Peninsula Publishing, 220-223.

Craig, R. A. and G. Ohring, 1958: The temperature dependence of ozone radiational heating rates in the vicinity of the mesopeak. J. Meteor., 15, 59-62.

Craig, R. L. and W. G. Elford, 1981: Observations of the quasi 2day wave near 90 km altitude at Adelaide (357S). J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 43, 1051-1056.

Craig, R. L., R. A. Vincent, G. J. Fraser, and M. J. Smith, 1980: The quasi 2-day wave in the Southern Hemisphere mesosphere. Nature, 287, 319-320.

Craik, A. D. D. and J. A. Adams, 1979: Explosive resonant interaction in a three-layer fluid flow. J. Fluid Mech., 92, 15-33.

Cram, J., S. Albers, M. Jackson, and J. Smart, 1995: Three recent moisturerelated analyses and modeling studies in LAPS. WMO Int. Workshop on Imbalances of Slowly Varying Components of Predictable Atmospheric Motions. Beijing, China, World Meteor. Org.

Cram, J. A., R. A. Pielke, and W. R. Cotton, 1992: Numerical simulation and analysis of a prefrontal squall line. Part I: Observations and basic simulation results. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 189-208.

Cram, J. M., 1992: Numerical simulation and analysis of a prefrontal squall line. Part II: Propagation of the squall line as an internal gravity wave. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 209-225.

Cram, J. M., M. L. Kaplan, C. A. Mattocks, and J. W. Zack, 1991: The use and analysis of profiler winds to derive mesoscale height and temperature fields: Simulation and real data experiments. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1040-1056.

Cram, J. M., R. A. Pielke, and W. R. Cotton, 1992: Numerical simulation and analysis of a prefrontal squall line. Part I: Observations and basic simulation results. J Atmos. Sci., 49, 189-208.

Cram, J. M., R. A. Pielke, and W. R. Cotton, 1992: Numerical simulations and analysis of a prefrontal squall line. Part II: Propagation of the squall line as an internal gravity wave. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 209-225.

Cramer, O. P., 1973: Mesosystem weather in the Pacific Northwest: A summer case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 101, 13-23.

Crank, J. and P. Nicolson, 1947: A practical method for numerical evaluation of solutions of partial differential equations of the heat-conduction type. Proc. of Combridge Philosophical Soc., 43, 50-67.

Craven, J. P., R. E. Jewell, and H. E. Brooks, 2002: Comparison between Observed Convective Cloud-Base Heights and Lifting Condensation Level for Two Different Lifted Parcels. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 885-890.

Craven, P. and G. Wahba, 1979: Smoothing noisy data with spline functions. Numer. Math., 31, 377-403.

Craven, P. and G. Wahba, 1979: Smoothing noisy data with spline functions: Estimating the correct degree of smoothing by the method of generalized crossvalidation. Num. Math., 31, 37-7403.

Crawford, D. L. and J. V. Barnes, 1970: Standard stars for uvby photometry. Astron. J., 75, 978-998.

Crawford, J. D. and E. Knobloch, 1991: Symmetry and symmetry-breaking bifurcations in fluid dynamics. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 23, 341-387.

Crawford, S. L. and T. Sasamori, 1981: A study of the sensitivity of the winter mean meridional circulation to sources of heat and momentum. Tellus, 33, 340-350.

Crawford, T. M. and H. B. Bluestein, 1997: Characteristics of Dryline Passage during COPS-91. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 463-477.

Crawford, W. and T. Osborn, 1981: Control of equatorial ocean cur-rents by turbulent dissipation. Science, 212, 539-540.

Crawford, W. R., 1986: A comparison of length scales and decay times of turbulence in stably stratified flows. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1847-1854.

Crawford, W. R., 1991: Tidal mixing and nutrient flux in the waters of southwest British Columbia. Tidal Hydrodynamics. B. B. ParkerEd., John Wiley and Sons, 855-872.

Crawford, W. R., M. J. Woodward, M. G. G. Foreman, and R. E. Thomson, 1994: Oceanographic features of Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound in summer. Atmos.-Ocean, in press.

Cre´pon, M., M. Boukthir, B. Barnier, and F. A. III, 1989: Horizontal ocean circulation forced by deep-water formation. Part I: An analytical study. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1781-1792.

Cre´pon, M., L. Wald, and J. M. Monget, 1982: Low-frequency waves in the Ligurian Sea during December 1977. J. Geophys. Res., 87(C1), 595-600.

Crescenti, G. H. and R. A. Weller, 1989: Improved meteorological measurements from buoys and ships (IMET) : Preliminary comparison of precipitation sensors. Tech. Rep. WHOI-89-44, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole.

Creß, A., D. Majewski, R. Podzun, and V. Renner, 1992: Simulation of European climate with a regional model. Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling. G. J. Boer Ed., World Meteorological Organization, 5.25-5.-26.

Cressie, N. A. C., 1991: Statistics for Spatial Data. John Wiley and Sons Inc., 900.

Cressman, G., 1959: An operational objective analysis system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 87, 367-374.

Cressman, G. P., 1959: An operational objective analysis system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 87, 367-374.

Crevier, L. P. and Y. Delage, 2001: METRo: A New Model for Road-Condition Forecasting in Canada. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 2026-2037.

Crisp, D., 1986: Radiative forcing of the Venus mesosphere. Part I: Solar fluxes and heating rates. Icarus, 67, 484-514.

Crisp, D., 1989: Radiative forcing of the Venus atmosphere. Part II: Thermal fluxes, cooling rates, and radiative equilibrium temperatures. Icarus, 77, 391-413.

Crisp, D., 1990: Infrared radiative transfer in the dust-free martian Atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 14577-14588.

Crisp, D., S. B. Fels, and M. D. S. L, 1986: Approximate methods for finding CO2 15 mm band transmission in planetary Atmospheres. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 11 851-11 866. DeMore.

Cristini, V., J. Blawzdziewicz, and M. Loewenberg, 2001: An Adaptive Mesh Algorithm for Evolving Surfaces: Simulations of Drop Breakup and Coalescence. J. Comp. Phys., 168, 445.

Crocker, G. B., 1984: A physical model for predicting the thermal conductivity of brine-wetted snow. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 10, 69-74.

Croft, P. J. and A. E. Gerard, 2001: Analysis of the Record Mesosnowfall Event of 1997 in Central Mississippi. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 755-764.

Croley, T. E., 1996: Using NOAA's new climate outlooks in operational hydrology. ASCE J. Hydrol. Eng. Amer. Soc. Civ. Eng., 1, 93-102.

Croley, T. E., II, and R. A. Assel, 1994: A one-dimensional ice thermodynamics model for the Laurentian Great Lakes. Water Resour. Res., 30, 625-639.

Croll, J., 1875: Climate and Time in Their Geological Relations: a Theory of Secular Change of the Earth's Climate. Daldy.

Crombie, D. D., 1955: Doppler spectrum of sea echo at 13.56 Mc./s. Nature, 175, 681-682.

Cromwell, T., R. B. Montgomery, and E. D. Stroup, 1954: Equatorial undercurrent in the Pacific revealed by new methods. Science, 119, 648-649.

Cronin, M. and D. R. Watts, 1996: Eddy-mean flow interaction in the Gulf Stream at 687W. Part I: Eddy energetics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., in press.

Crook, A., J. C. Fankhauser, and J. D. Tuttle, 1996: Development of convergence lines in thermodynamically well-mixed boundary layers. Mon. Wea. Rev., in press.

Crook, N. A., 1986: The effect of ambient stratification and moisture on the motion of atmospheric undular bores. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, f . 1~1- 181.

Crook, N. A., 1987: Moist convection at a surface cold front. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3469-3494.

Crook, N. A., 1988: Trapping of low-level internal gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1533-1541.

Crook, N. A., 1994: Numerical simulations initialized with radar-derived winds. Part I: Simulated data experiments. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1189-1203.

Crook, N. A., 1996: Sensitivity of moist convection forced by boundary layer processes to low-level thermodynamic fields. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 1767-1785.

Crook, N. A., 2001: Understanding Hector: The Dynamics of Island Thunderstorms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1550-1563.

Crook, N. A., R. E. Carbone, M. W. Moncrieff, and J. W. Conway, 1990: The generation and propagation of a nocturnal squall line: Part II: Numerical study of initiation mechanisms. Mon. Wea Rev., 118, 50-65.

Crook, N. A. and M. W. M. T. L. Clark, 1991: The Denver cyclone. Part II: Interaction with the convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2109-2126.

Crook, N. A., T. L. Clark, and M. W. Moncrieff, 1990: The Denver cyclone. Part I: Generation in low Froude number flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2725-2742.

Crook, N. A. and R. Cole, 1994: Numerical forecasting of winds in the terminal environment. NCAR Tech. Note. NCAR/ TN 0 406 / STR.

Crook, N. A. and J. B. Klemp, 2000: Lifting by Convergence Lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 873-890.

Crook, N. A. and M. J. Miller, 1985: A numerical and analytical study of atmospheric undular bores. Quart. J. Roy.Meteor. Soc., 111., 225-242.

Crook, N. A. and M. Moncrieff, 1988: The effect of large-scale convergence on the generation and maintenance of deep moist convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3606-3624.

Crook, N. A. and M. W. Moncrieff, 1988: The effect of large-scale convergence on the generation and maintenance of deep moist convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3606-3624.

Crook, N. A. and J. Sun, 2002: Assimilating Radar, Surface, and Profiler Data for the Sydney 2000 Forecast Demonstration Project. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 19, 888-898.

Crook, N. A. and J. D. Tuttle, 1994: Numerical simulations initialized with radar-derived winds. Part II: Forecasts of three gust front cases. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1214-1217.

Cros, B., C. Delon, and A. Lopez, 2000: Sources and sinks of ozone in savanna and forest areas during EXPRESSO: Airborne turbulent flux measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29347.

Crosby, D. S., L. C. Breaker, and W. H. Gemmil, 1993: A proposed definition for vector correlation in geophysics: Theory and application. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 355-367.

Crosby, P. and B. W. Koerber, 1963: Scattering of light in the lower atmosphere. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 53, 358-361.

Crossley, J. F., J. Polcher, and S. Planton, 2000: Uncertainties linked to land-surface processes in climate change simulations. Climate dynamics, 16, 949.

Crouch, J. H. and K. R. Osborne, 1981: Atlantic Ocean/ ASEPS sound speed profiles. Colbornanalyzed watermass data base. Final Technical Task Report, Ocean Data Systems Inc., San Di-ego.

Crow, S. C., 1970: Stability theory for a pair of trailing vortices. AIAA J., 8, 2172-2179.

Crowley, T. J. and K.-Y. Kim, 1993: Towards development of a strategy for determining the origin of decadal-centennial scale climate variability. Q. Sci. Rev., 12, 375-385.

Crowley, T. J. and K.-Y. Kim, 1993: Towards development of a strategy for determining the origin of decadal-centennial scale climate variability. Quat. Sci. Rev., 12, 375-385.

Crowley, T. J. and K.-Y. Kim, 1996: Comparison of proxy records of climate change and solar forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 359-362.

Crowley, W. P., 1968: Numerical advection experiments. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 1-11.

Croxford, M. and G. M. Barnes, 2002: Inner Core Strength of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 127-139.

Crucifix, M. and M. F. Loutre, 2002: Transient simulations over the last interglacial period (126-115 kyr BP): feedback and forcing analysis. Climate Dynamics, 19, 417-434.

Crucifix, M., M. F. Loutre, P. Tulkens, T. Fichefet, and A. Berger, 2002: Climate evolution during the Holocene: a study with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity. Climate Dynamics, 19, 43-60.

Cruette, D., A. Marillier, and H. Bellec, 2000: Fast Temperature and True Airspeed Measurements with the Airborne Ultrasonic Anemometer--Thermometer (AUSAT). J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 17, 1020.

Crum, F. X. and T. J. Dunkerton, 1992: Analytic and numerical models of wave-CISK with conditional heating. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1693-1708.

Crum, F. X. and T. J. Dunkerton, 1994: CISK and evaporation-wind feedback with conditional heating on an equatorial beta-plane. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 72, 11-18.

Crum, F. X. and D. E. Stevens, 1983: A comparison of two cumulus parameterization schemes in a linear model of wave-CISK. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2671-2688.

Crum, F. X. and D. E. Stevens, 1988: A case study of atmospheric blocking using isentropic analyses. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 22-3241.

Crum, F. X. and D. E. Stevens, 1990: Barotropic instability with downstream and asymmetric cross-stream variations: Idealized calculations. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 5-23.

Crum, T. D. and R. L. Albert, 1993: The WSR-88D and the WSR-88D operational support facility. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 1669-1687.

Crum, T. D., R. L. Albert, and D. W. Burgess, 1993: Recording, archiving, and using WSR-88D data. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 645-653.

Crum, T. D. and R. L. Alberty, 1993: The WSR-88D and the WSR-88D operational support facility. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 1669-1687.

Crum, T. D., R. L. Alberty, and D. W. Burgess, 1993: Recording, archiving, and using WSR-88D data. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 645-653.

Crum, T. D. and R. B. Stull, 1987: Field measurements of the amount of surface-layer air versus height in the entrainment zone. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2743-2753.

Crum, T. D., R. B. Stull, and E. W. Eloranta, 1987: Coincident lidar and aircraft observations of entrainment into thermals and mixed layers. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 774-788.

Crump, J. G., R. C. Flagan, and J. H. Seinfeld, 1983: Particle wall loss rates in vessels. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 2, pp. 3-03.

Crump, J. G. and J. H. Seinfeld, 1981: Turbulent deposition and gravitational sedimentation of an aerosol in a vessel of arbitrary shape. J. Aerosol Sci., 12, 405-415.

Crutcher, H. L. and R. E. Eskridge, 1994: Development of a method to modify daylight humidity data from the U.S. Weather Bureau and the U.S. Air Force VIZ radiosondes for the 1961 to 1973 period. NOAA contract NE-EF2000-2-002600, 30.

Crutcher, H. L. and J. M. Meserve, 1970: Selected-Level Heights. Temperatures, and Dew Point Temperatures for the Northern Hemisphere. Rep. NAVAIR 50-IC-52, U.S. Naval Weather Service.

Crutcher, H. L. and J. M. Meserve, 1970: Selected level heights, temperatures and dew points for the Northern Hemisphere. NA-VAIR Rep. 50-1C-52 (revised). U.S. Naval Weather Service Command, Washington, D.C.

Crutzen, P. J. and O. M. Andreae, 1990: Biomass burning in the Tropics: Impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science, 250, 1669-1678.

Cruz-Heredia, M. D. l. and G. W. K. Moore, 1999: Barotropic Instability Due to Kelvin Wave-Rossby Wave Coupling. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2376-2383.

Cry, G. W. and W. H. Haggard, 1962: North Atlantic tropical cyclone activity, 1901-1960. Mon. Wea. Rev., 90, 341-349.

Cryer, J., 1986: Time Series Analysis. Duxury Press, 286.

Csanady, G. T., 1969: Diffusion in an Ekman layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 414-426.

Csanady, G. T., 1972: Crosswind shear effects on atmospheric diffusion. Atmos. Environ., 6, 221-232.

Csanady, G. T., 1973: Turbulent Diffusion in the Environment. Reidel, 248.

Csanady, G. T., 1975: Lateral momentum flux in boundary currents. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 765-717.

Csanady, G. T., 1978: The arrested topographic wave. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 47-62.

Csanady, G. T., 1982: Circulation in the Coastal Ocean. Reidel, 2-79.

Csanady, G. T., 1984: Circulation in the Coastal Ocean. D. Reidel, 279.

Csanady, G. T., 1984: The free surface turbulent shear layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 402-411.

Csanady, G. T., 1985: ''Pycnobathic'' currents over the upper continental slope. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 306-315.

Csanady, G. T., 1985: A zero potential vorticity model of the North Brazilian Coastal Current. J. Mar. Res., 43, 553-579.

Csanady, G. T., 1990: Retroflection and leakage in the North Brazil Current: Critical point analysis. J. Mar. Res., 48, 701-728.

Csanady, G. T. and P. T. Shaw, 1980: The evolution of a turbulent Ekman layer. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 1537-1547.

Csik, A., M. Ricchiuto, and H. Deconinck, 2002: A Conservative Formulation of the Multidimensional Upwind Residual Distribution Schemes for General Nonlinear Conservation Laws. J. Comp. Phy., 179, 286-312.

Cso¨ rgo?, M. and L. Horva´th, 1988: Nonparametric methods for change-point problems. Handbook of Statistics. P. R. Krishnaiah and C. R. RaoEds., North Holland Publishing House, 403-425.

Cubasch, U., 1955: A global coupled atmosphere-ocean model. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A, 329.

Cubasch, U., 1981: Preliminary assessment of long-range integrations done with the ECMWF global model. ECMWF Tech. Memo. No. 28, 1-21 pp.

Cubasch, U., 1985: The mean response of the ECMWF global model to the El Nin˜ o anomaly in extended range prediction experiments. Atmos.-Ocean, 23, 43-66.

Cubasch, U. and R. D. Cess, 1990: Processes and modeling. Climate Change, the IPCC Scientific Assessment. J. T. Houghton, G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. EphraumsEds., Cambridge University Press, 69-92.

Cubasch, U. and Coauthors, 1994: Monte Carlo climate forecasts with a global coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Climate Dyn., 10, 1-19.

Cubasch, U., K. Hasselmann, H. Hock, E. Maier-Reimer, U. Mikolajewicz, B. D. Santer, and R. Sausen, 1992: Time-dependent greenhouse warming computations with a coupled ocean-Atmosphere model. Climate Dyn., 8, 55-69.

Cubasch, U., G. C. Hegerl, A. Hellbach, H. H. ck, U. Mikolajewicz, B. D. Santer, and R. Voss, 1995: A climate change simulation starting from 1935. Climate Dyn., 11, 71-84.

Cubasch, U., J. Waszkewitz, D. Hegerl, and J. Perlwitz, 1995: Regional climate changes as simulated in time-slice experiments. J. Climate, in press.

Cubasch, V. and A. C. Wiin-Nielsen, 1986: Predictability studies with the ECMWF spectral model for the extended range: The impact of horizontal resolution and sea surface temperature. Tellus, 38A, 25-41.

Cubukcu, N. and T. N. Krishnamurti, 2002: Low-Frequency Controls on the Thresholds of Sea Surface Temperature over the Western Tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 15, 1626-1642.

Cubukcu, N., R. L. Pfeffer, and D. E. Dietrich, 2000: Simulation of the Effects of Bathymetry and Land-Sea Contrasts on Hurricane Development Using a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 481-492.

Cui, A. and R. L. Street, 2001: Large-eddy simulation of turbulent rotating convective flow development. J. Fluid Mech., 447, 53-84.

Cuijpers, J. W. M. and P. Bechtold, 1995: A simple parameterization of cloud water related variables for use in boundary layer models. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2486ñ2-490.

Cuijpers, J. W. M. and P. G. Duynkerke, 1993: Large eddy simulation of trade-wind cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3894-3908.

Cuijpers, J. W. M. and A. A. M. Holtslag, 1998: Impact of Skewness and Nonlocal Effects on Scalar and Buoyancy Fluxes in Convective Boundary Layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 151-162.

Culf, A. D., 1994: Equilibrium evaporation beneath a growing convective boundary layer. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 70, 37-49.

Cullen, J., 2001: Photon Transport through Plasmas with Density and Velocity Structure. J. Comput. Phy., 173, 175-186.

Cullen, J. J., E. Stewart, E. Renger, R. W. Eppley, and C. D. Winant, 1983: Vertical motion of the thermocline, nitracline and chlo-rophyll maximum layers in relation to currents on the Southern California Shelf. J. Mar. Res., 41, 239-262.

Cullen, M., 2002: 50th anniversary of Numerical Weather Prediction Commemorative Symposium, edited by Arne Spekat. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1765-1768.

Cullen, M. J. P., 1976: On the use of artificial smoothing in Galerkin and finite difference solutions of the primitive equations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 102, 77-93.

Cullen, M. J. P., 1990: A test of a semi-implicit integration technique for a fully compressible non-hydrostatic model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 1253-1258.

Cullen, M. J. P., 1990: A test of a semi-implicit integration technique for a fully compressible nonhydrostatic model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 1253-1258.

Cullen, M. J. P., 1991: The unified forecast/ climate model. U.K. Meteorological Office Short-Range Forecasting Research Division Scientific Paper 1. 28.

Cullen, M. J. P., 1993: The unified forecast/ climate model. Meteor. Mag., 122, 81-93.

Cullen, M. J. P., 2001: Alternative implementations of the semi-Lagrangian semi-implicit schemes in the ECMWF model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 2787-2802.

Cullen, M. J. P. and T. R. Davies, 1991: A conservative split-explicit integration scheme with fourth order advection. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 993-1002.

Cullum, J. and R. A. Willoughby, 1986: A practical procedure for computing eigenvalues for large sparse nonsymmetric matricies. Large Scale Eigenvalue Problems. J. Cullum and R. A. Wil-loughby Eds., 193-240.

Cummins, K. L., E. A. Bardo, W. L. Hiscox, R. B. Pyle, and A. E. Pifer, 1995: A combined TOA/MDF technology upgrade of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network. Postprints. Int. Aerospace and Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Electricity, Williamsburg, VA.

Cummins, P. F., 1995: Numerical simulations of upstream bores and solitons in a two-layer flow past an obstacle. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1504-1515.

Cummins, P. F., G. Holloway, and A. E. Gargett, 1990: Sensitivity of the GFDL general circulation model to a parameterization of vertical diffusion. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 817-830.

Cummins, P. F., G. Holloway, and A. E. Gargett, 1990: Sensitivity of the GFDL ocean model to a parameterization of vertical diffusion. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 817-830.

Cummins, S. J. and J. U. Brackbill, 2002: An Implicit Particle-in-Cell Method for Granular Materials. J. Comp. Phy., 180, 506-548.

Cunning, J. B., 1986: The Oklahoma-Kansas Preliminary Regional Experiment for STORM-Central. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 67, 1478-1486.

Cunning, J. B. and D. O. Blanchard, 1987: Mesoscale interactions in the development of a large squall line system. Extended Abstracts, Third Conference on Mesoscale Processes, Vancouver, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Cunning, J. B., R. L. Holle, P. T. Gannon, and A. I. Watson, 1982: Convective evolution and merger in the FACE experimental are: Mesoscale convergence and boundary layer interactions. J. Appl. Meleorol., 21, 953-977.

Cunning, J. B. and Jr., 1976: Comparison of the Z-Rrelationship for seeded and nonseeded Florida cumuli. J. Appl. Meteor., 15, 1121-1125.

Cunningham, P. and D. Keyser, 2000: Analytical and numerical modelling of jet streaks: Barotropic dynamics. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 3187.

Cunningham, S. A. and T. W. N. Haine, 1995: Labrador Sea Water in the eastern North Atlantic. Part I: A synoptic circulation inferred from a minimum in potential vorticity; Part II: Mixing dynamics and the advective-diffusive balance. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 649-678.

Cunnington, C. and P. R. Rowntree, 1986: Simulations of the Saharan atmosphere-dependence on moisture and albedo. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 971-999.

Cunnington, W. M. and P. R. Rowntree, 1986: Simulation of the Saharan atmospheric-dependence on moisture and albedo. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 971-999.

Cuomo, V., C. Serio, V. Tramutoli, C. Pietrapertosa, and F. Romano, 1992: Assessing the impact of higher spatial resolution on cloud filtering applied to infrared radiances. Universita della Basilicata.

Curran, E. B., R. L. Holle, and R. E. Lopez, 2000: Lightning Casualties and Damage in the United States from 1959 to 1994. J. Climate, 13, 3448.

Curran, E. B. and W. D. Rust, 1992: Positive ground flashes produced by lowprecipitation thunderstorms in Oklahoma on 26 April 1984. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 544-553.

Curran, R. S., H. L. Kyle, L. R. Blaine, J. Smith, and T. D. Clem, 1981: Multichannel scanning radiometer for remote sensing of cloud physical parameters. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 52, 1546-1555.

Currier, P. E., S. K. Avery, B. B. Balsley, K. S. Gage, and W. L. Ecklund, 1992: Combined use of 50 MHz and 915 MHz wind profilers in the estimation of raindrop size distributions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1017-1020.

Curry, H. B., 1944: The method of steepest descent for nonlinear optimization problems. Quart. Appl. Math., 2, 25-8261.

Curry, J. A., 1986: Interactions among turbulence, radiation, and microphysics in Arctic stratus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 90-106.

Curry, J. A., C. D. Ardeel, and L. Tian, 1990: Liquid water content and precipitation characteristics of stratiform clouds as inferred from satellite microwave measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16659-16671.

Curry, J. A. and E. E. Ebert, 1992: Annual cycle of radiation fluxes over the Arctic Ocean: Sensitivity to cloud optical properties. J. Climate, 5, 1267-1280.

Curry, J. A., E. E. Ebert, and G. F. Herman, 1988: Mean and turbulence structure of the summertime Arctic cloud boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 715-746.

Curry, J. A. and G. Liu, 1992: Assessment of aircraft icing potential using satellite data. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 605-621.

Curry, J. A., F. G. Meyer, L. F. Radke, C. A. Brook, and E. E. Ebert, 1990: Occurrence and characteristics of lower tropospheric ice crystals in the Arctic. Int. J. Climatol., 10, 749-764.

Curry, J. A., W. B. Rossow, D. Randall, and J. L. Schramm, 1996: Overview of arctic cloud and radiation characteristics. J. Climate, 9, in.

Curry, J. A., J. L. Schramm, and E. E. Ebert, 1993: Impact of clouds on the surface radiation balance of the Arctic Ocean. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 51, 197-217.

Curry, J. H., S. E. Haupt, and M. N. Limber, 1995: Loworder models, initialization, and the slow manifold. Tellus, A47, 145-161.

Curry, J. H., J. R. Herring, J. Loncaric, and S. A. Orszag, 1984: Order and disorder in twoand three-dimensional Be´nard convection. J. Fluid. Mech., 147, 1-38.

Curry, M. J. and R. C. Murty, 1974: Thunderstormgenerated gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1402-1408.

Curtis, A. R., 1952: Discussion of ''A statistical model for water vapour absorption.''. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 78, 638-640.

Curtis, G. E., 1887: Tornado predictions and their verification. Amer. Meteor. J., 4, 68-74.

Curtis, S. and S. Hastenrath, 1995: Forcing of anomalous sea surface temperature evolution in the tropical Atlantic during Pacific warm events. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 100, 15835-15847.

Cushman-Roisin, B., 1986: Frontal geostrophic dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 132-143.

Cushman-Roisin, B., 1987: On the role of heat flux in the Gulf Stream-Sargasso Sea subtropical gyre system. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 2189-2202.

Cushman-Roisin, B., L. Asplin, and H. Svendsen, 1994: Upwelling in broad f jords. Contin. Shelf Res. 14, 1701-1721.

Cushman-Roisin, B., E. P. Chassignet, and B. Tang, 1990: West-ward motion of mesoscale eddies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 758-768.

Cushman-Roisin, B. and J. J. O'Brien, 1983: The influence of bottom topography on baroclinic transports. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1600-1611.

Cushman-Roisin, B., L. Pratt, and E. Ralph, 1993: A general theory for equivalent barotropic thin jets. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 91-103.

Cushman-Roisin, B., L. J. Pratt, and E. Ralph, 1993: A general theory for equivalent barotropic thin jet. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 91-103.

Cushman-Roisin, B., G. G. Sutyrin, and B. Tang, 1992: Two-layer geostrophic dynamics. Part I: Governing equations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 117-127.

Cushman-Roisin, B. and B. Tang, 1990: Geostrophic turbulence and emergence of eddies beyond the radius of deformation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 97-113.

Cutler, A. and J. Swallow, 1984: Surface currents of the Indian Ocean (to 257S. 1007E) (compiled from archived historical data). Rep. 187, Meteorological Office, 187.

Cutten, D. R., 1974: Rayleigh scattering coefficients for dry air carbon dioxide and Freon-12. Appl. Opt., 13, 468-469.

Cuxart, J., P. Bougeault, P. Lacarre`re, J. Noilhan, and M. R. Soler, 1994: A comparison between transilient turbulence theory and the exchange coefficient model approaches. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 67, 251-276.

Cuxart, J., G. Morales, E. Terradellas, and C. Yague, 2002: Study of Coherent Structures and Estimation of the Pressure Transport Terms for the Nocturnal Stable Boundary Layer. Bound. Layer Meteor., 105, 305 - 328.

cyclone of, R. A. P., K. F. Brill, P. J. Kocin, and J. J. Tuccillo, 1987: Synergistic interactions between an upper-level jet streak and diabatic processes that influence the development of a low-level jet and a secondary coastal cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 222-72261.

Czaja, A. and C. Frankignoul, 2002: Observed Impact of Atlantic SST Anomalies on the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Climate, 15, 606-623.

Czaja, A. and J. Marshall, 2001: Observations of atmosphere-ocean coupling in the North Atlantic. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1893-1916.

Czarnetzki, A. C., 1997: Regional Mountain Torque Estimates over the Rocky Mountains in Lee Cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1986-1997.

Czechowsky, P., R. Ruster, and G. Schmidt, 1979: Variations of mesospheric structures in different seasons. Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 459-462.

Czekala, H., S. Crewell, C. Simmer, A. Thiele, A. Hornbostel, and A. Schroth, 2001: Interpretation of Polarization Features in Ground-Based Microwave Observations as Caused by Horizontally Aligned Oblate Raindrops. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1918-1932.

Czys, R. R., 1989: Ice initiation by collision-freezing in warm-based cumuli. J. Appl. Meteor., 28, 1098-1104.

Czys, R. R. and J. K. Lew, 1999: A Wind Tunnel Investigation of Interactions between Supercooled Precipitation-Size Water Drops. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3079-3090.

Czys, R. R. and K. C. Tang, 1995: An exact analytical solution for raindrop collision rate. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3289-3292.